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P17-10 Use-dependent motor cortex plasticity following complex visuomotor training in young and old adults
29th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology P17-8 The mismatch negativity (MMN), N2b and P3b abnormalities of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in families multiply affected with schizophrenia S. Guerra1 , M.d.l.A. Pedroso1 , A. Reyes2 , M. Martin2 1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Moron General Hospital. Ciego de Avila, Cuba, 2 Department of Biological Psychiatry, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba Objective: This study investigated ERPs (MMN, N2b and P3b) to both target and non-target stimuli in schizophrenic patients and their nonschizophrenic first-degree relatives. Methods: In the present study, auditory ERPs were recorded during an active discrimination task of oddball paradigm in 26 schizophrenic patients, 30 of their non-schizophrenic first-degree relatives and 30 control subjects matched by means of sex, years of education and age. The diagnoses of schizophrenia were confirmed using DSM-IV criteria. Two subcomponents of N200, N2a or MMN and N2b, were measured from the difference waveforms. We also explored the P3b potential and their relationship with N2b, all obtained from three midline electrodes (Fz, Cz and Pz) for target and nontarget stimuli. Results: There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, gender or years of education. Schizophrenic patients and their relatives showed latency prolongation and amplitude reduction of the N200 and P3b waves compared to controls. However, significant group differences for amplitude and latency in N100/P200 complex and the MMN were not found, therefore the described alterations only depend of N2b subcomponent and the P3b waves in target and nontarget ERP waveforms. Conclusions: It suggests that N2b reduction reflects an abnormal controlled processing of stimulus information and the P3b disturbances in decision-making in schizophrenic patients and their relative. These findings suggest that the N2b and P3b ERP components might serve as trait markers for the schizophrenia. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenic patients and their relative have been studied using event-related potentials. However, previous family studies obtained the N200 ERP data within only one component, and seldom investigated N200 measurements from the difference waveforms. P17-9 EEG spectral power, and serum nitric oxide metabolites in chronic schizophrenia patients M. Suetsugi1 , Y. Mizuki2 , S. Uchida1 , K. Hara1 , Y. Watanabe1 Department of Neuropsychiary, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan, 2 Shimonoseki Hospital of Mental and Nervous Disorders, 6 18 18, Tomito-Cho, Shimonoseki, Japan 1
Objective: Several lines of evidence have implicated nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In animal studies, abnormal behavior induced by NMDA non-competitive antagonists such as ketamine and phencyclidine are reversed by NO antagonists, and antipsychotics reduce NO metabolite values in cell culture. In postmortem brains studies, schizophrenics show higher neural NO synthase than control. However, the effects of antipsychotics on the serum NO activities are controversial in human studies. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship among serum NO metabolites values, psychotic symptoms severity, and EEG spectral power. Methods: The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made by the two independent psychiatrists according to the DSM-IV. All subjects who had any type of physical disorders were excluded. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Using ELISA method, we selected the schizophrenic patients with higher serum NO metabolites (high NO group) and lower serum NO metabolites (low NO group), and age matched control subjects (control group). Each group consisted of 13 subjects. There were no differences in the duration of illness, the amount of antipsychotics administration between the two patient groups. We investigated the EEG spectral power in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands at the frontal area (Fp1, Fp2, F3, and F4), and the PANSS evaluation for each group. Results: Compared with low NO group, the high NO group showed higher positive and negative symptoms in the PANSS evaluation, and higher delta and theta power, and lower gamma power values at Fp1 and Fp2 electrodes in the EEG analysis. Conclusions: The present results suggest that high amount of slow activity and low amount of fast activity over frontal regions, and high
S205 serum nitric oxide metabolites are unfavorable biomarker for chronic schizophrenia patients. P17-10 Use-dependent motor cortex plasticity following complex visuomotor training in young and old adults J. Cirillo1 , G. Todd1 , J.G. Semmler1 Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 1
Objective: Several studies have demonstrated an age-related decline in the ability of primary motor cortex (M1) to reorganise in response to simple motor training. The aim of this study was to examine M1 excitability and plasticity following a more complex index finger visuomotor-tracking task in young and old adults. Methods: Electromyograhic recordings were obtained from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of 16 young (23±3 yrs) and 16 old (67±5 yrs) adults. The visuomotor-tracking task required subjects to match index finger position with a moving target on a computer screen. The moving target consisted of three blocks of 36 unique 10-s frames, with the target making unpredictable left (abduction) and right (adduction) movements. A 5-min rest period was provided after each training block. Motor performance was assessed using the difference in index finger and target position (error). Single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over left M1 was used to assess changes in corticomotor excitability (motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) before, during (between blocks) and after motor training. Results: Visuomotor training resulted in a 24% increase in FDI MEP amplitude (P = 0.01) and a 24% decrease in SICI (P = 0.01) for young and old adults combined. However, there were no training-related differences in these measures between young and old adults. Tracking error was greater in old compared with young adults throughout all training blocks (all comparisons, P < 0.01). However, the improvement in motor performance (tracking error) throughout training was similar between young (23% improvement) and old (25% improvement) adults. Conclusions: These findings suggest that older adults maintain the capacity for training-related M1 reorganisation and motor learning during this complex motor training task, which has important implications for optimising rehabilitation strategies for older adults after neurological disease or injury. Supported by NMHRC of Australia. P17-11 Static and dynamic balance for the aged Y. Asano1 , I. Shimoyama2 , A. Murata1 , H. Shimada2 , A. Yoshida2 , T. Yugeta3 , F. Hayashi2 , H. Yoshizaki2 1 Rehabilitation, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University, Japan, 2 Human Neurophysiology, Frontieer Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Japan, 3 National Hospital Organization Chiba Medical Center, Japan To study postural control in aging, center of foot pressure was measured during standing upright and knee flexion-extension for 407 volunteers. The subjects, aged from 14 to 93 years, were asked to stand still upright with eyes open, to do with eyes closed for 20 sec, respectively, and to keep knees flexed and extended for 5 sec, respectively. The subjects were asked to flex knees around 90 degree as they could. Maximal drift and total power was discussed for standing upright with eyes open, standing with eyes closed, for motion of knees flexed and extended. The drifts within the horizontal plane showed significantly increased on standing upright with eyes open, on standing upright with eyes closed. The drifts in the vertical direction showed significantly decreased on knees movements. Ratio on eyes closed and on knees motion showed decreased within the horizontal plane and vertical direction. Height and body weight increased the drift and power in the vertical direction. Dynamic balance showed much information.
Objective: Several lines of evidence have implicated nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In animal studies, abnormal behavior induced by NMDA non-competitive antagonists such as ketamine and phencyclidine are reversed by NO antagonists, and antipsychotics reduce NO metabolite values in cell culture. In postmortem brains studies, schizophrenics show higher neural NO synthase than control. However, the effects of antipsychotics on the serum NO activities are controversial in human studies. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship among serum NO metabolites values, psychotic symptoms severity, and EEG spectral power. Methods: The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made by the two independent psychiatrists according to the DSM-IV. All subjects who had any type of physical disorders were excluded. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Using ELISA method, we selected the schizophrenic patients with higher serum NO metabolites (high NO group) and lower serum NO metabolites (low NO group), and age matched control subjects (control group). Each group consisted of 13 subjects. There were no differences in the duration of illness, the amount of antipsychotics administration between the two patient groups. We investigated the EEG spectral power in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands at the frontal area (Fp1, Fp2, F3, and F4), and the PANSS evaluation for each group. Results: Compared with low NO group, the high NO group showed higher positive and negative symptoms in the PANSS evaluation, and higher delta and theta power, and lower gamma power values at Fp1 and Fp2 electrodes in the EEG analysis. Conclusions: The present results suggest that high amount of slow activity and low amount of fast activity over frontal regions, and high
S205 serum nitric oxide metabolites are unfavorable biomarker for chronic schizophrenia patients. P17-10 Use-dependent motor cortex plasticity following complex visuomotor training in young and old adults J. Cirillo1 , G. Todd1 , J.G. Semmler1 Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 1
Objective: Several studies have demonstrated an age-related decline in the ability of primary motor cortex (M1) to reorganise in response to simple motor training. The aim of this study was to examine M1 excitability and plasticity following a more complex index finger visuomotor-tracking task in young and old adults. Methods: Electromyograhic recordings were obtained from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of 16 young (23±3 yrs) and 16 old (67±5 yrs) adults. The visuomotor-tracking task required subjects to match index finger position with a moving target on a computer screen. The moving target consisted of three blocks of 36 unique 10-s frames, with the target making unpredictable left (abduction) and right (adduction) movements. A 5-min rest period was provided after each training block. Motor performance was assessed using the difference in index finger and target position (error). Single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over left M1 was used to assess changes in corticomotor excitability (motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) before, during (between blocks) and after motor training. Results: Visuomotor training resulted in a 24% increase in FDI MEP amplitude (P = 0.01) and a 24% decrease in SICI (P = 0.01) for young and old adults combined. However, there were no training-related differences in these measures between young and old adults. Tracking error was greater in old compared with young adults throughout all training blocks (all comparisons, P < 0.01). However, the improvement in motor performance (tracking error) throughout training was similar between young (23% improvement) and old (25% improvement) adults. Conclusions: These findings suggest that older adults maintain the capacity for training-related M1 reorganisation and motor learning during this complex motor training task, which has important implications for optimising rehabilitation strategies for older adults after neurological disease or injury. Supported by NMHRC of Australia. P17-11 Static and dynamic balance for the aged Y. Asano1 , I. Shimoyama2 , A. Murata1 , H. Shimada2 , A. Yoshida2 , T. Yugeta3 , F. Hayashi2 , H. Yoshizaki2 1 Rehabilitation, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University, Japan, 2 Human Neurophysiology, Frontieer Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Japan, 3 National Hospital Organization Chiba Medical Center, Japan To study postural control in aging, center of foot pressure was measured during standing upright and knee flexion-extension for 407 volunteers. The subjects, aged from 14 to 93 years, were asked to stand still upright with eyes open, to do with eyes closed for 20 sec, respectively, and to keep knees flexed and extended for 5 sec, respectively. The subjects were asked to flex knees around 90 degree as they could. Maximal drift and total power was discussed for standing upright with eyes open, standing with eyes closed, for motion of knees flexed and extended. The drifts within the horizontal plane showed significantly increased on standing upright with eyes open, on standing upright with eyes closed. The drifts in the vertical direction showed significantly decreased on knees movements. Ratio on eyes closed and on knees motion showed decreased within the horizontal plane and vertical direction. Height and body weight increased the drift and power in the vertical direction. Dynamic balance showed much information.