- Email: [email protected]
Oxygen sensor unit for energy savings
173
NEWS
the efficiency of diesel and turbine engines 25-55% as operating temperatures would increase from 1700” to 25Oo”F, and fuel consumption would decrease 25%. Potential applications for parts include diesel components, vehicular and stationary gas turbines, heat exchangers and unmanned aircraft turbines. The chemical resistant shapes have strengths > 85,000 psi at 2700°F and > 98% theoreti.cal density. They exhibit zero porosity and require little surface finishing. The weight of a silicon carbide rotor would be less than half that of a metal alloy rotor.
OXYGEN SENSOR UNIT FOR ENERGY SAVINGS Corning is working with several major glass manufacturers in the U.S. and a number of manufacturers in Europe and Japan on the installation of an energysaving oxygen sensor system that provides a direct and continuous measurement of the amount of oxygen in a furnace atmosphere. The sensor is a yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte coated with platinum on both its inside and outside surfaces. A test tube-shaped structure less than eight inches long [about 20 cm], the sensor cell is mounted in a small refractory block and installed at several positions in the wall of a furnace, where it comes into direct contact with combustion %?:mount of excess oxygen in the furnace is automatically computed from the sensor’ voltage measurements and is displayed on ,meters in the furnace control room. This oxygen measurement provides an indication of the amount of excess air being used in the combustion process. For example, a concentration of one per cent oxygen by VOlume corresponds to four per cent excess air. A four per cent oxygen concentration corresponds to 21 per cent excess air. The system has been installed at a number of plants. The oxygen sensor system and the prirrciples on which it is based are expected to have applications outside the glass industry. Oxygen measurement is important in any process burning fossil fuel. The possible applications range from use in home heating plants to several uses in the metallurgical industry. Installation of oxygen sensors in automobiles to improve engine efficiency is another possibility, as in the use of sensor in medical instruments to measure oxygen concentration in the lungs. NEW YELLOW AND ON-GLAZE COLOURS
RED
The Ceramic Colours Division of Degussa, Frankfurt am Main, has supplemented its supply programme with four new onglaze colours for vitreous china and earthenware: the new colours bear the desianations Mandarin fl312301. Orange (771230), Poppy (171231) and Cardinal f1712321. The new colours make it considerably easier to remain within the lead and cadmium release limits for tableware than was possible with the previously-used grades of colour. The four new on glaze colours can
be mixed with each-other in any desired ratio, and are designed for use in direct and indirect screen printing, spraying or brush application [lining). The firing range is between 700 and 800%.
LIMITS FOR LEAD AND CADMIUM RELEASE A World Health Organization (WHO] report on ceramic foodware safety is available from Lead Industries Association (LIA]. The published report contains recommended international test methods and allowable limits for lead and cadmium release from ceramic foodware. The report results from a meeting of international experts at WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in June 1978. Put-Dose of the meetina was to set up standardized testing piocedures and to establish international lead and cadmium release limits to protect the health of consumers around the world. Attendees also recommended further research to correlate the results from the agreed upon test method with human intake of lead and cadmium absorbed from foods cooked or served in ceramic ware. The ceramic foodware under consideration includes glazed pottery, vitreous enamelware and glass. The report deals with utensils used in the home or in eating establishments for the preparation, consumption and storage of food and beverages. It emphasizes that recommended control measures would deal with the problem in normal commercial goods, but might not effectively control the hazards in other areas such as hobby pottery, artcraft or cottage industries. A detailed method of analysis of lead and cadmium content in ceramic foodware is presented. In addition, the recommended limits, as measured by the test ‘method, of lead and cadmium release from cookware, dinnerware and items intended for infant use are spelled out in the report. The report points out that sufficient technology already exists to enable the production of ceramic foodware which will meet the recommended limits of release for lead and cadmium. Particularly useful reference documents cited are the International Lead Zinc Research Organization manual No. I, ?? Lead Glazes for Dinnerware =, and the = Proceedings of the 1974 International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safetv. ?? Copies of the proceedings, as well as the full WHO report. entitled a Ceramic Foodware Safety m, can be obtained free of charge from Lead Industries Assn., Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
TEXTILE
GUIDES
FROM
3M
3M Co’s Technical Ceramic Products Div. has developed a ceramic material for textile fiber guides that combines the best features of both alumina and titania ceramics. Applicable to texturing, weaving, knitting, windktg, spinning and drawing, Alchromia II is especially suited where wear resistance, yarn protection, static elimination and fiber tension control are significant.
DEGUSSA COLOURS
TO ENTER CERAMIC BUSINESS IN IRAN
Degussa, Frankfurt/Main, has together with the Metal Containers Company a company of the Darougar-Group and the Development and Investment Bank of Iran established the Iran Glazes and Colours Company in Teheran. In the capital of this company, amounting to 180 million Rials (about 6 million DM), Degussa and the Metal Containers Company have a share each of 40%, the Development and Investment Bank of 20%. First of all the company is planning the construction of a production plant for glaze frits in Rusht. situated near the Casoian Sea. which shall be commissioned ‘at the beginning of 1979. The investment for the first construction phase amounts to 550 million Rials (about 18 million DMI. It is intended to increase the initial capacity from 14,400 tons/year to 26,000 tons/ year in further construction phases. From Rusht, the Iran as well as the neighbouring countries of the Near and Middle East shall be supplied.
ANTI-REFLECTING
GLASS
Reflectance losses of both visible and infrared light from certain glasses can be drastically reduced and transmittance significantly improved through chemical treatments that produce a porous, silica-rich film on glass. The anti-reflecting film was produced by exposing heattreated Corning Code- 7746 alk&-borosilicate glass sheets and tubing to dilute acid solutions containing low concentrations of etchants, such as ammonium fluoride or ammonium bifluoride. These solutions selectively extract soluble oxides from the glass surface, leaving a porous, transparent layer that is largely silica. Anti-reflecting orooerties t&It because the pores ‘in ‘the silicon skeleton give the layer a lower bulk refractive index than that of the body glass.
NEW GLAZES DECORATING
AND AIDS
The Ceramic Colours Division of Degussa. Frankfurt/Main, has adooted in its delivery programme a range of new glazes and decoratina aids. The transparent glaze 40 371-TM (firing range 1000 - 1080°Cl has been develooed especially for application in the’ fancy ceramics. It can be coloured optionally with bodv stains and metallic oxides. The transbarent glaze 40 372 TM [firing range 1020 - 1140X1 has a low lead content and is especially suitable for the decoration with cadmium-selenium glazes. Owing to the large firing interval it can be empioyed not only in the fancy ceramics, but also in the table ware ceramics. The transparent glaze 40 374 TM ffirina ranae 1040 - 112O”CT is a matt glaze fir the table ware ceramics. This alaze is also suitable for colouring with body stains and oxides. The brown glaze 46 307 TM ffirina range 1000 - 1680”) is a covering dark-red brown glaze for the fancy ceramics. Its satin gloss is influenced by the firing temperature. Best results are obtained at about 1040°C. The engobe 40 328 TM
NEWS
the efficiency of diesel and turbine engines 25-55% as operating temperatures would increase from 1700” to 25Oo”F, and fuel consumption would decrease 25%. Potential applications for parts include diesel components, vehicular and stationary gas turbines, heat exchangers and unmanned aircraft turbines. The chemical resistant shapes have strengths > 85,000 psi at 2700°F and > 98% theoreti.cal density. They exhibit zero porosity and require little surface finishing. The weight of a silicon carbide rotor would be less than half that of a metal alloy rotor.
OXYGEN SENSOR UNIT FOR ENERGY SAVINGS Corning is working with several major glass manufacturers in the U.S. and a number of manufacturers in Europe and Japan on the installation of an energysaving oxygen sensor system that provides a direct and continuous measurement of the amount of oxygen in a furnace atmosphere. The sensor is a yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte coated with platinum on both its inside and outside surfaces. A test tube-shaped structure less than eight inches long [about 20 cm], the sensor cell is mounted in a small refractory block and installed at several positions in the wall of a furnace, where it comes into direct contact with combustion %?:mount of excess oxygen in the furnace is automatically computed from the sensor’ voltage measurements and is displayed on ,meters in the furnace control room. This oxygen measurement provides an indication of the amount of excess air being used in the combustion process. For example, a concentration of one per cent oxygen by VOlume corresponds to four per cent excess air. A four per cent oxygen concentration corresponds to 21 per cent excess air. The system has been installed at a number of plants. The oxygen sensor system and the prirrciples on which it is based are expected to have applications outside the glass industry. Oxygen measurement is important in any process burning fossil fuel. The possible applications range from use in home heating plants to several uses in the metallurgical industry. Installation of oxygen sensors in automobiles to improve engine efficiency is another possibility, as in the use of sensor in medical instruments to measure oxygen concentration in the lungs. NEW YELLOW AND ON-GLAZE COLOURS
RED
The Ceramic Colours Division of Degussa, Frankfurt am Main, has supplemented its supply programme with four new onglaze colours for vitreous china and earthenware: the new colours bear the desianations Mandarin fl312301. Orange (771230), Poppy (171231) and Cardinal f1712321. The new colours make it considerably easier to remain within the lead and cadmium release limits for tableware than was possible with the previously-used grades of colour. The four new on glaze colours can
be mixed with each-other in any desired ratio, and are designed for use in direct and indirect screen printing, spraying or brush application [lining). The firing range is between 700 and 800%.
LIMITS FOR LEAD AND CADMIUM RELEASE A World Health Organization (WHO] report on ceramic foodware safety is available from Lead Industries Association (LIA]. The published report contains recommended international test methods and allowable limits for lead and cadmium release from ceramic foodware. The report results from a meeting of international experts at WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in June 1978. Put-Dose of the meetina was to set up standardized testing piocedures and to establish international lead and cadmium release limits to protect the health of consumers around the world. Attendees also recommended further research to correlate the results from the agreed upon test method with human intake of lead and cadmium absorbed from foods cooked or served in ceramic ware. The ceramic foodware under consideration includes glazed pottery, vitreous enamelware and glass. The report deals with utensils used in the home or in eating establishments for the preparation, consumption and storage of food and beverages. It emphasizes that recommended control measures would deal with the problem in normal commercial goods, but might not effectively control the hazards in other areas such as hobby pottery, artcraft or cottage industries. A detailed method of analysis of lead and cadmium content in ceramic foodware is presented. In addition, the recommended limits, as measured by the test ‘method, of lead and cadmium release from cookware, dinnerware and items intended for infant use are spelled out in the report. The report points out that sufficient technology already exists to enable the production of ceramic foodware which will meet the recommended limits of release for lead and cadmium. Particularly useful reference documents cited are the International Lead Zinc Research Organization manual No. I, ?? Lead Glazes for Dinnerware =, and the = Proceedings of the 1974 International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safetv. ?? Copies of the proceedings, as well as the full WHO report. entitled a Ceramic Foodware Safety m, can be obtained free of charge from Lead Industries Assn., Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
TEXTILE
GUIDES
FROM
3M
3M Co’s Technical Ceramic Products Div. has developed a ceramic material for textile fiber guides that combines the best features of both alumina and titania ceramics. Applicable to texturing, weaving, knitting, windktg, spinning and drawing, Alchromia II is especially suited where wear resistance, yarn protection, static elimination and fiber tension control are significant.
DEGUSSA COLOURS
TO ENTER CERAMIC BUSINESS IN IRAN
Degussa, Frankfurt/Main, has together with the Metal Containers Company a company of the Darougar-Group and the Development and Investment Bank of Iran established the Iran Glazes and Colours Company in Teheran. In the capital of this company, amounting to 180 million Rials (about 6 million DM), Degussa and the Metal Containers Company have a share each of 40%, the Development and Investment Bank of 20%. First of all the company is planning the construction of a production plant for glaze frits in Rusht. situated near the Casoian Sea. which shall be commissioned ‘at the beginning of 1979. The investment for the first construction phase amounts to 550 million Rials (about 18 million DMI. It is intended to increase the initial capacity from 14,400 tons/year to 26,000 tons/ year in further construction phases. From Rusht, the Iran as well as the neighbouring countries of the Near and Middle East shall be supplied.
ANTI-REFLECTING
GLASS
Reflectance losses of both visible and infrared light from certain glasses can be drastically reduced and transmittance significantly improved through chemical treatments that produce a porous, silica-rich film on glass. The anti-reflecting film was produced by exposing heattreated Corning Code- 7746 alk&-borosilicate glass sheets and tubing to dilute acid solutions containing low concentrations of etchants, such as ammonium fluoride or ammonium bifluoride. These solutions selectively extract soluble oxides from the glass surface, leaving a porous, transparent layer that is largely silica. Anti-reflecting orooerties t&It because the pores ‘in ‘the silicon skeleton give the layer a lower bulk refractive index than that of the body glass.
NEW GLAZES DECORATING
AND AIDS
The Ceramic Colours Division of Degussa. Frankfurt/Main, has adooted in its delivery programme a range of new glazes and decoratina aids. The transparent glaze 40 371-TM (firing range 1000 - 1080°Cl has been develooed especially for application in the’ fancy ceramics. It can be coloured optionally with bodv stains and metallic oxides. The transbarent glaze 40 372 TM [firing range 1020 - 1140X1 has a low lead content and is especially suitable for the decoration with cadmium-selenium glazes. Owing to the large firing interval it can be empioyed not only in the fancy ceramics, but also in the table ware ceramics. The transparent glaze 40 374 TM ffirina ranae 1040 - 112O”CT is a matt glaze fir the table ware ceramics. This alaze is also suitable for colouring with body stains and oxides. The brown glaze 46 307 TM ffirina range 1000 - 1680”) is a covering dark-red brown glaze for the fancy ceramics. Its satin gloss is influenced by the firing temperature. Best results are obtained at about 1040°C. The engobe 40 328 TM