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P112 Foot growth in Mongolian children between 12 and 17 years of age
Abstracts of the 17th Annual Meeting of ESMAC, Poster Presentations / Gait & Posture 28S (2008) S49–S118 Conclusions: Clusters analysis of gait patterns should include absolute gait curves in all planes for patients with diplegic CP. Introduction: The challenge in collection and interpretation as well as the multidimensionality of quantitative gait data has forced researchers to look for new ways to manipulate the data. Pattern recognition, and fuzzy clustering techniques, multivariate statistical and fractal analyses, neural networks have been used to categorize and classify the gait data that can be clinically and statistically recognised. Most of the previous researchers prefer to include only the kinematic data in the sagittal plane, however CP patients have many deviations in coronal and transverse planes due to secondary or adaptive changes in the gait pattern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a classification of patterns in three planes would be statistically different than patterns based on only kinematics in sagittal plane for patients with diplegic CP. Patients/Materials and Methods: Kinematic and kinetic gait curves of 108 patients (mean age 7.2±2.8 years) with diplegic CP in sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were collected with the Vicon 370 (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK), two force plates (Bertec, Colombus, Ohio, USA) and processed using Vicon Clinical Manager software package. A single representative gait cycle was selected for each limb on the basis of consistency of temporo-spatial characteristics for assessments. Two data sets were generated based on absolute differences in gait curves: Data Set I: all gait curves; Data Set II: three selected curves for left and right. Data Set II includes Hip, Knee, and Ankle motion on the sagittal plane. All curves were normalized in the range [0,1]. K-means with squared Euclidean distance was performed on Data Set I and II. Subjects were clustered into 4 subgroups. Matlab R14 was used for data preprocessing and clustering. The level of agreement between the Data Sets was assessed using a Kappa (ú) statistic. Results and Discussion: Kappa statistics showed a very low agreement between the Data Sets (ú = 0.016, 95%CI 0−0.15, p = 0.798). This finding revealed that in patients with diplegic CP sagittal plane clusters were not in agreement with three plane clusters. Previously reported lack of clear clusters might be due to this disagreement. Given the diversity of gait types future studies may investigate the agreement in subgroups of gait patterns in the children’s data.
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12 and generally matures at 15 years. The boy’s foot increases until the age of 17. Therefore, boys have significantly greater average length of foot than girls. Morphological characteristic of Mongolian children has a normal probability distribution. Conclusions: Length, width, height and girth of feet must be precisely known for the optimal manufacturing of shoe lasts. The morphology of children’s foot differs from that of adults thus the last should be designed considering these anthropometric differences. Introduction: Regular foot measurements for industrial shoe production are the main condition to provide shoes with a good fit for the feet. A detailed knowledge of shape changes in children feet during growing is an important issue to design footwear with comforts and healthy attributes for population [1]. The aim of this study is to present morphological changes of Mongolian children’s feet shape with age and to determine the hallux valgus and arch index, using the evolution of the footprint. Materials and Methods: The sample of 294 schoolchildren ranging from 12 to 17 years was divided into 2 groups according to their age (12−14 and 15−17). Foot characteristics were measured on each child’s right foot using foot-measuring devices a measuring tape and ruler; 18 dimensions: foot length, arch length, heel-to-fifth metatarsal head, short heel length, foot width, heel width, toe #1 or #2 height, toe #1 thickness, height at 50% foot length, short heel height, medial malleolus height, lateral malleolus height, calf height, ball girth, instep girth, short heel girth, ankle girth, and calf girth. Footprints were recorded from a standing full weight-bearing position. The footprints were analyzed and two parameters were determined from each footprint: the angle of the first toe and arch index.
References [1] Toro B, Nester CJ, Farren PC. Cluster analysis for the extraction of sagittal gait patterns in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 2007 Feb; 25(2): 157−65. [2] Chau T. A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 1: Fuzzy, statistical and fractal methods. Gait Posture. 2001 Feb; 13(1): 49−66. [3] Wolf S, Loose T, Schablowski M, D¨oderlein L, Rupp R, Gerner HJ, Bretthauer G, Mikut R. Automated feature assessment in instrumented gait analysis. Gait Posture. 2006 Apr; 23(3): 331−8.
P112 Foot growth in Mongolian children between 12 and 17 years of age T. Byambadorj1 , P. Hlavacek1 , O. Jamiyan2 , E. Sundui3 . 1 Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic; 2 Department of Fur and Leather Study, University of Science and Technology, Mongolia; 3 Department of Morphology, Health Sciences University, Mongolia, Czech Republic Summary: The foot shapes are basically formed at the age of 14−15; girls reach adults length at the age 14 and boys at the age 15. The foot growth of girls lingers slightly at the age of
Figure 1. Comparison of foot characteristics of children. Results: Foot dimensions: The average foot length in the boys aged 12−14 was 234.31 mm for 15−17 year old it was 253.07 mm and in the girls it was 225.58 mm and 228.54 mm, respectively. The foot shapes are basically formed at the age of 14−15. The measured feet were 230.03 mm in girls aged 14 and 252.07 mm in boys aged 15, and the foot of the two genders generally reached adults length. The comparison of foot characteristics of children aged 12−14 is illustrated in Fig. 1. Big toe angle (Hallux valgus): The rearfoot valgus in the girls was greater than in the boys 8.40º and 6.11º, respectively. In addition, a significant difference in the development of the rearfoot valgus between boys and girls was
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Abstracts of the 17th Annual Meeting of ESMAC, Poster Presentations / Gait & Posture 28S (2008) S49–S118
discovered within the studied sample in both age categories. Arch index: The study showed that boys have a significantly greater tendency for flat foot than girls; the prevalence of the flatted second grade foot in girls is 47.26%, and in boys it is 57.43%. The distribution of the high and normal arched feet in girls is greater than in boys. Thus, results demonstrate that the foot of boys can be relatively more deformed. Discussion: The study elaborates the correlation between foot length and other length (r = 0.85−0.94) or girth characteristics (r = 0.70−0.82). For boys it was more significant than the correlation between foot length and height characteristics. In addition, for the same gender we found a strong correlation coefficient between foot width and ball girth (r = 0.92). Age, gender and foot length influenced the correlation coefficient. The distribution of normal arched foot types decreased with increasing age in both boys and girls. References [1] Gonzalez, J.C. et al., 2005. Study of children footprints growth using geometric morphometric techniques.
P113 The transtheoretical model of behavioral change to exercise in applying to adult Turkish people ¨ S. Ay1 , A. Bayik Temel2 . 1 Celal Bayar Universitesi, Sa˘glik 2 ¨ Hizmetleri MYO; Ege Universitesi, Hem¸sirelik Y¨uksekokulu Halk Sa˘gli˘gi Hem¸sireli˘gi, Turkey Summary: The scientific literature showed that transtheoretical model (TTM) guides properly with regard to behavioral change as well as the content, performance and evaluation of physical activity and exercise [1,2]. This is the first study testing validity and reliability of the scales, which demonstrated the applicability of the TTM to the Turkish population. Conclusions: The Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change to Exercise in; stages of change, processes of change, self-efficacy and decisional balance instruments for applying to adult Turkish people are a valid and reliable instruments. Introduction: The Healthy People 2010’ aims to improve levels of physical activity for adults, adolescents, and children, and to reduce sedentary behavior among adolescents. TTM is a contemporary psychological framework that attempts to explain intentional health behavior adoption and maintenance as a process that occurs over time as a function of behavioral history and motivation. The TTM accounts for the dynamic nature of health behavior change including exercise, and recognizes that individuals often must make several attempts at behavior change before they are successful. The TTM Stages of Change (SOC) is the temporal dimension that represents when particular changes occur. Several psychological constructs of TTM have been associated with exercise behavior: (a) processes of change (POC), (b) decision balance (DB): perceived pros to exercise, perceived cons to exercise, and (c) self-efficacy (SE). Patients/Materials and Methods: This is a methodological study and the study population was the volunteer administrative staff working in Turkish Telecommunication Agency, ˙Izmir. The number of participations’ (n = 280) mean age was 39.43±8.50, where 51% were female and 49% was male. The data was collected according to the questionnaires (Qs) of socio-demographic factors as well as four scales of SOC, POC, SE, and DB. For the validity of the instruments; in terms of language, content and construct
validity exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. For the relability of the instruments; cronbach coefficient alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency. Results: The language and content validity of the scales were done. The reliability test and retest correlation coefficients were as follows: Kappa index validity for SOC, POC, SE, and DB were 0.81, 0.71−0.90, 0.74−90.3, and 0.81−0.93, respectively. The POC Q general Cronbach Alfa coefficient, the split-half value, the two-dimensional Spearman Brown value for experiential and for behavioral process. 0.95, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of SE Q was 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of DB was 0.86 and 0.92, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of pros’ DB Q was 0.87 and 0.94, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of the cons’ was 0.70 and 0.63, respectively. Discussion: SOC Q was adapted from the smoking literature to apply to exercise. The Kappa index of reliability for the SOC Q, taken over a 2-week period, was 0.78 (n = 20). Courneya [3] further adapted this instrument and reported a 2-week test–retest reliability of 0.79 (n = 148). Courneya’s version of the SCQ was used for this study. In this version, the Kappa index of reliability for the SOC Q, taken over a 2-week period, was 0.78 (n = 20) 0.81. For the POC Q, alpha values ranged from 0.62 to 0.89. The POC Q calculated alpha values for the present study ranged from 0.62 to 0.85. For this study, the POC Qs employed by Nigg et al. [5,6] was used. The POC Q calculated alpha values for the present study ranged from 0.71 to 0.90. For the current study, the calculated alpha coefficient was 0.90. The sub-factors’ pros and cons’ Cronbach’s alpha co-efficient were 0.86, 0.87, and 0.70, respectively. These results were in concordance with the previous literature. References [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. DATA2010: The Healthy People 2010 database. Available at: http://wonder.cdc.gov/DATA2010. Accessed March 23, 2007. [2] Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of selfchange in smoking: Towards an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983; 51: 390−5. [3] Courneya KS. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2003 Dec; 12(4): 347-57.
P114 Withdrawn P115 Withdrawn
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12 and generally matures at 15 years. The boy’s foot increases until the age of 17. Therefore, boys have significantly greater average length of foot than girls. Morphological characteristic of Mongolian children has a normal probability distribution. Conclusions: Length, width, height and girth of feet must be precisely known for the optimal manufacturing of shoe lasts. The morphology of children’s foot differs from that of adults thus the last should be designed considering these anthropometric differences. Introduction: Regular foot measurements for industrial shoe production are the main condition to provide shoes with a good fit for the feet. A detailed knowledge of shape changes in children feet during growing is an important issue to design footwear with comforts and healthy attributes for population [1]. The aim of this study is to present morphological changes of Mongolian children’s feet shape with age and to determine the hallux valgus and arch index, using the evolution of the footprint. Materials and Methods: The sample of 294 schoolchildren ranging from 12 to 17 years was divided into 2 groups according to their age (12−14 and 15−17). Foot characteristics were measured on each child’s right foot using foot-measuring devices a measuring tape and ruler; 18 dimensions: foot length, arch length, heel-to-fifth metatarsal head, short heel length, foot width, heel width, toe #1 or #2 height, toe #1 thickness, height at 50% foot length, short heel height, medial malleolus height, lateral malleolus height, calf height, ball girth, instep girth, short heel girth, ankle girth, and calf girth. Footprints were recorded from a standing full weight-bearing position. The footprints were analyzed and two parameters were determined from each footprint: the angle of the first toe and arch index.
References [1] Toro B, Nester CJ, Farren PC. Cluster analysis for the extraction of sagittal gait patterns in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 2007 Feb; 25(2): 157−65. [2] Chau T. A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 1: Fuzzy, statistical and fractal methods. Gait Posture. 2001 Feb; 13(1): 49−66. [3] Wolf S, Loose T, Schablowski M, D¨oderlein L, Rupp R, Gerner HJ, Bretthauer G, Mikut R. Automated feature assessment in instrumented gait analysis. Gait Posture. 2006 Apr; 23(3): 331−8.
P112 Foot growth in Mongolian children between 12 and 17 years of age T. Byambadorj1 , P. Hlavacek1 , O. Jamiyan2 , E. Sundui3 . 1 Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic; 2 Department of Fur and Leather Study, University of Science and Technology, Mongolia; 3 Department of Morphology, Health Sciences University, Mongolia, Czech Republic Summary: The foot shapes are basically formed at the age of 14−15; girls reach adults length at the age 14 and boys at the age 15. The foot growth of girls lingers slightly at the age of
Figure 1. Comparison of foot characteristics of children. Results: Foot dimensions: The average foot length in the boys aged 12−14 was 234.31 mm for 15−17 year old it was 253.07 mm and in the girls it was 225.58 mm and 228.54 mm, respectively. The foot shapes are basically formed at the age of 14−15. The measured feet were 230.03 mm in girls aged 14 and 252.07 mm in boys aged 15, and the foot of the two genders generally reached adults length. The comparison of foot characteristics of children aged 12−14 is illustrated in Fig. 1. Big toe angle (Hallux valgus): The rearfoot valgus in the girls was greater than in the boys 8.40º and 6.11º, respectively. In addition, a significant difference in the development of the rearfoot valgus between boys and girls was
S118
Abstracts of the 17th Annual Meeting of ESMAC, Poster Presentations / Gait & Posture 28S (2008) S49–S118
discovered within the studied sample in both age categories. Arch index: The study showed that boys have a significantly greater tendency for flat foot than girls; the prevalence of the flatted second grade foot in girls is 47.26%, and in boys it is 57.43%. The distribution of the high and normal arched feet in girls is greater than in boys. Thus, results demonstrate that the foot of boys can be relatively more deformed. Discussion: The study elaborates the correlation between foot length and other length (r = 0.85−0.94) or girth characteristics (r = 0.70−0.82). For boys it was more significant than the correlation between foot length and height characteristics. In addition, for the same gender we found a strong correlation coefficient between foot width and ball girth (r = 0.92). Age, gender and foot length influenced the correlation coefficient. The distribution of normal arched foot types decreased with increasing age in both boys and girls. References [1] Gonzalez, J.C. et al., 2005. Study of children footprints growth using geometric morphometric techniques.
P113 The transtheoretical model of behavioral change to exercise in applying to adult Turkish people ¨ S. Ay1 , A. Bayik Temel2 . 1 Celal Bayar Universitesi, Sa˘glik 2 ¨ Hizmetleri MYO; Ege Universitesi, Hem¸sirelik Y¨uksekokulu Halk Sa˘gli˘gi Hem¸sireli˘gi, Turkey Summary: The scientific literature showed that transtheoretical model (TTM) guides properly with regard to behavioral change as well as the content, performance and evaluation of physical activity and exercise [1,2]. This is the first study testing validity and reliability of the scales, which demonstrated the applicability of the TTM to the Turkish population. Conclusions: The Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change to Exercise in; stages of change, processes of change, self-efficacy and decisional balance instruments for applying to adult Turkish people are a valid and reliable instruments. Introduction: The Healthy People 2010’ aims to improve levels of physical activity for adults, adolescents, and children, and to reduce sedentary behavior among adolescents. TTM is a contemporary psychological framework that attempts to explain intentional health behavior adoption and maintenance as a process that occurs over time as a function of behavioral history and motivation. The TTM accounts for the dynamic nature of health behavior change including exercise, and recognizes that individuals often must make several attempts at behavior change before they are successful. The TTM Stages of Change (SOC) is the temporal dimension that represents when particular changes occur. Several psychological constructs of TTM have been associated with exercise behavior: (a) processes of change (POC), (b) decision balance (DB): perceived pros to exercise, perceived cons to exercise, and (c) self-efficacy (SE). Patients/Materials and Methods: This is a methodological study and the study population was the volunteer administrative staff working in Turkish Telecommunication Agency, ˙Izmir. The number of participations’ (n = 280) mean age was 39.43±8.50, where 51% were female and 49% was male. The data was collected according to the questionnaires (Qs) of socio-demographic factors as well as four scales of SOC, POC, SE, and DB. For the validity of the instruments; in terms of language, content and construct
validity exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. For the relability of the instruments; cronbach coefficient alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency. Results: The language and content validity of the scales were done. The reliability test and retest correlation coefficients were as follows: Kappa index validity for SOC, POC, SE, and DB were 0.81, 0.71−0.90, 0.74−90.3, and 0.81−0.93, respectively. The POC Q general Cronbach Alfa coefficient, the split-half value, the two-dimensional Spearman Brown value for experiential and for behavioral process. 0.95, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of SE Q was 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of DB was 0.86 and 0.92, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of pros’ DB Q was 0.87 and 0.94, respectively. The general Cronbach Alfa coefficient and Split-half value of the cons’ was 0.70 and 0.63, respectively. Discussion: SOC Q was adapted from the smoking literature to apply to exercise. The Kappa index of reliability for the SOC Q, taken over a 2-week period, was 0.78 (n = 20). Courneya [3] further adapted this instrument and reported a 2-week test–retest reliability of 0.79 (n = 148). Courneya’s version of the SCQ was used for this study. In this version, the Kappa index of reliability for the SOC Q, taken over a 2-week period, was 0.78 (n = 20) 0.81. For the POC Q, alpha values ranged from 0.62 to 0.89. The POC Q calculated alpha values for the present study ranged from 0.62 to 0.85. For this study, the POC Qs employed by Nigg et al. [5,6] was used. The POC Q calculated alpha values for the present study ranged from 0.71 to 0.90. For the current study, the calculated alpha coefficient was 0.90. The sub-factors’ pros and cons’ Cronbach’s alpha co-efficient were 0.86, 0.87, and 0.70, respectively. These results were in concordance with the previous literature. References [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. DATA2010: The Healthy People 2010 database. Available at: http://wonder.cdc.gov/DATA2010. Accessed March 23, 2007. [2] Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of selfchange in smoking: Towards an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983; 51: 390−5. [3] Courneya KS. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2003 Dec; 12(4): 347-57.
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