Other Subtropical Fruit Trees

Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control (7B) Y. Ben-Dov and C.J. Hodgson (Editors) 9 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

3.3.7

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Other Subtropical Fruit Trees

ELIAHU SWIRSKI, YAIR BEN-DOV and MANES WYSOKI

INTRODUCTION This Section discusses the soft scale insects which have been reported from 65 species of subtropical fruit trees, which, on a world-wide basis, are of small or minor economic importance, although they might be of some significance in a few countries.

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Florida wax scale) In the Caribbean islands, C. floridensis is liable to cause serious damage to Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra) (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986) (See Section 3.3.4). Ceroplastes japonicus Green (Japanese wax scale) Ceroplastes japonicus has been recorded in Italy on Eriobotrya japonica, Actinidia chinensis and persimmon, being very common and injurious to persimmon but very rare on Actinidia (Pellizzari Scaltriti, personal communication) (See Section 3.3.6). Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green In Taiwan, C. pseudoceriferus is an important pest of litchi (Wen and Lee, 1986). (See Section 3.3.4).

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (red wax scale) In Hawaii, C. rubens attacks litchi and sometimes chemical control is required (Nakata and Tanada, 1961). (See Section 3.3.6).

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio In New Zealand, C. sinensis is a potential pest of Actinidia. This soft scale, as well as Coccus hesperidum (see under C. hesperidum in this Section), were adversely affected by sprays of azinphosmethyl, phosmet, chlorfenvinphos and cypermethrin (Ferguson and Stratton (1979). See Section 3.3.6. Ceroplastes sinensis has one generation a year in Virginia. It overwinters as the adult female and oviposition begins in late May. Males were not found in Virginia populations (Williams and Kosztarab, 1972). The following parasitoids of C. sinensis were listed in Australia by Snowball (1970): Aphelinidae- Aneristus ceroplastae Howard and Coccophagus ochraceus Howard; Encyrtidae - Metaphycus helvolus (Compere); Pteromalidae - Aphobetoideus comperei Ashmead and Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=S. cyanea Motschulsky).

Chloropulvinaria floccifera (Westwood) (cottony camellia scale) Heavy infestations of Ch. floccifera have been reported on Eriobotrya japonica in the Republic of Georgia (Gawalow, 1931). In Virginia (USA), this coccid develops one

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

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Coccid pests of important crops

generation a year (Williams and Kosztarab, 1972). According to EI-Minshawy and Moursi (1976) males were not observed on guava in Egypt and reproduction appears to be parthenogenetic.

Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) (green shield scale; guava scale) Chloropulvinaria psidii was recorded as the most common soft scale in South Florida on litchi in the 1950's, where it caused a serious discoloration as the fruit ripens (Butcher, 1954). In Australia, Ch. psidii and Coccus hesperidum are considered to be major pests of litchi (see C. hesperidum in this Section) (Waite, 1986). In India, Ch. psidii is a serious pest of Calocarpum sapota (Gopalakrishnan and Narayanan, 1989). (See also Section 3.3.5).

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (brown soft scale) Coccus hesperidum is common on many subtropical fruit trees (see Table 3.3.7.1), but generally is not considered a dangerous pest because natural enemies play an important role in curbing its populations. The following Encyrtidae are efficient parasitoids: Metaphycus flavus (Howard), M. luteolus (Timberlake) and Microterys flavus (Howard) (Bartlett, 1978; Ebeling, 1959; Llorens Climent, 1984; Rosen, 1967). However, it is prolific under certain conditions and its populations may build-up rapidly, owing to its ability to thrive in a diversity of habitats, to the activity of ants and to interference of the biological equilibrium by broad-spectrum pesticides. In South Africa, C. hesperidum attacks papaya, guava, granadilla and mango (see Sections 3.3.4 and 3.3.5). Heavy infestations may reduce tree vigour, leading to fruit drop and scorch, especially on sunny parts; in addition, sooty mould may cull the fruit. Out of 26 parasitoids recorded in South Africa, the following are the most important: Metaphycus stanleyi Compere and Microterys flavus (Howard) (Encyrtidae); Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere and C. semicircularis Frrster (Aphelinidae). A number of coccinellids also prey upon C. hesperidum (Annecke and Moran, 1982; De Villiers and Myburgh, 1987; De Villiers and Van den Berg, 1987a, 1987b). Coccus hesperidum is also reported to cause slight damage to Carica papaya on the Canary Islands (Perez Guerra, 1986). In Australia, C. hesperidum and Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) are major pests of litchi. Heavy infestations of these coccids may debilitate the trees, resulting in copious sooty mould on leaves, stems and fruits, this damage being aggravated by the activity of ants (see Section 1.4.5) (Waite, 1986). According to Murray (1976), C. hesperidum is also a minor pest of Passiflora edulis in Queensland. For damage to Actinidia in New Zealand, see Ceroplastes sinensis in this Section. Microterys flavus was introduced and became established in New Zealand in 1921 and the generally satisfactory control is probably attributable to this parasitoid (Miller et al., 1936). No males of C. hesperidum have been observed either in California or Israel. The number of annual generations reported, varies considerably, with 6 in California, 3 to 5 in Israel and 3 South Africa (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Ebeling, 1959; De Villiers and Van den Berg, 1987a).

Coccus longulus (Douglas) (long brown scale) Coccus longulus has been reported to damage custard apple (Annona) in Egypt (Shafik and Husni, 1939), where the duration of its development and fecundity have been studied by E1-Minshawy and Moursi (1976). Good results in control of the pest have been achieved by application of tar-distillate emulsions (Shafik and Husni, 1939).

Cribrolecanium andersoni (Newstead) (Anderson's scale; white powdery scale) In South Africa, C. andersoni is an economically important pest of Passiflora edulis and citrus. The main damage caused by the coccid is due to the development of sooty mould on the honeydew on the fruit and leaves. Outbreaks of C. andersoni on citrus

Other subtropical fruit trees

273

may be attributed to two reasons: a) withdrawal of organophosphorous insecticides, previously used against the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) and b) the injudicious use of broad-spectrum pesticides (Brink and Bruwer, 1989). In South Africa, C. andersoni produces 3-4 generations a year on citrus (Brink and Bruwer, 1989). However, the aphelinid parasitoids Euxanthellus philippiae Silvestri and Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere, as well as a predator, a chrysopid larva, have been listed as natural enemies (Brink and Bruwer, 1989).

Eucalymnatus tesseUatus (Signoret) (tesselated scale) In Bermuda, oils were recommended in the 1920's against E. tessellatus on Annona

squamosa (Ogilvie, 1923-24). Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) (Mango shield scale) In Israel, M. mangiferae is liable to cause serious damage to Syzygium jambos, Artocarpus heterophyllus and guava trees (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). Trees of Syzygium cumini (=Eugenia jambolana) in a park at Tel Aviv, were heavily infested by this coccid, which debilitated them, causing leaf- and fruit-drop and impairing fruit formation. However, the most noticeable damage was the nuisance caused by the honeydew and sooty mould, which dropped on the parked cars and on pedestrians (Gerson, 1975). These outbreaks of M. mangiferae in Tel Aviv were tentatively attributed by Gerson (1975) to exhaust fumes from the cars, which were thought to kill the natural enemies of the pest. Since the tallness of the trees and their urban location prevented chemical treatment with toxic scalicides, it was recommended to cut them down or severely prune them. (See also Section 3.3.4).

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (nigra scale) In California, P. nigra has occasionally been an important pest of Annona cherimola, guava, mango and papaya (Smith, 1944). However, at present it is not an economic pest, apparently restricted by temperature extremes, low humidities, and by parasitoids and diseases (Gill, 1988). In Peru, it damaged Annona cherimola in the 1970's (Matin and Cisneros, 1979). In South Africa, P. nigra is very common on granadillas and may seriously enfeeble them, although its populations are usually curbed by natural enemies (Annecke and Moran, 1982; De Villiers and Van den Berg, 1987a). In California and Florida, P. nigra produces one generation annually, and a partial second one per year, with the females overwintering as first- and second-instar nymphs (Gill, 1988). In greenhouses in Israel, on the other hand, Ben-Dov (1978) recorded up to six generations per year. The scale reproduces parthenogenetically. It feeds on leaves, twigs, branches and fruits (Hamon and Williams, 1984). In southern California, P. nigra attained some degree of abundance during the 1950's. Various natural enemies, which were imported from Africa in 1936-37 against Saissetia oleae (Olivier), have successfully attacked P. nigra. Thus, Metaphycus helvolus (Compete) (Encyrtidae) and Coccophagus cowperi Girault (Aphelinidae) became very abundant in P. nigra. Flanders (1959)attributed the spectacular biocontrol of P. nigra primarily to M. helvolus (Bartlett, 1978). Some of the parasitoids in the USA listed by Peck (1963) and Krombein et al. (1979) are as follows: Chartocerusfasciatus (Girault) (Signiphoridae); Coccophagus cowperi Girault, C. lycimnia (Walker) and C. ochraceus Howard (Aphelinidae), Lecaniobius capitatus Gahan and L. cockerelli Ashmead (Encyrtidae). In Hawaii, the following parasitoids of P. nigra were recorded by Zimmerman (1948)" Microterys flavus (Howard), M. kotinskyi (Fullaway), Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) and E. barbatus Timberlake (Encyrtidae); Moranila californica (Howard) and Scutellista

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

274

Coccid pests of important crops

caerulea (Fonscolombe) (= S. cyanea Motschulsky) (Pteromalidae); Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake and Aneristus ceroplastae Howard (Aphelinidae). In South Africa, P. nigra is usually well controlled by natural enemies, where one of the parasitoids commonly found attacking the scale on granadilla is Microterys nicholsoni Compere (Encyrtidae) (Annecke and Moran, 1982; De Villiers and Van den Berg, 1987a). In Peru, the following parasitoids attacked P. nigra on Annona cherimola: ScuteUista caerulea, Coccophagus caridei (Brethes) and Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) (Marfn and Cisneros, 1979). It has been reported from India that a water extract of kernels of Thevetia neriifolia efficiently controlled P. nigra (Cherian and Ramachandra, 1941). Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara and Gill In Florida, P. tuberculosa sometimes damages papaya and Annona, where heavy infestations cause flower and leaf drop, distortion of apical leaves in young plants, fruit cull by females attached to it, as well as sooty mould on fruit and leaves (Pena et al., 1984, 1987). In Puerto Rico, P. tuberculosa is common on the fruit, leaves and stems of Annona muricata (Medina-Gaud et al., 1989). Reproduction is by bisexual amphigony. In Florida, the population of P. tuberculosa reaches a peak in July-October during the rainy season (Pena and McMillan, 1986; Pena et al., 1987). In Florida, a form of the fungus Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann), affecting both immature and adult stages of P. tuberculosa, is considered to be one of the most promising biocontrol agents. In 1983, V. lecanii was most common during July-October. Three periods of moderate to heavy rains preceded an epizootic of the fungus (Pena and McMillan, 1986; Pena et al., 1987). As regards arthropod natural enemies - 2 parasitoids and 9 predators were listed for southern Florida: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae); Trichomasthus portoricensis Crawford (Encyrtidae); Diomus austrinus Gordon, Hyperaspis ornatella Gordon, Olla sp., Azya sp. and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae); Chrysopa sp. (Chrysopidae); Diadiplosis pulvinariae (Felt) (Cecidomyiidae); Ocyptamus sp. (Syrphidae) and pyralid larva (Lepidoptera). Parasitism by Coccophagus lycimnia ranged from 7 to 41% and that by Trichomasthus portoricensis ranged between 0.5 and 5.5 % (Pena et al., 1987). In Florida, sprays of ethion plus oil and methidathion were superior to oil spray or ethion alone (Pena et al., 1987). Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell Eriobotrya japonica was reported to be heavily infested by P. aurantii in the Republic of Georgia (Borchsenius, 1934). Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden Pulvinaria hydrangeae is injurious to Actinidia chinensis in New Zealand (Pellizzari Scaltriti and Antonucci, 1982), where it was first recorded in December 1977 on A. chinensis and Hydrangea (Archibald et al., 1979). Pellizzari Scaltriti (1976) found only one generation annually in Italy. Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell During and after the second world war, DDT was aerially applied in and around Manilla (Philippines), in order to control flies and mosquitoes. These applications are thought to have eliminated many natural enemies of P. polygonata on mango and Chrysophyllum cainito, resulting in outbreaks of the coccid and leading to the creation of a major pest out of an otherwise rare insect (Morrill and Otanes, 1947). (See Section 3.3.4).

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Other subtropicalfruit trees

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (hemispherical scale) In Puerto Rico, S. coffeae is very common on Annona muricata and is frequently attended by the fire ant Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius). The scale feeds on the fruits, foliage and stems and secretes honeydew on which sooty mould develops (Medina-Gaud et al., 1989). Saissetia coffeae was recorded in China as mainly attacking weak trees of litchi (Fullaway, 1927). In California, this insect is not a problem outdoors due to natural enemies, many of which also attack Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Gill, 1988) (see Section 3.3.3). In this state, S. coffeae produces 1-2 generations outdoors; in the greenhouses the generations may overlap. The eggs are laid from May to July (Essig, 1915). The coccid infests branches, leaves and fruits. Males are unknown and the females reproduce parthenogenetically (Gill, 1988; Hamon and Williams, 1984). Successful biocontrol of S. coffeae had been achieved in various countries by parasitoids imported against another pest target - Saissetia oleae; for instance by Encyrtus infelix (Embleton), imported into California from Hawaii, and Metaphycus helvolus (Compete), imported into Chile. On the other hand, importations of natural enemies from California to Guam in 1954 against S. coffeae itself resulted in establishment of Metaphycus helvolus, M. lounsburyi (Howard) and Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (S. cyanea Motschulsky) (Bartlett, 1978). Some of the USA parasitoids of S. coffeae listed in Peck (1963) and Krombein et al. (1979) are as follows: Coccophagus immaculatus Howard, C. lycimnia (Walker), C. ochraceus Howard and C. scutellaris (Dalman) (Aphelinidae); Encyrtus fuscus (Howard) and Microterys flavus (Howard) (Encyrtidae). Scutellista caerulea is a very common parasitoid of S. coffeae in Florida (Krombein et al., 1979). Bionomics of S. caerulea on S. coffeae were studied in Egypt under laboratory conditions on pumpkins. The wasp produced three generations between September and March, with the larvae destroying a mean of 83 % of the eggs. The males were dominant in the field, forming 58.3 % and 52 % of the population during November and December respectively (Saad et al., 1977). In India, Coccophagus cowperi Girault (Aphelinidae) was listed among the parasitoids of S. coffeae (Ahmed and Shafee, 1978), while in Peru, Cheilopsis inca Prinsloo.(Encyrtidae) was reared from S. coffeae on guava (Prinsloo, 1983). Saissetia oleae (Olivier) and Parthenolecanium corni (Bouch~) These coccids are occasional pests of Actinidia in Chile (Gonz~lez, 1989). Sections 3.3.1, 3.3.2 and 3.3.3).

(See

TABLE 3.3.7.1 Soft scale insects recorded on various subtropical fruit trees and shrubs and their geographical distribution. Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Actinidia deliciosa (=chinensis) (Chinese gooseberry, kiwi) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock India (Varshney and Moharana, 1987); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Niue (Cook Is.) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Italy (Marotta, 1987). Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Spain (Mansilla et al., 1988); New Zealand (Ferguson, 1976). Coccus acutissimus (Green) Kenya (De Lotto, 1957). Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus New Zealand (Ferguson, 1976). Parthenolecanium comi (Bouch6) Chile (Gonz~ilez, 1989). Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden New Zealand (Archibald et al., 1979). Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Chile (Gonz~ilez, 1989).

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

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Coccid pests of important crops

TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued)

Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Anacardium occidentale (cashew) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus latioperculatum (Green) Coccus moestus De Lotto Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Kilifia deltoides De Lotto Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Vinsonia steUifera (Westwood)

India (Shafee et al., 1989). India (Green, 1937). Kenya (De Lotto, 1959). Kenya (Le Pelley, 1959). Ethiopia (De Lotto, 1965). Benin (Africa), Mozambique, Tanzania, Upper Volta (Ben-Dov, 1978). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Ananas comosus (pineapple) Coccus longulus (Douglas) Coccus viridis (Green) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)

Taiwan (Tao, 1978). Western Samoa (williams and Watson, 1990). Samoa (l..aing, 1927). Singapore (Ben-Dov, 1978); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981).

Annona spp. [A. muricata (soursop); A. squamosa (sugar apple, sweet sop); A. cherimola (cherimoya); A. reticulata (custard apple); A. diversifolia (ilama) Alecanium hirsutum Morrison Anopulvinaria cephalocarinata Fonseca Anthococcus keravatae Williams and Watson Ceroplastes actiniformis Green Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes deodorensis Hempel Ceroplastes destructor Newstead Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein Ceroplastes ficus Newstead Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock

Ceroplastes japonicus Green Ceroplastes quadrilineatus Newstead Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus)

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Ceroplastes toddaliae Hall Ceroplastodes ritchiei (Laing) Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus celatus De Lotto Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus longulus (Douglas)

Coccus viridis (Green) Drepanococcus chiton (Green) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret)

Inglisia conchiformis Newstead Kilifia acuminata (Signore0

Malaysia (Takahashi, 1952). Brazil (Fonseca, 1972). Papua New Guinea (williams and Watson, 1990). Brazil (Pena, in lit.). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Brazil (Pena, in lit.). Uganda (Le Pelley, 1959); South Africa (Brain, 1920). Virgin Islands (US) (Gimpel et al., 1974). Ghana (Newstead, 1917). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); India (Varshney and Moharana, 1987); USA(Florida)(HamonandWilliams, 1984); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983); Brazil (Pena, personal communication). Italy (Marotta, 1987). Uganda (Le PeUey, 1959); Congo (Ghesqui6re, 1941). New Caledonia (Williams and Watson, 1990). Italy 0Vlarotta, 1987); Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986); Irian Jaya (Indonesia) (Williams and Watson, 1990); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and AUeyne, 1986); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). Italy (Marotta, 1987); Australia (Snowball, 1970). Zimbabwe Olodgson, 1969a). Tanzania CLe Pelley, 1959); Sierra Leone (Hodgson, 1971). Algeria (Balachowsky, 1927); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990). Solomon Is. (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1977); Egypt (Shafik and Husni, 1939); Kenya (De Lotto, 1957); Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); Philippine Islands (Morrison, 1920); Australia (Froggatt, 1915); Niue (Cook Is.), Tonga (South Pacific), Western Samoa (Williams and Watson, 1990); Caroline atolls (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966); New Caledonia (Cohic, 1958; from Brun and Chazeau, 1986); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Puerto Rico (Nakahara and Miller, 1981); Ecuador (Pena, personal communication); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). Palau (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Brazil (Bondar, 1928). Papua New Guinea (williams and Watson, 1990). Tuvalu (South Pacific), Palau (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Bermuda (Ogilvie, 1923-24; Hodgson and Hilburn, 1991). Uganda (Le Pelley, 1959). USA (Florida) (Moznette, 1921).

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TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Lagosinia strachani (Cockerell) Kenya, Zimbabwe (Hodgson, 1968). Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green) Sri Lanka (Green, 1904). Megapulvinaria maxima (Green) Thailand (Takahashi, 1942). Paralecanium expansum metallicum (Green) Malaysia (Miller, 1930). Paralecanium miUeri Takahashi Malaysia (Takahashi, 1939). Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986);

Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) Philephedra broadwayi (Cockerell) Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara and Gill Platinglisia noacki Cockerell Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell Pulvinarisca inopheron (Laing) Saissetia anonae Hempel Saissetia chitonoides De Lotto Saissetia coffeae (walker)

Saissetia neglecta De Lotto Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Saissetia oleae cherimoliae G6mez-Menor Trijuba oculata (Brain) Umwinsia nitidulus (De Lotto) Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) WaxieUa berliniae (Hall) Waxiella subdenudata Newstead Waxiella ugandae (Newstead)

Azores; Sierra Leone (Ben-Dov, 1978); Uganda (Le Pelley, 1959); Kenya (De Lotto, 1956); Mauritius, Rodriguez (Mascarene Islands) (Williams and Williams, 1988); Sri Lanka (Hutson, 1933); Australia (D. Smith, personal communication); Niue (Cook Is.), Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990); Truk 0Vlicronesia) (Beardsley, 1966); Bermuda (Waterston, 1940; Hodgson and Hilburn, 1991); Puerto Rico, Cuba (Pena, personal communication); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983); Colombia, Venezuela (Ben-Dov, 1978); Argentina (Hayward, 1944); Brazil (Pena, personal communication); Peru (Marfn and Cisneros, 1979). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). Puerto Rico (Medina-Gaud et al., 1989); Trinidad (Nakahara and Gill, 1985). USA (Florida) (Pena and McMillan, 1986); Puerto Rico (Medina-Gaud et al., 1989). Brazil (Pena, personal communication). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Zimbabwe (Hodgson, 1969b). Brazil (Hempel, 1921). Tanzania (De Lotto, 1963). Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986); Seychelles (Dupont, 1917); Taiwan (Tao, 1978); Philippine Islands (Cockerell and Robinson, 1915); Niue (Cook Is.), Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu (South Pacific), Irian Jaya (williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Puerto Rico (Medina-Gaud et al., 1989); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975); Brazil (Bondar, 1928); Venezuela (Pena, personal communication). Puerto Rico (Nakahara and Miller, 1981). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Puerto Rico, Venezuela (Pena, personal communication); Brazil (Bondar, 1928); Australia (Waite, personal communication). Spain (G6mez-Menor Ortega, 1955). Kenya (De Lotto, 1957); Mauritius, Rodriguez (Mascarene Islands) (Williams and Williams, 1988). Kenya (De Lotto, 1958). Venezuela (Pena, personal communication). Zambia (Hodgson, 1969a). Uganda (Le Pelley (1959). Uganda (Le PeUey, 1959).

Annona montana (mountain sop) Coccus longulus (Douglas)

Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983).

Artocarpus altilis (= A. communis) (breadfruit) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Coccus acutissimus (Green) Coccus capparidis (Green)

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

Vietnam (Danzig and Konstantinova, 1990). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Fiji, Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988). Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990).

278

Coccid pests of important crops

TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus

Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); Irian Jaya (Indonesia), Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990); Marshall Islands (Beardsley, 1966); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Jamaica, Palau Islands, Truk Islands (Micronesia) (Gill et al., 1977); Caroline atolls (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966). Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Seychelles (Ben-Dov et al., 1975); Vietnam (Danzig and Konstantinova, 1990); Fiji, Western Samoa (Williams and Watson, 1990); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Coccus longulus (Douglas) Coccus moestus De Lotto Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green)

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissen'a oleae (Olivier)

Artocarpus heterophyllus (= A. integrifolia) (jackfruit) Anthococcus keravatae Williams and Watson Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990). Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Israel (Ben-Dov, 1970). Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green India (Varshney and Moharana, 1987). Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Taiwan (Tao, 1978); Papua New Guinea (williams and Watson, 1990). Coccus acutissimus (Green) Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); Taiwan (Tao, 1978). Coccus colemani Kannan India (Coleman and Kannan, 1918). Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus India (Shafee et al., 1989). Coccus longulus (Douglas) Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); Seychelles (Ben-Dov et al., 1975); India (Shafee et al., 1989); Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); British Guiana (Ben-Dov et al., 1975). Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990). Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green) Taiwan (Tao, 1978).

Artocarpus integer (= A. champeden) (champedak) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Coccus acutissimus (Green) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus longulus (Douglas) Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood)

Palau Is. (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966). Cook Is., Fiji, Niue (Cook Is.) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Western Samoa (williams and Watson, 1990). India (Shafee et al., 1989). Cook Is. (Williams and Watson, 1990). Micronesia (Beardsley, 1966).

Averrhoa carambola (carambola) Coccus longulus (Douglas) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Saissetia zanzibarensis Williams Vitrococcus conchiformis (Newstead)

Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990). Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Zanzibar (Le Pelley, 1959); Kenya (De Lotto, 1956). Guinea-Bissau (Newstead, 1910).

Blighia sapida (akee) Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Cuba Cuba Cuba Cuba

(Bruner et al., (Bruner et al., (Bruner et al., (Bruner et al.,

1975). 1975). 1975). 1975).

Cajanus cajan (= C. indicus) (pigeon pea, no-eye-pea, arhar) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

India (Shafee et al., 1989).

Calocarpum sapota (= C. mammosum, Pouteria sapota) (sapote, mammey sapote) CeroplastesfloridensisComstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). India (Gopalakrishnan and Narayanan, 1989); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

279

Other subtropical fruit trees

TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Coccus discrepans (Green) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green)

Taiwan (Tao et al, 1983). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret)

Cuba

Carica papaya (papaya) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus

Coccus longulus (Douglas)

Drepanococcus chiton (Green) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)

Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara and Gill Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Spain (Llorens Climent, 1984); Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986); Kenya, Zimbabwe (De Lotto, 1959); Ethiopia (De Lotto, 1965); South Africa (Annecke and Moran, 1982); India (Joshi et al., 1981); Taiwan (Tao, 1978); Samoa (Laing, 1927); S. Mariana, Caroline atolls (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966); Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue (Cook Is.), Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu (South Pacific), Western Samoa (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Brazil (Corseuil and Barbosa, 1971); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). Taiwan (Nakahara, 1981); Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia (Williams and Watson, 1990). Kiribati (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Barbados (Ben-Dov et al., 1975). Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Taiwan (Nakahara, 1981); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Ecuador (Ben-Dov, 1978). USA (Florida) (Pena et al., 1987); USA (Florida) (Nakahara and Gill, 1985). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1985); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Marquesas Islands (Williams and Watson, 1990). Spain (G6mez-Menor Ortega, 1937).

Carissa carandas (karanda, Christ's thorn) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus viridis (Green) Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Taiwan (Tao, 1978). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988). Taiwan (Tao, 1978). Taiwan (Tao, 1978). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988).

Carissa edulis (Egyptian carissa) Coccus africanus (Newstead) Coccus alpinus De Lotto Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)

Kenya, Ethiopia (De Lotto, 1957). Ethiopia (De Lotto, 1965). Kenya, Ethiopia (De Lotto, 1956).

Carissa grandiflora (carissa, Natal plum) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus africanus (Newstead) Coccus viridis (Green) Lichtensia carissae (Brain) Maacoccus bicruciatus (Green) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Kenya (Le Pelley, 1959). India (Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1919); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). South Africa (Brain, 1920). Zanzibar (Le Pelley, 1959). Kenya (Le Pelley, 1959). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1985).

Coccid pests of important crops

280 TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued)

Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Saissetia coffeae (Walker)

Israel (Ben-Dov, 1971); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969).

Saisseu'a oleae (Olivier)

Carya illinoensis (pecan) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Neopulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon) Parthenolecanium corni (Bouch6) Protopulvinaria pytiformis Cockerell

Virginia (USA) (Williams and Kosztarab, 1972). USA (Florida, Virginia) (Hamon and Williams, 1984; Williams and Kosztarab, 1972). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Casimiroa edulis (white sapote) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Eritrea (De Lotto, 1956). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Eritrea (De Lotto, 1956); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple, caimito) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstoc k Ceroplastes cistudiformis Cockerell Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Udinia catori (Green)

Philippine Islands (Gimpel et al., 1974); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); Niue (Cook Is.) (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). Taiwan (Tao, 1978) Philippine Islands (Morrill and Otanes, 1947). Taiwan (Tao, 1978); Philippine Islands (Morrison, 1920); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Sierra Leone (Hanford, 1974).

Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato, tamarillo) Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio

Italy (Marotta, 1987).

Doryalis (Aberia) caffra (kei apple, unkokolo) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)

Kenya (De Lotto, 1959). Kenya (Le Pelley, 1959).

Doryalis (Aberia) hebecarpa (Ceylon gooseberry, kitambilla, ketambilla) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Philephedra tuberculosa Nakahara and Gill Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

USA USA USA USA USA

(Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). (Florida) (Nakahara and Gill, 1985). (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Durio zibethinus (Durian) Paralecanium album Takahashi Udinia farquharsoni (Newstead) Udinia newsteadi Hanford

Malaysia (Takahashi, 1950). Zanzibar (Hanford, 1974). Zanzibar (Hanford, 1974).

281

Other subtropical fruit trees TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes cistudiformis Cockerell Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock

Ceroplastes japonicus Green Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Ceroplastes vinsoni Signoret Chloropulvinaria floccifera (westwood) Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); Egypt (Hall, 1922); Taiwan (Tao, 1978); USA (Florida)(Hamon and Williams, 1984); Mexico (Gimpel et al., 1974); Brazil (Corseuil and Barbosa, 1971). Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1983); Italy (Longo, 1985); Japan (Borchsenius, 1957). Japan (Kajita, 1964). Japan (Kuwana, 1923). Republic of Georgia (Borchsenius, 1957). Mauritius (Signoret, 1872); Rrunion (Bordage, 1914). Republic of Georgia (Gawalow, 1931). India (Shafee et al., 1989). Republic of Georgia (Borchsenius, 1957); Madeira Islands (Vieira et a1.,1983); Israel (Ben-Dov, 1971); Ethiopia (De Lotto, 1959); Taiwan (Tao, 1978); Cookls. (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, (1984). Brazil (Corseuil and Barbosa, 1971). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1983). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); India (Shafee et al., 1989). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969).

Eugenia domneyi (= E. brasiliensis) (grumichama) Kilijia acuminata (Signoret) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Eugenia guabUu (guabiju) Ceroplastes grandis Hempel

Brazil (Corseuil and Barbosa, 1971).

Eugenia myrtoides Ceroplastes nakaharai Gimpel Ceroplastes utilis Cockerell Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus viridis (Green)

USA USA USA USA

(Florida) (Florida) (Florida) (Florida)

(Hamon (Hamon (Hamon (Hamon

and and and and

Williams, Williams, Williams, Williams,

1984). 1984). 1984). 1984).

Eugenia owariensis (muculumbi) Ceroplastes eugeniae Hall

Zimbabwe (Hall, 1931).

Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry, pitanga) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Ceroplastes janeirensis Gray Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Pseudokermes nitens Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1970). Brazil (Silva et al., 1968). Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983). Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). Argentina (Lizer y Trelles, 1939). Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Euphoria longana (=Dimocarpus longan) (longan) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus)

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

Thailand (Takahashi, 1942). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983). Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986).

282

Coccid pests of important crops TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued)

Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell)

Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); Australia (Waite, personal communication). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); Australia (Waite, personal communication). Australia (Waite, personal communication). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Taiwan (Takahashi, 1942).

Coccus acutissimus (Green) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus longulus (Douglas) Coccus viridis (Green) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signore0 Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saisseu'a oleae (Olivier) Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green)

Feijoa sellowiana (pineapple guava) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock

USA (Florida) (Gimpel et al., 1974). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); USA (Florida) (Gimpel et al., 1974). Ceroplastes japonicus Green Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1983). Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Niue (Cook Is.) (williams and Watson, 1990). Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1983); Italy (Marotta, 1987); Spain (Salinero et al., 1985). Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Subtropical zones of the former USSR (Borchsenius, 1957); Spain (Salinero et al., 1985); Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); USA (Florida)(Hamon and Williams, 1984). Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Republic of Georgia (Hadzibejli, 1983). Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Niue (Cook Is.) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983).

Garcinia huUlensis (gadi) Ceroplastes eugeniae Hall

Zimbabwe (Hodgson, 1969a).

Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Paralecanium malainum Takahashi Vinsonia steUifera (Westwood)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Malaysia (Takahashi, 1950). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Micronesia (Beardsley, 1966).

Garcinia tinctoria (= G. xanthochymus) Vinsonia steUifera (Westwood)

Fiji (Williams and Watson, 1990).

Litchi chinensis (lychee, litchi) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Chloropulvinaria psidii 0VIaskell) Coccus acutissimus (Green)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Taiwan (Wen and Lee, 1986). China (Gimpel et al., 1974); Vietnam (Danzig and Konstantinova, 1990); Hawaii (Nakata and Tanada, 1961). Canary Islands (Camero Hemandez and Perez Guerra, 1986). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); India (Shafee et al., 1989); Australia (Fay and Waite, 1989); USA (Florida) (Ebeling, 1959); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981).

283

Other subtropical fruit trees TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus

Australia (Fay and Waite, 1989); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1977); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). USA (Florida) (Dekle, 1954); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams (1984). Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Vanuatu (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986); China (Fullaway, 1927); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Mauritius (williams and Williams, 1988); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Coccus longulus (Douglas) Coccus viridis (Green) Eucalymnatus tesseUatus (Signoret) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Pulvinaria mammeae Maskell Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Macadamia tetraphylla, M. integrifolia (macadamia, macadamian nut, Queensland nut) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Malpighia glabra (= M. punicifolia) (Barbados cherry, Indian cherry, acerola) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott) Saissetia neglecta De Lotto Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986). Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Caribbean Islands (Pollard and Alleyne, 1986).

Mammea americana (mamey, mammee) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus viridis (Green) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Saissetia neglecta De Lotto Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Cook Islands (Williams and Watson, 1990). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

ManUkara zapota (= M. achras, Achras zapota, A. sapota) (sapodilla, naseberry) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green)

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975); Puerto Rico (Medina-Gaud et al., 1986). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); Philippine Islands (Mon'ison, 1920); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975); Caribbean Islands (Schmutterer, 1990); Virgin Islands (US) (Nakahara, 1983).

284

Coccid pests of important crops

TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued)

Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Saissetia coffeae (Walker)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Moznette, 1921); Venezuela (Ben-Dov, 1979). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1971); Solomon Islands (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975); Jamaica (Gowdey, 1922). Puerto Rico (Nakahara and Miller, 1981). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). Zanzibar (Le Pelley, 1959). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Puerto Rico (Medina-Gaud et al., 1986); Caribbean Islands (Schmutterer, 1990).

Saissetia neglecta De Lotto Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Saissetia zanzibarensis Williams Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood)

Myrciaria dubia (camu camu) Ceroplastes flosculoides Matile-Ferrero

Peru (Matile-Ferrero and Couturier, 1993).

Myrciaria (Eugenia) jaboticaba Edwallia rugosa Hempel Mesolecanium jaboticabae (Hempel) Pendularia pendens Fonseca PulvinaHa eugeniae Hempel Stictolecanium ornatum (Hempel)

Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil

(Hempel, 1899). (Hempel, 1900). (Fonseca, 1927). (Hempel, 1900). (Hempel, 1900).

Nephelium lappaceum Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Coccus acutissimus (Green) Udinia pauperculla De Lotto

Indonesia (Gimpel et al., 1974). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1970). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1970). Western Samoa (Williams and Watson, 1990). Zanzibar (Hanford, 1974).

Passiflora edulis (purple passion fruit, purple granadilla), P. edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit, yellow granadilla) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Cribrolecanium andersoni (Newstead) Parasaisseu'a nigra (Nietner)

Saissetia coffeae (Walker)

USA (Florida), Hawaii (Gimpel et al., 1974). South Africa (Annecke and Moran, 1982); Australia (Murray, 1976). Kenya, South Africa (De Lotto, 1965); Angola (De Lotto, 1968). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1993); Madeira Islands (Vieira et al., 1983); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990); South Africa (Annecke and Moran, 1982). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983).

Passiflora ligularis (sweet passion fruit) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock

USA (Florida) (Gimpel et al., 1974).

Passiflora quadrangularis (giant granadilla, square stemmed granadilla) Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Parasaissen'a nigra (Nietner) Pulvinarisca inopheron (Laing) Pulvinarisca jacksoni (Newstead)

Trinidad (Gimpel et al., 1974). Egypt (Hall, 1922); Zimbabwe, Zanzibar (Ben-Dov, 1978). Kenya (Le Pelley, 1959). Kenya (Le Pelley, 1959).

Passiflora spp. Ceroplastes cistudiformis Cockerell Coccus asiaticus Lindinger Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Pulvinarisca jacksoni (Newstead)

California (Gimpel et al., 1974). Sri Lanka (Green, 1904). Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). South Africa (De Lotto, 1967). Canary Islands (Carnero Hernandez and Perez Guerra, 1986). Uganda (Newstead, 1917).

Pereskia aculeata (Barbados gooseberry) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

285

Other subtropicalfruit trees TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry, uchuva) Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell

Fiji (Williams and Watson, 1990).

Pouteria campechiana (= Lucuma nervosa) (canistel) Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Coccus viridis (Green) Eucalymnatus tesseUatus (Signoret) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott) Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Pouteria obovata Coccus viridis (Green) Spondias dulcis Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Cuba (Bruner et al., 1975). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams (1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) (Kawai et al., 1971); USA (Florida) (I-Iamon and Williams, 1984).

Malaysia (Hodgson, 1968). Niue (Cook Is.) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Puerto Rico (Nakahara and Miller, 1981).

Spondias m o m b i n (yellow mombin, hog plum) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Ceroplastes macgregori Sampedro and Butze Mexico (Sampedro and Butze, 1984). Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Antigua (Anonymous, 1933). Syzygium aqueum ( = Eugenia a q u e a ) Alecanium hirsutum Morrison Malaysia (Takahashi, 1952). Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Agalega Is. (Indian Ocean) (Mamet, 1978). Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) Mascarene Islands (Williams and Williams, 1988). Syzygium (Eugenia) caryophyllatum Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Coccus moestus De Lotto Coccus subhemisphaericus (Newstead) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signore0 Mametia louisieae Matile-Ferrero Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Udinia farquharsoni (Newstead) Udinia paupercula De Lotto

( = S. aromaticum) (clove tree) Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988). Zanzibar (De Lotto, 1959). Zanzibar (De Lotto, 1957). Comoros (Matile-Ferrero, 1978). Comoros (Matile-Ferrero, 1978). Comoros (Matile-Ferrero, 1978). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Tanzania (Hanford, 1974). Tanzania (Hanford, 1974).

Syzygium cumini ( = Eugenia cumini; E. jambolana) (jambolan) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Cook Is., French Polynesia, New Caledonia (Williams and Watson, 1990). Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Mauritius (Williams and Williams, 1988); India (Shafee et al., 1989); Philippine Islands (Morrison, 1920); New Caledonia, Vanuatu (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA(Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Coccus colemani Kannan India (Coleman and Kannan, 1918). Coccus discrepans (Green) India (Ansari, 1946). Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Cook Is. (Williams and Watson, 1990); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Section 3.3.7 references, p. 287

286

Coccid pests of important crops TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued) Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Coccus viridis (Green) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). British Guyana (Newstead, 1914); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Israel (Gerson, 1975); Agalega Is. (Indian Ocean) (Mamet, 1978); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Israel (Ben-Dov, 1985); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Mauritius (williams and Williams, 1988); India (Shafee et al., 1989); British Guyana (Newstead, 1914).

Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (walker) Vinsonia stellifera (westwood)

Sygygium (Eugenia)jambos (jambos, roseapple) Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell)

Coccus acutissimus (Green) Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green)

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell Saissetia coffeae (Walke0 Taiwansaissetia armata (Takahashi) Vinsonia steUifera (Westwood)

Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); USA (Missouri) (Gimpel et al., 1974). Taiwan (Tao, 1978); Cook Is. (williams and Watson, 1990); New Caledonia (Brun and Chazeau, 1986); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Mauritius, Rrunion (Mascarene Islands) (Williams and Williams, 1988); Philippine Islands (Cockerell and Robinson, 1915); New Caledonia (Brun and Chazeau, 1986); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Dominican Republic (Panis and Martin, 1976). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981); Jamaica (Anonymous, 1933); Dominican Republic (Panis and Martin, 1976). Israel (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969); Seychelles (Africa) (Ben-Dov et al., 1975); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Jamaica (Anonymous, 1933); Dominican Republic (Panis and Martin, 1976). Rrunion (Mascarene Islands) (williams and Williams, 1988). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Dominican Republic (Panis and Martin, 1976). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983). Mauritius (williams and Williams, 1988); India (Shafee et al., 1989); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

Syzygium (Eugenia) malaccensis (Malay apple) Anthococcus keravatae Williams and Watson Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Ceroplastes destructor Newstead Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Eucalymnatus tesseUatus (Signore0 Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Vinsonia magnifica Green Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood)

Papua New Guinea (Williams and Watson, 1990). Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Zimbabwe (Hall, 1931). Papua New Guinea, French Polynesia (Williams and Watson, 1990); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990). Tonga (South Pacific), Fiji, French Oceania, French Polynesia (williams and Watson, 1990). Malaysia (Ben-Dov, 1979); Cook Is., French Polynesia (Williams and Watson, 1990); Hawaii (Nakahara, 1981). Tonga (South Pacific), Western Samoa (williams and Watson, 1990). Sumatra (Green, 1930). Tonga (South Pacific) (Williams and Watson, 1990).

Sygygium (Eugenia) paniculatum (Australian brush-cherry) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell

Australia (De Lotto, 1959); USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984).

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TABLE 3.3.7.1 (continued)

Host plant/Soft scale species

Geographic distribution and references

Sy~ygium p a n i c u l a t u m var. compacta Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). Syzygium ((Eugenia) samarangense Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Coccus celatus De Lotto Parasaissetianigra (Nietner) Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green)

( = S. j a v a n i c u m ) (Java apple, w a x j a m b o s ) Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983). Brunei (Williams, 1982). Palau Is. (Micronesia) (Beardsley, 1966); Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983). Taiwan (Tao et al., 1983).

Tamarindus indica ( t a m a r i n d ) Coccus longulus (Douglas) Dicyphococcus castilloae (Green) Hemilecanium imbricans (Green) Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott) Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

USA (Florida) (Hamon and Williams, 1984). India (Shafee et al., 1989). India (Shafee et al., 1989). Puerto Rico (Nakahara and Miller, 1981). India (Shafee et al., 1989).

Ziziphus j u j u b a ( C h i n e s e j u j u b e ) Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) Coccus discrepans (Green) Megapulvinaria burkilli (Green) Megapulvinaria maxima (Green)

India (Shafee et al., 1989). India (Shafee et al., 1989). India (Shafee et al., 1989). Philippines (Morrison, 1920).

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