- Email: [email protected]
Osteochondroma of the talus in a 19-year-old female: A case report and review of the literature
Journal Pre-proof Osteochondroma of the talus in a 19-year-old female: A case report and review of the literature Vasilios Galanis, Kyriaki Georgiadi, Vassilios Balomenos, Gregory Tsoucalas, Vasilios Thomaidis, Aliki Fiska
PII:
S0958-2592(19)30095-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.08.006
Reference:
YFOOT 1635
To appear in:
The Foot
Received Date:
10 June 2019
Revised Date:
5 August 2019
Accepted Date:
18 August 2019
Please cite this article as: Galanis V, Georgiadi K, Balomenos V, Tsoucalas G, Thomaidis V, Fiska A, Osteochondroma of the talus in a 19-year-old female: A case report and review of the literature, The Foot (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.08.006
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier.
Osteochondroma of the Talus in a 19-year-old Female: a Case Report and Review of the Literature
Article Title Osteochondroma of the Talus in a 19-year-old Female: a Case Report and Review of the Literature Authors Vasilios Galanis, Kyriaki Georgiadi, Vassilios Balomenos, Gregory Tsoucalas, Vasilios Thomaidis, Aliki Fiska
ro of
Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece Corresponding author: Kyriaki Georgiadi, 00306980128904, email: [email protected], Konstantinou Palaiologou str. 37, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
-p
Financial Disclosure: None reported
re
Conflict of Interest:
lP
None reported
Highlights
na
Talar osteochondroma in a young female patient Rare anteromedial location of osteochondroma Restricted range of motion Medium size of exostosis
Jo
Abstract
ur
Case: Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor usually affecting areas
around the knee, pelvis, neck and tibia. This disease rarely affects the talus. We report a case of a 19-years-old female with anteromedial ankle impingement with 8 years follow-up. Surgery removal was the treatment of choice and histopathology examination revealed a benign solitary osteochondroma.
Conclusion: Osteochondromas in the anterior and anteromedial side of talus are rarer and can cause multiple clinical manifestations including important ones such as limitation of ankle movement and pain. Different locations of solitary osteochondromas can influence both patients’ symptoms and clinical examination findings. Keywords: ankle, anteromedial, benign bone tumor, exostosis, talar, young. Introduction
ro of
Osteochondroma is a common primary tumor of the bones(1). It is benign and also known as osteocartilaginous exostosis. It is characterized by bone protrusion with a cartilage cap and appears as a metaphysis usually around the femur,
-p
humerus, pelvis and tibia(2). The lesion is mostly asymptomatic and may be either
peduncular or sessile(2). There are very few cases of talar solitary osteochondroma
re
with incidence rate less than 0.5%(3). This report presents a case of a 19-years-old
lP
female with osteochondroma of the talus. Statement of Informed Consent
Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted
Case Report
na
for publication and the patient agreed.
ur
A 19-years-old female without other medical issues complained about a
Jo
gradually increasing swelling in the right anteromedial talus, over the course of one year. The patient also reported a slight pain in the area-of-interest. Detailed physical examination revealed a slightly painful, palpable mass in the right anteromedial ankle joint with limitation in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion resulting in restricted range of motion.
Radiographs (Fig.1 & 2) showed a bony protrusion extending from the anterosuperior ankle joint area to the anterior tibial area. Imaging findings from both computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed this bony protrusion with large base on the anterosuperior side of the talus. In the magnetic resonance imaging findings (Fig. 3 & 4), a false joint with follicles and pouched synovial fluid was also observed between the bony protrusion and the anterior tibial area. These findings were compatible with the diagnosis of a solitary
ro of
osteochondroma (exostosis) of the talus with false joint formation and folliculitis. Surgery was recommended as the preferred treatment choice. The patient
underwent surgical removal of the exostosis via anteromedial approach to the right
-p
ankle joint. Biopsy of the removed bone sample confirmed the diagnosis of the
solitary osteochondroma. In particular, the sample was surrounded by fibrous line
re
under which an osteochondral tissue areola was developed. Chondral segments
lP
were presented in periphery with local production of bony tissue which then changed to bone tissue. The exact dimensions of the exostosis were 2.7x2.5 cm. Obtained radiographs confirmed the complete removal of the exostosis.
na
Postoperatively and during a 8-years follow-up there was no further limitation in either dorsiflexion or plantarflexion of the ankle joint. Rotational movements of ankle
ur
joint and foot were normal. Pronation, supination, inversion and eversion were also
Jo
rehabilitated. Latest radiographs show complete removal of the exostosis without relapse (Fig. 5, 6 & 7). Discussion
Despite being quite common, osteochondromas’ presence in foot bones is quite rare. Osteochondromas localized in the talus have been reported in only 22 cases (including the present one) under the age of 25(3-14,16-18,26-30). Talar
osteochondroma is usually found in men as only in 14,7% of the cases (n=5) were female(4,16,18,26,27). Symptoms of osteochondromas of the talus include pain, swelling and numbness(4-14,27-30). Nevertheless, the clinically most important symptom is limited range of motion(6,7,9-11,13,26-28,31-33). Only a single case reported partial sensory loss as a symptom(27). Our patient’s symptoms match those mentioned in the literature. During clinical examination, the tumor is usually a palpable mass in the talar
ro of
area. The diagnosis is usually established after imaging examinations confirm the lesion and confirmed with biopsy examinations of surgical excision. The
anteromedial talus location of this case is quite rare with only six previous cases
-p
reported(23,26-29).
Considering reports that provided the exact size of the exostosis removed,
re
only neoplasms less than 3cm were observed(5-7,11-14,26,27,29,30) with the exception of
lP
five cases with giant talar osteochondroma(19,28,31-33). The dimensions of the exostosis noted in our patient match the sizes reported in other references. Although most talar osteochondroma cases are noted in young patients, there
na
have been reports on older adults(19-25,31-33).The oldest patient reported with an osteochondroma of the talus was 65 years old(19). Interestingly, we have been able to
ur
locate only a few references on osteochondroma of the talus in patients between the
Jo
ages of 25 and 65(19,21-25,31-33). Complications are quite rare, only a single case reported persistence in
limitation of motion after surgery(4). Osteochondroma of the talus needs to be differentiated from Trevor’s disease as both the histologic and radiographic findings are quite similar(15)(16). The latter is
characterized by normal epiphysis before complete ossification and a cartilage boundary(15). According to previous literature, it is highly unlikely for an osteochondroma to occur in the talus. Osteochondromas in the anterior and anteromedial side of talus are even rarer and can cause limitation of ankle movement as the major clinical symptom.
ro of
CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
re
-p
We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.
lP
We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.
Jo
ur
na
We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs. We confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is accessible by the Corresponding Author and which has been configured to accept email from [email protected]
Case reports of solitary osteochondroma of the talus until today
Literature Review
REFERENCE
AGE
LOCATION
Low et al., 1995
5 years
Erler et al., 2003
6 years
Dorsal
Boya et al., 2014
6 years
Dorsolateral
Andreacchio et al., 2018
8 years
Subtalar joint
Jackson et al., 2004
8 years
Joshi et al., 2005
10 years
Intra-articular loose bodies
Jo
N/A
Mild ankle motion limitation
Ankle sprain, functional
talocalcaneal synostosis
-p
Intra-articular
Ankle motion limitation
lP
re
loose bodies
Limited dorsiflexion,
na
articular loose
10 years
11 years
body
limited subtalar motion Pain, swelling,
Anteromedial
numbness, tingling, partial sensory loss
Intra-articular loose bodies
2x2.5x2cm
ro of
dorsiflexion
Functional limitation
10 years
Low et al., 1995
Pain
Medial
ur
Pranav et al., 2018
SIZE
Limited ankle
Medial + Intra-
Rook et al., 1953
MAIN SYMPTOMS
Pain
Hammouda et al., 1997
11 years
Anterior
Pain while exercising
Lui et al., 2016
12 years
Subtalar joint
Ankle sprain
Krishna et al., 2015
12 years
Anteromedial
Swelling, restricted range of motion
3x2
2cm(?)
2.5x1.7cm
3x2cm
N/A
1.5x2x1.5 cm
N/A 2cm (diameter) N/A
4x5 cm
Milsch et al., 1954
13 years
Posterior
Limited subtalar motion
N/A
Nishikawa et al., 2017
13 years
Medial
Pain, swelling
N/A
Jackson et al., 2004
17 years
Foot motion limitation
N/A
Kulkarni et al., 2004
18 years
Posterior
Limited plantar flexion
2x3cm
Jha et al., 2017
18 years
Anterolateral
This Case
19 years
Anteromedial
Limited dorsiflexion
2.7x2.5 cm
Hakeem et al., 2013
21 years
Anteromedial
Pain, swelling
3x3 cm
Atik et al., 2010
21 years
Dorsal
Jo
22 years
Pain, swelling, limited
Dorsolateral
2x2 cm
-p
ro of
dorsiflexion
Limited dorsiflexion
re
Posterior
lP
22 years
ur
Fuselier et al., 1984
loose bodies
na
Ercin et al., 2018
Intra-articular
2.2x1.7 cm 3.3x1.6 cm 2.1x1.9 cm
Pain, ankle impingement
(excision in 2 fragments)
Limited dorsiflexion, ankle discomfort
N/A
References 1.
Bovée J. Multiple osteochondromas. Orphanet J Rare Dis 3:3, 2008.
2.
Khurana J, Abdul-Karim F, Bovée J. Osteochondroma. World Health
Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of soft tissue and bone, IARC Press. pp 234-236, edited by Fletcher C, Krishnan Unni K, Mertens F, Lyon, 2002. Erler K, Oguz E, Komurcu M, Atesalp S, Basbozkurt M. Ankle swelling
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3.
in a 6-year-old Boy with unusual presentation: Report of a rare case. J Foot Ankle Surg 42:235-239, 2003.
Lui T. Giant solitary synovial osteochondroma of the subtalar joint. J
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4.
Foot Ankle Surg 55:183–187, 2016.
Joshi D, Kumar N, Singh D, Lal Y, Singh A. Osteochondroma of the
re
5.
6.
lP
talus in a male adolescent. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95:494–496, 2005. Jackson K, Gurbani B, Otsuka N. Osteochondromas of the talus
presenting as intraarticular loose bodies: Report of two cases. Foot Ankle Int
7.
na
25:630–631, 2004.
Kulkarni A, Kulkarni G. Paraarticular osteochondroma of talocalcaneal
ur
joint: a case report. The Foot 14:210–213, 2004. Low C, Mitra A, Balachandran N. Exostosis presenting as solitary loose
Jo
8.
body in the ankle of two children. Ann Acad Med Singapore 24:455–458, 1995. 9.
Rook F. Intra-articular osteochondroma of the astragalus. Am J Surg
85:807–810, 1953. 10. 1954.
Milch R. Osteochondroma of the astragalus. Am J Surg 87:145–148,
11.
Ercin E, Bilgili M, Gamsizkan M, Avsar S. Talar Osteochondroma
fracture presenting as posterior ankle impingement. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 106:225–228, 2016. 12.
Andreacchio A, Marengo L, Canavese F. Solitary osteochondroma of
the sinus tarsi. J Pediatr Orthop B 27(1):88-91, 2018. 13.
Boya H, Ozcan O, Tokyol C. Osteochondroma of the talus: an unusual
location. Acta Ortthop Traumatol Turc 48(2):236-239, 2014. Hammouda A, El-Rayes M, Fahmy M. Solitary osteochondroma of the
talus. The Foot 7:231-232, 1997. 15.
Kettelkamp D, Campbell C, Bonfiglio M. Dysplasia epiphysealis
-p
hemimelica. J Bone Joint Surg 48A:746–766, 1966. 16.
ro of
14.
Wang C, Ma X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Huang J, et al.
re
Osteochondroma of the talar neck: a case report and literature review. J Foot Ankle
17.
lP
Surg 55:338–344, 2016.
Atik O, Sarikaya B, Kunat C, Muradi R, Ocaktan B, Topçu H.
Osteochondroma of the talus. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi 21:116–117, 2010. Fuselier C, Binning T, Kushner D, Kirchwehm W, Rice J, Hetherington
na
18.
V. Solitary osteochondroma of the foot: an in-depth study with case reports. J Foot
ur
Surg 23:3–24, 1984.
Al Mutani M, Mahmood A, Chandrasekar C. Giant osteochondroma of
Jo
19.
the talar neck. Foot (Edinb) 23:45–49, 2013. 20.
Suranigi S, Rengasamy K, Najimudeen S, Gnanadoss J. Extensive
osteochondroma of talus presenting as tarsal tunnel syndrome: Report of a case and literature review. Arch Bone Jt Surg 4:269–272, 2016.
21.
Kulkarni U, Kulkarni A. Posterior talus osteochondroma a rare location,
treated by posterior ankle arthroscopy. J Foot Ankle Surg 21:e51–e54, 2015. 22.
Almeida R, Barros A, Varela E, Quintas I, Rodrigues L, Carvalho N.
Osteochondroma of the talus. Rev Port Ortop Traum 21:45–49, 2013. 23.
Kim S, Chung W, Kim S, Lee W. Osteochondroma of the talus. Report
of two cases. J Korean Orthop Assoc 43:135–138, 2008. 24.
Keser S, Bayar A. Osteochondroma of the talar neck: a rare cause of
25.
ro of
callosity of the foot dorsum. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95:295–297, 2005. Chioros P, Frankel S, Sidlow C. Unusual osteochondroma of the foot
and ankle. J Foot Surg 26:407–411, 1987.
Jha V, Munde S, Gulia A, Middha S, Lamba D, Kamra H. Solitary
-p
26.
Osteochondroma: Rare occurrence a report of two cases. Ann of Int Med and Den
Pranav K, Puneet G, Kunal V, Akhilesh S. Osteochondroma of the
lP
27.
re
Res 3(1):1-5, 2017.
talus presenting with tarsal tunnel syndrome - a case report. J Ind Orthop Rheum Assoc 4(1):36-39, 2018.
Krishna M, Kumar A, Rambabu P, Srinivasa Rao K, Satish M.
na
28.
Osteochonodroma of the talus: a case report. J Evol Med & Dent Scienc 4(3):496-
ur
499, 2015.
Hakeem A, Ibrahim M. Osteochondroma of the talus: an unusual
Jo
29.
Location. Un J Med Dent Sc 1(2):61-62, 2013. 30.
Nishikawa D, Duarte F, Fonseca F, Monteiro A, Saito R, Dalmásio M.
Osteochondroma of the medial malleolus: a case report. Rev ABTPe 11(1):59-62, 2017.
31.
Khatri J, Sud A, Rana V, Sood M, Rajesh U. Primary giant synovial
osteochondroma of ankle. J Foot Ankle Surg 5(2):73-76, 2018. 32.
Kumar V, Azhagan K. Osteochondroma of talus. Ind J Orth Surg
3(3):477-78, 2017. 33.
Vivek A. An unusual swelling at ankle: an osteochondroma in adult?
Jo
ur
na
lP
re
-p
ro of
Ind J Clin Prac 23(1):651-3, 2013.
lP
re
-p
ro of
Figure Legends
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Figure 1: Radiograph showed a bony protrusion with large base on the
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anterosuperior side of the talus.
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Figure 2: Radiograph showed a bony protrusion with large base on the
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na
anterosuperior side of the talus
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Figure 3: Magnetic resonance imaging proved a false joint with follicles and pouched synovial fluid between the bony protrusion and the anterior tibial area.
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Figure 4: Magnetic resonance imaging proved a false joint with follicles and pouched synovial fluid between the bony protrusion and the anterior tibial area.
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-p
re
lP
na
ur
Jo
Figure 5: Complete removal of the osteochondroma of the talus without relapse 8-
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na
lP
re
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years postoperatively.
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Figure 6: Complete rehabilitation in range of motion of the ankle joint 8-years postoperatively.
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Figure 7: Complete rehabilitation in range of motion of the ankle joint 8-years
Jo
ur
na
lP
re
postoperatively.
PII:
S0958-2592(19)30095-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.08.006
Reference:
YFOOT 1635
To appear in:
The Foot
Received Date:
10 June 2019
Revised Date:
5 August 2019
Accepted Date:
18 August 2019
Please cite this article as: Galanis V, Georgiadi K, Balomenos V, Tsoucalas G, Thomaidis V, Fiska A, Osteochondroma of the talus in a 19-year-old female: A case report and review of the literature, The Foot (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.08.006
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier.
Osteochondroma of the Talus in a 19-year-old Female: a Case Report and Review of the Literature
Article Title Osteochondroma of the Talus in a 19-year-old Female: a Case Report and Review of the Literature Authors Vasilios Galanis, Kyriaki Georgiadi, Vassilios Balomenos, Gregory Tsoucalas, Vasilios Thomaidis, Aliki Fiska
ro of
Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece Corresponding author: Kyriaki Georgiadi, 00306980128904, email: [email protected], Konstantinou Palaiologou str. 37, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
-p
Financial Disclosure: None reported
re
Conflict of Interest:
lP
None reported
Highlights
na
Talar osteochondroma in a young female patient Rare anteromedial location of osteochondroma Restricted range of motion Medium size of exostosis
Jo
Abstract
ur
Case: Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor usually affecting areas
around the knee, pelvis, neck and tibia. This disease rarely affects the talus. We report a case of a 19-years-old female with anteromedial ankle impingement with 8 years follow-up. Surgery removal was the treatment of choice and histopathology examination revealed a benign solitary osteochondroma.
Conclusion: Osteochondromas in the anterior and anteromedial side of talus are rarer and can cause multiple clinical manifestations including important ones such as limitation of ankle movement and pain. Different locations of solitary osteochondromas can influence both patients’ symptoms and clinical examination findings. Keywords: ankle, anteromedial, benign bone tumor, exostosis, talar, young. Introduction
ro of
Osteochondroma is a common primary tumor of the bones(1). It is benign and also known as osteocartilaginous exostosis. It is characterized by bone protrusion with a cartilage cap and appears as a metaphysis usually around the femur,
-p
humerus, pelvis and tibia(2). The lesion is mostly asymptomatic and may be either
peduncular or sessile(2). There are very few cases of talar solitary osteochondroma
re
with incidence rate less than 0.5%(3). This report presents a case of a 19-years-old
lP
female with osteochondroma of the talus. Statement of Informed Consent
Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted
Case Report
na
for publication and the patient agreed.
ur
A 19-years-old female without other medical issues complained about a
Jo
gradually increasing swelling in the right anteromedial talus, over the course of one year. The patient also reported a slight pain in the area-of-interest. Detailed physical examination revealed a slightly painful, palpable mass in the right anteromedial ankle joint with limitation in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion resulting in restricted range of motion.
Radiographs (Fig.1 & 2) showed a bony protrusion extending from the anterosuperior ankle joint area to the anterior tibial area. Imaging findings from both computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed this bony protrusion with large base on the anterosuperior side of the talus. In the magnetic resonance imaging findings (Fig. 3 & 4), a false joint with follicles and pouched synovial fluid was also observed between the bony protrusion and the anterior tibial area. These findings were compatible with the diagnosis of a solitary
ro of
osteochondroma (exostosis) of the talus with false joint formation and folliculitis. Surgery was recommended as the preferred treatment choice. The patient
underwent surgical removal of the exostosis via anteromedial approach to the right
-p
ankle joint. Biopsy of the removed bone sample confirmed the diagnosis of the
solitary osteochondroma. In particular, the sample was surrounded by fibrous line
re
under which an osteochondral tissue areola was developed. Chondral segments
lP
were presented in periphery with local production of bony tissue which then changed to bone tissue. The exact dimensions of the exostosis were 2.7x2.5 cm. Obtained radiographs confirmed the complete removal of the exostosis.
na
Postoperatively and during a 8-years follow-up there was no further limitation in either dorsiflexion or plantarflexion of the ankle joint. Rotational movements of ankle
ur
joint and foot were normal. Pronation, supination, inversion and eversion were also
Jo
rehabilitated. Latest radiographs show complete removal of the exostosis without relapse (Fig. 5, 6 & 7). Discussion
Despite being quite common, osteochondromas’ presence in foot bones is quite rare. Osteochondromas localized in the talus have been reported in only 22 cases (including the present one) under the age of 25(3-14,16-18,26-30). Talar
osteochondroma is usually found in men as only in 14,7% of the cases (n=5) were female(4,16,18,26,27). Symptoms of osteochondromas of the talus include pain, swelling and numbness(4-14,27-30). Nevertheless, the clinically most important symptom is limited range of motion(6,7,9-11,13,26-28,31-33). Only a single case reported partial sensory loss as a symptom(27). Our patient’s symptoms match those mentioned in the literature. During clinical examination, the tumor is usually a palpable mass in the talar
ro of
area. The diagnosis is usually established after imaging examinations confirm the lesion and confirmed with biopsy examinations of surgical excision. The
anteromedial talus location of this case is quite rare with only six previous cases
-p
reported(23,26-29).
Considering reports that provided the exact size of the exostosis removed,
re
only neoplasms less than 3cm were observed(5-7,11-14,26,27,29,30) with the exception of
lP
five cases with giant talar osteochondroma(19,28,31-33). The dimensions of the exostosis noted in our patient match the sizes reported in other references. Although most talar osteochondroma cases are noted in young patients, there
na
have been reports on older adults(19-25,31-33).The oldest patient reported with an osteochondroma of the talus was 65 years old(19). Interestingly, we have been able to
ur
locate only a few references on osteochondroma of the talus in patients between the
Jo
ages of 25 and 65(19,21-25,31-33). Complications are quite rare, only a single case reported persistence in
limitation of motion after surgery(4). Osteochondroma of the talus needs to be differentiated from Trevor’s disease as both the histologic and radiographic findings are quite similar(15)(16). The latter is
characterized by normal epiphysis before complete ossification and a cartilage boundary(15). According to previous literature, it is highly unlikely for an osteochondroma to occur in the talus. Osteochondromas in the anterior and anteromedial side of talus are even rarer and can cause limitation of ankle movement as the major clinical symptom.
ro of
CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
re
-p
We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.
lP
We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.
Jo
ur
na
We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs. We confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is accessible by the Corresponding Author and which has been configured to accept email from [email protected]
Case reports of solitary osteochondroma of the talus until today
Literature Review
REFERENCE
AGE
LOCATION
Low et al., 1995
5 years
Erler et al., 2003
6 years
Dorsal
Boya et al., 2014
6 years
Dorsolateral
Andreacchio et al., 2018
8 years
Subtalar joint
Jackson et al., 2004
8 years
Joshi et al., 2005
10 years
Intra-articular loose bodies
Jo
N/A
Mild ankle motion limitation
Ankle sprain, functional
talocalcaneal synostosis
-p
Intra-articular
Ankle motion limitation
lP
re
loose bodies
Limited dorsiflexion,
na
articular loose
10 years
11 years
body
limited subtalar motion Pain, swelling,
Anteromedial
numbness, tingling, partial sensory loss
Intra-articular loose bodies
2x2.5x2cm
ro of
dorsiflexion
Functional limitation
10 years
Low et al., 1995
Pain
Medial
ur
Pranav et al., 2018
SIZE
Limited ankle
Medial + Intra-
Rook et al., 1953
MAIN SYMPTOMS
Pain
Hammouda et al., 1997
11 years
Anterior
Pain while exercising
Lui et al., 2016
12 years
Subtalar joint
Ankle sprain
Krishna et al., 2015
12 years
Anteromedial
Swelling, restricted range of motion
3x2
2cm(?)
2.5x1.7cm
3x2cm
N/A
1.5x2x1.5 cm
N/A 2cm (diameter) N/A
4x5 cm
Milsch et al., 1954
13 years
Posterior
Limited subtalar motion
N/A
Nishikawa et al., 2017
13 years
Medial
Pain, swelling
N/A
Jackson et al., 2004
17 years
Foot motion limitation
N/A
Kulkarni et al., 2004
18 years
Posterior
Limited plantar flexion
2x3cm
Jha et al., 2017
18 years
Anterolateral
This Case
19 years
Anteromedial
Limited dorsiflexion
2.7x2.5 cm
Hakeem et al., 2013
21 years
Anteromedial
Pain, swelling
3x3 cm
Atik et al., 2010
21 years
Dorsal
Jo
22 years
Pain, swelling, limited
Dorsolateral
2x2 cm
-p
ro of
dorsiflexion
Limited dorsiflexion
re
Posterior
lP
22 years
ur
Fuselier et al., 1984
loose bodies
na
Ercin et al., 2018
Intra-articular
2.2x1.7 cm 3.3x1.6 cm 2.1x1.9 cm
Pain, ankle impingement
(excision in 2 fragments)
Limited dorsiflexion, ankle discomfort
N/A
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Ind J Clin Prac 23(1):651-3, 2013.
lP
re
-p
ro of
Figure Legends
na
Figure 1: Radiograph showed a bony protrusion with large base on the
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ur
anterosuperior side of the talus.
ro of -p re lP
Figure 2: Radiograph showed a bony protrusion with large base on the
Jo
ur
na
anterosuperior side of the talus
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Figure 3: Magnetic resonance imaging proved a false joint with follicles and pouched synovial fluid between the bony protrusion and the anterior tibial area.
ro of -p re lP na ur
Jo
Figure 4: Magnetic resonance imaging proved a false joint with follicles and pouched synovial fluid between the bony protrusion and the anterior tibial area.
ro of
-p
re
lP
na
ur
Jo
Figure 5: Complete removal of the osteochondroma of the talus without relapse 8-
ur
na
lP
re
-p
ro of
years postoperatively.
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Figure 6: Complete rehabilitation in range of motion of the ankle joint 8-years postoperatively.
ro of -p
Figure 7: Complete rehabilitation in range of motion of the ankle joint 8-years
Jo
ur
na
lP
re
postoperatively.