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P19—Concentrations of per-fluorinated compounds in river water in Tokyo
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Abstracts / Reproductive Toxicology 33 (2012) 1–29
and concern about these materials is increasing. Among these compounds, the PFCs have been studied in a small number of U.S. watersheds, with data describing their longitudinal occurrence and concentration in large river systems still being very scarce. Because the Ohio River and its tributaries provide drinking water, irrigation, and recreation for 25 million people living in this basin, it is essential to determine the occurrence and concentration of the various PFCs in the surface water resources of this region. To meet this need, in the fall of 2009, the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) collaborated with U.S. EPA to collect single grab samples from 22 locations on the Ohio River and some selected tributaries. The primary focus of this study was to document the occurrence and concentrations of CECs, including PFCs. Resulting data for the PFCs will be presented. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.051 P18—Adjuvancy and immunosuppression: Mechanisms of immunomodulation following dermal exposure to PFOA in mice Jennifer Franko 1 , Laurel G. Jackson 1 , B.J. Meade 1 , H. Fred Frasch 1 , Antonia M. Calafat 2 , Kayoke Kato 2 , Stacy E. Anderson 2,∗ 1
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States 2 CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States The majority of investigations into the immunotoxic effects of perfluoroalkyl acids have focused on immunosuppression following the oral route of exposure. The potential for dermal exposure, however, also exists during the manufacturing process of products, reformulations and in use of end products such as fire-retardants. Serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels were analyzed following four days of dermal exposure in Balb/c mice (total administered dose 100 mg/kg PFOA) and were found to be similar (188 ± 16 g/ml) to those documented after oral exposure to similar doses of PFOA (163 ± 8 g/ml). In addition, preliminary data from skin penetration studies also suggest that there are similar amounts of PFOA penetration and absorption between human and mouse skin further supporting this as a valid route of human exposure. Recent immunotoxicological studies have demonstrated that oral dosing and dermal exposure (1–2%) result in qualitatively similar immunosuppressive effects including decreased spleen and thymus weight, increased liver weight, and a 62% decrease in the IgM response to SRBC when evaluated in a murine model. Additionally, we have shown that while not allergenic itself, dermal application of PFOA, at concentrations up to 1.5%, simultaneously with exposure to a respiratory allergen augments the allergic response to that allergen. Observed changes in mice include elevations in total and antigen-specific IgE and IgG1, increased airway hyperreactivity, and increased IL-4 and IL-5 production compared to mice exposed to allergen alone. This presentation will discuss the modulation of immune related markers following PFOA exposure, helping to explain the reciprocal relationship between the mechanisms governing immune suppression and augmentation of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, as well as demonstrate absorption and penetration of PFOA through human and mouse skin. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.052
P19—Concentrations of per-fluorinated compounds in river water in Tokyo Tetsuji Nishimura 1,∗ , Toshinari Suzuki 2 1
Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan 2 Division of Water Quality, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan The presence of per-fluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the aquatic environment, as well as their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential, causes concern for the aquatic ecosystem and human health. In Tokyo, urban river water and ground water are used as drinking water source. First, the analytical method for PFCs in water samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was confirmed in order to clarify the presence of PFCs in the river water in Tokyo. Per-fluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) with carbon chain lengths from five to fourteen carbons and per-fluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) with carbon chain lengths from four to ten carbons were completely separated by ODS analytical column with ammonium acetate–acetonitrile as mobile phase. The tandem mass spectrometry condition was operated under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and the parameters were optimized for transmission of the [M–K]− or [M–H]− ions. The limits of qualification on this system was 0.05–0.2 g/L. The effective reduction of PFC contamination in the laboratory was done by removing Teflon products, washing SPE cartridge and glass ware with methanol, and using PFCs free water. SPE cartridges prepared by polymer-based sorbent were suitable for the extraction of PFCs with shorter chain lengths in water samples rather than that prepared by silica gel-based sorbent. The recoveries of PFCs from several water samples by the present method ranged from 76 to 103%, except for less than 50% of PFCAs which have carbon chain lengths shorter than six carbons. The monitoring of PFCs in river water was performed at Tama River and Naka River basins in Tokyo. These rivers are suitable to observe pollution from human activity. Because, the six sewage treatment plants exist around the Tama River basin, and serve to about 2.2 million populations. PFCs were detected from every water samples receiving the load of the drainage from swage treatment plants. The average of the total concentrations was 33.4 ng/L for PFCAs and 75.2 ng/L for PFCSs in 2008. The high abundant compounds in PFCAs were perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 42%), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 32%), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, 14%). The high abundant compounds in PFCSs were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, 80%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS, 16%), and pefluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, 3%). PFHxA was detected in samples collected since May 2008. It might be due to the use of the replacement of PFOA. A little amount of PFOA and PFOS existed in suspended solid in water samples. As for Naka River basin, the frequency and the ratio of PFCs were similar to those of Tama River basin. The average of total amount of PFCAs and PFCSs in the downstream sites in Tama River basin was estimated 80 g/day and 90 g/day, respectively. The discharge of PFCs from six swage treatment plants was estimated 59 g/day and 67 g/day, respectively. These results indicated that a major pollution source of PFCs for the river water was the effluent of swage treatment plants. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.053
Abstracts / Reproductive Toxicology 33 (2012) 1–29
and concern about these materials is increasing. Among these compounds, the PFCs have been studied in a small number of U.S. watersheds, with data describing their longitudinal occurrence and concentration in large river systems still being very scarce. Because the Ohio River and its tributaries provide drinking water, irrigation, and recreation for 25 million people living in this basin, it is essential to determine the occurrence and concentration of the various PFCs in the surface water resources of this region. To meet this need, in the fall of 2009, the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) collaborated with U.S. EPA to collect single grab samples from 22 locations on the Ohio River and some selected tributaries. The primary focus of this study was to document the occurrence and concentrations of CECs, including PFCs. Resulting data for the PFCs will be presented. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.051 P18—Adjuvancy and immunosuppression: Mechanisms of immunomodulation following dermal exposure to PFOA in mice Jennifer Franko 1 , Laurel G. Jackson 1 , B.J. Meade 1 , H. Fred Frasch 1 , Antonia M. Calafat 2 , Kayoke Kato 2 , Stacy E. Anderson 2,∗ 1
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States 2 CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States The majority of investigations into the immunotoxic effects of perfluoroalkyl acids have focused on immunosuppression following the oral route of exposure. The potential for dermal exposure, however, also exists during the manufacturing process of products, reformulations and in use of end products such as fire-retardants. Serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels were analyzed following four days of dermal exposure in Balb/c mice (total administered dose 100 mg/kg PFOA) and were found to be similar (188 ± 16 g/ml) to those documented after oral exposure to similar doses of PFOA (163 ± 8 g/ml). In addition, preliminary data from skin penetration studies also suggest that there are similar amounts of PFOA penetration and absorption between human and mouse skin further supporting this as a valid route of human exposure. Recent immunotoxicological studies have demonstrated that oral dosing and dermal exposure (1–2%) result in qualitatively similar immunosuppressive effects including decreased spleen and thymus weight, increased liver weight, and a 62% decrease in the IgM response to SRBC when evaluated in a murine model. Additionally, we have shown that while not allergenic itself, dermal application of PFOA, at concentrations up to 1.5%, simultaneously with exposure to a respiratory allergen augments the allergic response to that allergen. Observed changes in mice include elevations in total and antigen-specific IgE and IgG1, increased airway hyperreactivity, and increased IL-4 and IL-5 production compared to mice exposed to allergen alone. This presentation will discuss the modulation of immune related markers following PFOA exposure, helping to explain the reciprocal relationship between the mechanisms governing immune suppression and augmentation of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, as well as demonstrate absorption and penetration of PFOA through human and mouse skin. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.052
P19—Concentrations of per-fluorinated compounds in river water in Tokyo Tetsuji Nishimura 1,∗ , Toshinari Suzuki 2 1
Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan 2 Division of Water Quality, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan The presence of per-fluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the aquatic environment, as well as their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential, causes concern for the aquatic ecosystem and human health. In Tokyo, urban river water and ground water are used as drinking water source. First, the analytical method for PFCs in water samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was confirmed in order to clarify the presence of PFCs in the river water in Tokyo. Per-fluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) with carbon chain lengths from five to fourteen carbons and per-fluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) with carbon chain lengths from four to ten carbons were completely separated by ODS analytical column with ammonium acetate–acetonitrile as mobile phase. The tandem mass spectrometry condition was operated under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and the parameters were optimized for transmission of the [M–K]− or [M–H]− ions. The limits of qualification on this system was 0.05–0.2 g/L. The effective reduction of PFC contamination in the laboratory was done by removing Teflon products, washing SPE cartridge and glass ware with methanol, and using PFCs free water. SPE cartridges prepared by polymer-based sorbent were suitable for the extraction of PFCs with shorter chain lengths in water samples rather than that prepared by silica gel-based sorbent. The recoveries of PFCs from several water samples by the present method ranged from 76 to 103%, except for less than 50% of PFCAs which have carbon chain lengths shorter than six carbons. The monitoring of PFCs in river water was performed at Tama River and Naka River basins in Tokyo. These rivers are suitable to observe pollution from human activity. Because, the six sewage treatment plants exist around the Tama River basin, and serve to about 2.2 million populations. PFCs were detected from every water samples receiving the load of the drainage from swage treatment plants. The average of the total concentrations was 33.4 ng/L for PFCAs and 75.2 ng/L for PFCSs in 2008. The high abundant compounds in PFCAs were perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 42%), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 32%), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, 14%). The high abundant compounds in PFCSs were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, 80%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS, 16%), and pefluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, 3%). PFHxA was detected in samples collected since May 2008. It might be due to the use of the replacement of PFOA. A little amount of PFOA and PFOS existed in suspended solid in water samples. As for Naka River basin, the frequency and the ratio of PFCs were similar to those of Tama River basin. The average of total amount of PFCAs and PFCSs in the downstream sites in Tama River basin was estimated 80 g/day and 90 g/day, respectively. The discharge of PFCs from six swage treatment plants was estimated 59 g/day and 67 g/day, respectively. These results indicated that a major pollution source of PFCs for the river water was the effluent of swage treatment plants. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.053