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Overall Optimization of a Comprehensive Utility System
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Abstract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eywords &RROLQJWRZHUVWHDPWXUELQHRSWLPL]DWLRQ
1. Introduction and motivation for the study :DWHU DQG HOHFWULFLW\ DUH WKH PDLQ XWLOLWLHV IRXQG LQ FKHPLFDO DQG DOOLHG SURFHVV LQGXVWULHV,QWKHVHLQGXVWULHVZDWHULVPDLQO\XVHGDVDQHQHUJ\FDUULHUWRSURYLGHERWK FRROLQJDQGKHDWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVZKLOHHOHFWULFLW\RQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVXVHGDVWKHPDLQ VRXUFHRIHQHUJ\5HILQHULHVDQGSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQSODQWVDUHW\SLFDOLQGXVWULHVWKDWXVH KXJHYROXPHVRIZDWHUSDUWLFXODUO\DVFRROLQJZDWHUDQGIRUVWHDPSURGXFWLRQ7KHFRVW RI SURGXFLQJ ZDWHU VXLWDEOH IRU WKHVH SXUSRVHV DQG JHQHUDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\ KDV LQFUHDVHG RYHU WKH \HDUV WKXV DIIHFWLQJ WKH HFRQRPLF YLDELOLW\ RI VXFK SURFHVV SODQWV (IIRUWVDUHWKXVEHLQJSXWLQWRGHYHORSLQJ ZD\VRIUHGXFLQJWKH FRVWRIWKHVHXWLOLWLHV 7KHUHVXOWKDVEHHQDFRQWLQXHGSXUVXLWRILPSURYLQJWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHVHLQGXVWULHV )URPDVHDUO\DV /HIHYUH LQYHVWLJDWHGDQXPEHURIZD\VRIUHGXFLQJZDWHU ORVVHV IURP ZHW FRROLQJ WRZHUV 7KH FRQFOXVLRQ ZDV WKDW ZKHQ LQVXIILFLHQW PDNH XS ZDWHUVXSSO\LVDYDLODEOHWKHQD FRPELQDWLRQRI ZHWDQGGU\FRROLQJWRZHUV PLJKWEH WKH PRVW SUDFWLFDO ZD\ RI UHGXFLQJ HYDSRUDWLRQ ORVVHV ,Q WKLV ZRUN WKH FRROLQJ ZDWHU V\VWHPZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQLVRODWLRQRIWKHKHDWH[FKDQJHUQHWZRUN+RZHYHULQRUGHU WRDFKLHYHDJOREDORSWLPXPLQWHUPVRIRSHUDWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\DFRPSOHWHDQDO\VLVRI WKH XWLOLW\ V\VWHP FRPSRQHQWV LV PDQGDWRU\ 2SHUDWLRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI FRROLQJ WRZHUV DUH SUHVHQWHG IRU H[DPSOH E\ =XEDLU HW DO DQG 3DSDHIWKLPLRX HW DO /LNH /HIHYUH WKHVH DXWKRUV ORRN DW WKH FRROLQJ WRZHU SHUIRUPDQFH RXWVLGH WKH KHDW H[FKDQJHU QHWZRUN ,Q WKHLU ZRUN WKH\ LQYHVWLJDWH WKH HIIHFW RI WKH DWPRVSKHULF FRQGLWLRQV RQ WKH PRLVW DLU LQVLGH WKH FRROLQJ WRZHU DQG RQ WKH WRZHU SHUIRUPDQFH 5HJDUGLQJ SRZHU XWLOLW\ WKH WUHQG LQ SXEOLVKHG OLWHUDWXUH KDV EHHQ VLPLODU WR WKDW RQ FRROLQJZDWHUV\VWHPV)RUH[DPSOH&KRXDQG6KLK ORRNHGLQWRWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQ
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Boiler system
Condenser
Make Up water
Exhaust out Blow down
Evaporation losses (E)
F2,T2
Cooling tower
Air in (G,TWBT)
Make up
Fuel in
Combustion air in F1,T1 Boiler feed water pump
Recirculation pump Cooling tower blowdown
Power in
Power in
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Comprehensive system Model Solution
Input inlet air and water conditions (TG1 , TL2 , L 2 )
Guess an initial estimate of optimum L 2 and TL2 Solution of Cooling Tower ODE’s Assume, TL1
Z = Zo Adjust TL1 Assume Ti
Z = Z + dZ No No
Calculate dTG/dz, dW/dz
Yes
] ]PD[
Adjust Ti
7/ 7/ &$/ H
Calculate Ti
No
7L 7L&DO H
Yes Yes
With Runge – Kutta 4 th Order method Calculate TG, W, TL
CT Outlet Conditions
With known Cooling Tower outlet conditions (T G2 ,TL1 ,E) Run comprehensive system Optimisation to obtain optimum conditions for overall system (L 2Opt, TL2Opt)
No Adjust TL2 , L 2
7/ 7/ 237 / /237 H
Yes
Document Results
Stop
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3. Results and discussion ,QRUGHUWR DQDO\]HWKH V\VWHPWKH FRROLQJWRZHUH[SHULPHQWDOGDWD RI%HUQLHU ZDVFRPELQHGZLWKGDWDIURPWKHVWHDPWXUELQHPRGHOWRJLYHDFRPSUHKHQVLYHV\VWHP GDWDVHW ZKLFK ZDV XVHG DV D EDVLV IRU WKH DQDO\VLV 7DEOH VKRZV WKH YDOXHV RI WKH SHUIRUPDQFH LQGLFHV 3, IRU GLIIHUHQW GDWD VHWV 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH FRPELQHG WUHDWPHQW RI WKH V\VWHP DOORZV IRU PRUH SURILWDEOH RSHUDWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ XS WR LPSURYHPHQW LQ DQQXDO UHYHQXH RSHUDWLQJ GD\V LQ D \HDU 7KH UHVXOWV DOVR VKRZ WKDW LW LV PRUH SURILWDEOH WR RSHUDWH D GHGLFDWHG FRROLQJ WRZHU DW ORZ HIIHFWLYHQHVV LQ IDYRURILPSURYHGHIILFLHQF\DQGORZRSHUDWLQJFRVWV 7DEOH&RPSUHKHQVLYHV\VWHPSHUIRUPDQFH Case
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Comprehensive system PI (Revenue) 5HYHQXHIURPRSWLPL]DWLRQRI LQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWV 8QLWFRVW 5HYHQXHIURPRSWLPL]DWLRQRI FRPSUHKHQVLYHXWLOLW\V\VWHP 8QLW FRVW FKDQJHLQ3,
Steam system PI (Thermal Efficiency) (IILFLHQF\IURPRSWLPL]DWLRQRI LQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWV
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Cooling tower PI (effectiveness)
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minimum condenser delta T
TC T1 - Cooling water inlet temperature T2 - Cooling water outlet temperature TC - Condensation temperature
T2 T1
Temperature, T
Condenser Duty, Q
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1. Introduction and motivation for the study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Boiler system
Condenser
Make Up water
Exhaust out Blow down
Evaporation losses (E)
F2,T2
Cooling tower
Air in (G,TWBT)
Make up
Fuel in
Combustion air in F1,T1 Boiler feed water pump
Recirculation pump Cooling tower blowdown
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Comprehensive system Model Solution
Input inlet air and water conditions (TG1 , TL2 , L 2 )
Guess an initial estimate of optimum L 2 and TL2 Solution of Cooling Tower ODE’s Assume, TL1
Z = Zo Adjust TL1 Assume Ti
Z = Z + dZ No No
Calculate dTG/dz, dW/dz
Yes
] ]PD[
Adjust Ti
7/ 7/ &$/ H
Calculate Ti
No
7L 7L&DO H
Yes Yes
With Runge – Kutta 4 th Order method Calculate TG, W, TL
CT Outlet Conditions
With known Cooling Tower outlet conditions (T G2 ,TL1 ,E) Run comprehensive system Optimisation to obtain optimum conditions for overall system (L 2Opt, TL2Opt)
No Adjust TL2 , L 2
7/ 7/ 237 / /237 H
Yes
Document Results
Stop
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3. Results and discussion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ase
1
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Comprehensive system PI (Revenue) 5HYHQXHIURPRSWLPL]DWLRQRI LQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWV 8QLWFRVW 5HYHQXHIURPRSWLPL]DWLRQRI FRPSUHKHQVLYHXWLOLW\V\VWHP 8QLW FRVW FKDQJHLQ3,
Steam system PI (Thermal Efficiency) (IILFLHQF\IURPRSWLPL]DWLRQRI LQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWV
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Cooling tower PI (effectiveness)
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minimum condenser delta T
TC T1 - Cooling water inlet temperature T2 - Cooling water outlet temperature TC - Condensation temperature
T2 T1
Temperature, T
Condenser Duty, Q
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