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hyperactivity disorder
P.1.i. Basic and clinical neuroscience − Brain imaging and neuro-modulation in the right PFC to monetary rewards. There were no significant group differences in brain activation during aggressive responding. Across all subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between aggressive behaviour within the paradigm and reactivity of the amygdala, striatum, ACC and insula to provocations. Conclusion: Impulsive violent offenders had increased behaviourally relevant neural reactivity to provocations compared to healthy controls, possibly representing a neural correlate of sensitivity to provocations and rewards that contributes to violent behaviour. This provides novel insight into neural mechanisms underlying the etiology of reactive aggression and violence.
P.1.i.014 Cortical connectivity in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder N. Forde1,2 ° , L. Ronan3 , M. Zwiers2 , J. Buitelaar2,4 , P. Hoekstra1 of Groningen − University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands; 2 Donders Institute for Brain − Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience − Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 3 Brain mapping unit, Department of Psychiatry − University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 4 Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 1 University
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 5% of the school age population and characterised by a pattern of pervasive inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that is associated with impairments of functioning. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted structural and functional abnormalities associated with ADHD; including cortical and connectivity differences based both on structural (diffusion magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and functional MRI data. The innovative approach of applying intrinsic curvature analysis to the cortical surface applied herein allowed us determine whether the structural connectivity abnormalities thus far identified at a centimeter scale also occur at a millimeter scale within the cortical surface. Differential expansion of the surface during development underlies both intrinsic curvature and also results in a higher proportion of shorter connections, from which we infer more efficient connectivity [1,2]. Thus, we can use intrinsic curvature as a quantifiable measure of connectivity within the cortex. Furthermore, intrinsic curvature is related to gyrification [2]; however, it holds greater power to detect subtle shape differences in the cortex indicative of abnormal neurodevelopment [2]. We hypothesised that previous gyrification findings may have been obfuscated by the scale of morphological parameters employed; we therefore proposed that the intrinsic curvature may have increased power to detect subtle differences in cortical connectivity of ADHD, but that these would not be detectable with the related but larger-scale gyrification index. Structural MR images from NeuroIMAGE (www.neuroimage.nl) participants, whose scans were acquired at one of two test sites (Amsterdam and Nijmegen), were utilised in this study. 618 full, good quality datasets from 374 families were available. Of these, 164 were healthy controls [mean(SD) age 16.8 (3.2)], 306 had ADHD [17.2 (3.4)] and 148 were healthy siblings of a person with ADHD [17.7 (3.8)]. FreeSurfer was used to reconstruct the cortical surfaces and compute the local gyrification index (lGI) for each point on the surface (vertex) [3]. Intrinsic curvature was
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calculated from the FreeSurfer reconstructions per vertex using Caret software. The skew of the intrinsic curvature distribution was calculated per hemisphere. Because we were interested in the degree of intrinsic curvature independent of brain size, we used the skew of the distribution rather than the mean for analysis [2,4]. A vertex-wise general linear model analysis of lGI was performed using glmfit in FreeSurfer with age, gender, scanner site and total brain volume as covariates and a monte carlo simulation for multiple comparison correction. An univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess group differences in intrinsic curvature skew per hemisphere with age, gender, surface area of hemisphere and scanner site as covariates. No group differences were found in lGI or intrinsic curvature skew. Despite the increased sensitivity of intrinsic curvature to subtle morphological abnormalities of the cortical surface we found no differences between groups. This suggests that there are no milimeter scale connectivity abnormalities associated with ADHD. This highlights the diffference between ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder that have shown differences in intrinsic curvature or related measures [2,5]. References [1] Ronan L, Pienaar R, Williams G, et al. (2011) Intrinsic curvature: a marker of millimeter-scale tangential cortico-cortical connectivity? Int J Neural Syst 21: 351−66. doi: 10.1142/S0129065711002948 [2] Ronan L, Voets NL, Hough M, et al. (2012) Consistency and interpretation of changes in millimeter-scale cortical intrinsic curvature across three independent datasets in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 63: 611−21. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.034 [3] Schaer M, Bach Cuadra M, Tamarit L, et al. (2008) A Surfacebased approach to quantify local cortical gyrification. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 27: 161–170. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2007.903576 [4] Ronan L, Voets N, Rua C, et al. (2013) Differential Tangential Expansion as a Mechanism for Cortical Gyrification. Cereb Cortex 1−10. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht082 [5] Ecker C, Ronan L, Feng Y, et al. (2013) Intrinsic gray-matter connectivity of the brain in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 13222−7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221880110
P.1.i.015 Impulsive aggression in misophonia: results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study A. Schr¨oder1 ° , R. San Giorgi1 , G. Van Wingen1,2 , N. Vulink1 , D. Denys1,3 1 University of Amsterdam − Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2 Academic Medical Center, Brain Imaging Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3 Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Background: When confronted with specific sounds from human beings, such as lip smacking and loud breathing, patients with misophonia get impulsively aggressive, feel anxious, and develop time-consuming avoidance strategies. Currently, little is known about the underlying neurobiology of this new disorder [1]. Recent research using an electroencephalography paradigm found anomalies in the early automatic auditory processing in misophonia patients compared to healthy controls [2]. In the present study we aimed to localize the functional neuroanatomical correlates of misophonia. We therefore probed patients and healthy controls with audio-visual misophonic stimuli in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging symptom provocation paradigm.
P.1.i.014 Cortical connectivity in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder N. Forde1,2 ° , L. Ronan3 , M. Zwiers2 , J. Buitelaar2,4 , P. Hoekstra1 of Groningen − University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands; 2 Donders Institute for Brain − Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience − Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 3 Brain mapping unit, Department of Psychiatry − University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 4 Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 1 University
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 5% of the school age population and characterised by a pattern of pervasive inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that is associated with impairments of functioning. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted structural and functional abnormalities associated with ADHD; including cortical and connectivity differences based both on structural (diffusion magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and functional MRI data. The innovative approach of applying intrinsic curvature analysis to the cortical surface applied herein allowed us determine whether the structural connectivity abnormalities thus far identified at a centimeter scale also occur at a millimeter scale within the cortical surface. Differential expansion of the surface during development underlies both intrinsic curvature and also results in a higher proportion of shorter connections, from which we infer more efficient connectivity [1,2]. Thus, we can use intrinsic curvature as a quantifiable measure of connectivity within the cortex. Furthermore, intrinsic curvature is related to gyrification [2]; however, it holds greater power to detect subtle shape differences in the cortex indicative of abnormal neurodevelopment [2]. We hypothesised that previous gyrification findings may have been obfuscated by the scale of morphological parameters employed; we therefore proposed that the intrinsic curvature may have increased power to detect subtle differences in cortical connectivity of ADHD, but that these would not be detectable with the related but larger-scale gyrification index. Structural MR images from NeuroIMAGE (www.neuroimage.nl) participants, whose scans were acquired at one of two test sites (Amsterdam and Nijmegen), were utilised in this study. 618 full, good quality datasets from 374 families were available. Of these, 164 were healthy controls [mean(SD) age 16.8 (3.2)], 306 had ADHD [17.2 (3.4)] and 148 were healthy siblings of a person with ADHD [17.7 (3.8)]. FreeSurfer was used to reconstruct the cortical surfaces and compute the local gyrification index (lGI) for each point on the surface (vertex) [3]. Intrinsic curvature was
S307
calculated from the FreeSurfer reconstructions per vertex using Caret software. The skew of the intrinsic curvature distribution was calculated per hemisphere. Because we were interested in the degree of intrinsic curvature independent of brain size, we used the skew of the distribution rather than the mean for analysis [2,4]. A vertex-wise general linear model analysis of lGI was performed using glmfit in FreeSurfer with age, gender, scanner site and total brain volume as covariates and a monte carlo simulation for multiple comparison correction. An univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess group differences in intrinsic curvature skew per hemisphere with age, gender, surface area of hemisphere and scanner site as covariates. No group differences were found in lGI or intrinsic curvature skew. Despite the increased sensitivity of intrinsic curvature to subtle morphological abnormalities of the cortical surface we found no differences between groups. This suggests that there are no milimeter scale connectivity abnormalities associated with ADHD. This highlights the diffference between ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder that have shown differences in intrinsic curvature or related measures [2,5]. References [1] Ronan L, Pienaar R, Williams G, et al. (2011) Intrinsic curvature: a marker of millimeter-scale tangential cortico-cortical connectivity? Int J Neural Syst 21: 351−66. doi: 10.1142/S0129065711002948 [2] Ronan L, Voets NL, Hough M, et al. (2012) Consistency and interpretation of changes in millimeter-scale cortical intrinsic curvature across three independent datasets in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 63: 611−21. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.034 [3] Schaer M, Bach Cuadra M, Tamarit L, et al. (2008) A Surfacebased approach to quantify local cortical gyrification. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 27: 161–170. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2007.903576 [4] Ronan L, Voets N, Rua C, et al. (2013) Differential Tangential Expansion as a Mechanism for Cortical Gyrification. Cereb Cortex 1−10. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht082 [5] Ecker C, Ronan L, Feng Y, et al. (2013) Intrinsic gray-matter connectivity of the brain in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 13222−7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221880110
P.1.i.015 Impulsive aggression in misophonia: results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study A. Schr¨oder1 ° , R. San Giorgi1 , G. Van Wingen1,2 , N. Vulink1 , D. Denys1,3 1 University of Amsterdam − Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2 Academic Medical Center, Brain Imaging Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3 Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Background: When confronted with specific sounds from human beings, such as lip smacking and loud breathing, patients with misophonia get impulsively aggressive, feel anxious, and develop time-consuming avoidance strategies. Currently, little is known about the underlying neurobiology of this new disorder [1]. Recent research using an electroencephalography paradigm found anomalies in the early automatic auditory processing in misophonia patients compared to healthy controls [2]. In the present study we aimed to localize the functional neuroanatomical correlates of misophonia. We therefore probed patients and healthy controls with audio-visual misophonic stimuli in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging symptom provocation paradigm.