Origins and evolution of language and speech

Origins and evolution of language and speech

Neuropsychologia,1977,Vol. 15, pp. 849to 851.Pergamon Press. Printedin England. BOOK REVIEWS Human Behavior and Brain Function. Edited by H. J. WIDRO...

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Neuropsychologia,1977,Vol. 15, pp. 849to 851.Pergamon Press. Printedin England.

BOOK REVIEWS Human Behavior and Brain Function. Edited by H. J. WIDROE.C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1975, 116 pp. $7.50. EN CONSULTANT la Iiste des diffkents chapitres qui composent cet ouvrage au titre tris &n&al, le lecteur s’ttonnera du caracttrre kclectique-pour ne pas dire disparate-que ce choix exprime. PeutQtre que le dknominateur commun aux etudes conduites par les divers chercheurs et cliniciens n&is par WIDROE est un plaidoyer pour une psychiatric biologique qui trouve une place parmi les autres neurosciences. Cette tendance, parfois provocante, ne concerne pas la contribution de VON BOMN qui rappelle des notions classiques sur l’organisation du cortex &r&bra1 et sur les voies du systZtme moteur. La dkfense et l’illustration d’une psychiatric organique s’appuient sur des notions de base, r&.um&s souvent g l’extrgme, permettant de p&enter des modtles rkductionnistes pour interprkter le comportement humain normal et pathologique. Ces rbferences k la physiologie et il la biochimie du syst&me nerveux, mais aussi & l’anatomie et & la neuropsychologie, dkbouchent sur une valorisation des nouvelles techniques d’investigation et sur une conception thkapeutique physiopathologique et non pas seulement symptomatique. Ainsi le probleme de la conscience et du refoulement sont envisages dans la perspective ouverte par les etudes sur le split-brain; les diverses formes de la schizophrknie sont abordks dans une double dichotomie fonctionnelle: spkcialisation hkmisphkrique droite et gauche d’une part, activitk du cortex &r&bra1 et du systeme Iimbique d’autre part. L’accent est port& B plus d’une reprise sur le bien fond6 de l’approche biologique qui sous des apparences communes permet de dissocier plusieurs tableaux rbpondant & la perturbation de systtmes diffkrents et par IB meme de proposer des traitements plus sp&ifiques. Ce livre s’adresse aux praticiens et non pas aux chercheurs. 11 peut leur apprendre, ou leur rappeler, l’existence d’un cerveau expod en tant qu’organe &tout un lot de vicissitudes, il s’efforce aussi de demontrer que reconnaltre l’existence de troubles organiques ne correspond plus comme par Ie passe ii une attitude de rksignation et de passivite thkrapeutique. L’approche de WIDROEest rka1isk-eaujourd’hui au prix d’exc& et d’insuffisance. Toutefois, a Ia mythologie d’une certaine psychiatric, on p&f&era Ia dkmarche des auteurs de ce Human Behavior and Brain Function. G. AS~AL Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 280. Edited by S. R. HARNAD,H. D. STEKLISand J. LANCASTER. New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1976,914 pp. Price not given. MOSTneuropsychologists will find something of interest and of value in the nearly 1000 pages of this massive tome. This is true also for those neurologists who are interested in the biology of language. However, not surprisingly in view of the title, anyone looking for purely clinical reading will be disappointed-this is not a treatise on aphasiology. The scope of the volume is best indicated by listing the sections (each of which contains 2-6 contributions, mostly in the nature of short reviews): History of language-origins theory; formulating the target; protolanguages and universals; perceptual and cognitive substrates; artificial intelligence; paleobiological approaches; the fossil record and neural organization; behavioral parallels and continuities; gestural origin theories; linguistic competence of apes; perception and production of speech; neural parallels and continuities; language and the human brain; and a concluding section on the neurobiology of Ianguage. Famous names abound, for example: Bellugi, Bogen, Chomsky, Hewes, Jerison, Marler, Menzel, Premack and Warren to select only a few from among the many. Perhaps a little more concession to the clinical evidence bearing on the biology of language would have been of value. Thus this reviewer would have welcomed contributions by De Renzi, Geschwind, H&caen, Poeck, Teuber, Zangwill and others. Similarly, as noted by Fox, the social sciences are not sufficiently represented.But then 914 pages are enough,and there are relatively few sections that would better have been omitted. And what can be concluded as a consequence of the masses of evidence, much of it recent, presented in this volume? Do we now know how and when language originated? Or why it is lateralised to one cerebral hemisphere in the majority (but not all) human brains? Or even how to define the sufficient and necessary attributes of language? Unfortunately, we do not know, at least with a measure of consensus among a majority working in a particular area. Nonetheless, we have gained a much better understanding of the complexities of the problems. This understanding increasingly permits the rejection of simplistic solutions to the problems; and in the course of time (measured perhaps in decades rather than years) will lead to a new generation of more lasting solutions. G. ET-I-LINGER 849