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P.1.j.003 Neuropsychological profiles in periventricular nodular heterotopia
P.1.j. Basic and clinical neuroscience − Cognitive neuroscience and 12 months for both groups. The patients’ outcome have been measured by Health and Outcome Scale (HoNOS). From statistical methods descriptive, ANOVA (analysis of variance) post-hoc test and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis were used. Results: At the baseline the cognitive functions of the patients with first episode psychosis were considerably impaired compared to the healthy controls. Although cognitive functions of patients have not changed significantly over the year since the first psychotic episode. Patients made fewer mistakes in cognitive tests during the third stage of research(12 month since first psichotic episode). Moreover the patients, who have adhered to the treatment regime (treatment as usual) showed prominent improvement at social and symptomatic scales of HoNOS. Conclusion: The first psychotic episode is an important period for prevention of cognitive and social deterioration. The non existence of significant changes in cognitive functions of patients during three stages of study could be due to learning abilities of patients and relatively short period between three stages of research (up to one year has passed since the first survey till the third survey), as well as treatment compliance regime. The much larger group of patients is needed for additional research in order to show the relationship between cognitive deficits and social functioning during the further time-period of disease. This can help in planning the preventive measures at the initial stage of disease. Treatment adherence improves patients social and symptom indicators, what is a strong predictor of better social outcome. References [1] Addington, J., Addington, D., Cognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia © (Canadian Medical Association, 2002). [2] Elsawy, H., Mohamed, Abd El-Hay, Badawy, A. Cognitive Functions in First Episode Psychosis. Institute of Neuropsychiatry (Tanta University, Egypt, 2010). Current Psychiatry; Vol.17, No.4 2010: 21−27. [3] Kalwa, A., Rzewuska, M., Borkowska, A. Cognitive dysfunction progression in schizophrenia − relation to functional and clinical outcome (Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2012). [4] Milev, P, Ho B-C, Arndt, S, et al. Predictive Values of neurocognition and negative symptoms of functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal first-episode study with 7-year follow-up (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2005).
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WHO serious mental disorders are associated with a substantial role disability for individuals and may be a significant burden on the family who are often the primary carer. Experiencing a mental disorder is associated with lower educational attainment, joblessness and poorer physical health [1]. Purpose: We examined the quality of life among patients with the first episode psychoses for the first 2 years after the onset of the psychotic symptoms. Methods: 32 patients with the first psychotic episode were recruited from the acute wards of the mental health centers and followed for two years after discharging from hospital. The diagnosis was made according the clinical diagnostic interview. The psycho pathological symptoms have been assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and positive (SAPS) and negative (SANS) symptoms assessment scales. The quality of life has been studied by the short version of the World Health Organization Scale of Quality of Life (WHOQoL) [2]. We repeated full examination in every six month. Results: The overall score of the quality of life among patients with first episode psychoses after six months (at the initial stage − 60.39) increased (70.17). However, statistically significant differences were observed only in domains of psychological wellbeing (p = 0.027) and environmental conditions (p = 0.001). The negative symptoms slightly worsened and severity of psychotic symptoms reduced. The result revealed statistically significant negative correlations between physical well-being and severity of psycho pathological symptoms and between psychological wellbeing and reality distortion. Treatment compliance, which strongly correlated with symptoms improvement, positively influenced the quality of life of the patients. The gender, age and illness duration do not have any predictive value. Conclusions: The result of the study revealed statistically significant negative correlations between physical well-being domain and psycho pathological symptoms also between psychological well-being domain and positive symptoms. Quality of life in patients is lower compared to healthy population. Relationship between psychopathology and quality of life is obvious. The reduction tendency is correlated with more negative symptoms than positive ones, and gender, age and illness duration are not the predictors. Early intervention and treatment adherence from the first episode if possible, can improve the quality of life and prognosis.
P.1.j.002 The quality of life among first-episode psychotic patients
References
I. Adamia1 ° , N. Guliashvili2 , M. Roinishvili3 , E. Chkonia3 Mental Health Centre, Inpatient Department, Tbilisi, Georgia; 2 Tbilisi Mental Health Center, Outpatient department, Tbilisi, Georgia; 3 Agricultural University of Georgia, Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Tbilisi, Georgia
[1] Ezzati, M.1., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., Vander, H.S., Murray, C.J., 2002. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 360, 1347−60 [2] Mas-Exp´osito, L.1., Amador-Campos, J.A., G´omez-Benito, J., LalucatJo, L., 2011. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version: a validation study in patients with schizophrenia. Qual Life Res. 20, 1079−89.
1 Tbilisi
Background: In the last decades, there has been increased interest in the field of quality of life in mental disorders in general, and particularly in chronic psychoses and schizophrenia. Quality of life is defined by the World Health Organization as “Individuals’ perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.” Mental disorders affect many aspects of life and have greater physical health morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 15−19% of the disability is caused by mental disorder. According to the
P.1.j.003 Neuropsychological profiles in periventricular nodular heterotopia K. Kurzbuch1 ° , E. Pauli1 , B.S. Chang2 , K. Romatoski2 , M.E. Barnard2 , B.S. Kasper1 1 Universit¨atsklinikum Erlangen, Epilepsiezentrum, Erlangen, Germany; 2 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Boston, USA Purpose: Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a developmental cerebral malformation caused by aberrant neural migration
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P.1.j. Basic and clinical neuroscience − Cognitive neuroscience
and is often accompanied by epilepsy. A common form of PNH is inherited in an X-linked fashion via filamin A mutation and therefore mainly, but not exclusively, affects females. On MRI, patients typically show bilateral, often confluent, nodules of heterotopic gray matter along the lateral ventricular walls. Knowledge about cognitive functioning of these patients remains incomplete, but is generally described as normal, except for reading impairment [1,2]. In this study, neuropsychological features of a larger PNH cohort are reported. Methods: 25 patients with PNH and epilepsy were included. Following cognitive functions were examined by standard neuropsychological tests: Intelligence, working memory, focused attention, visuospatial memory, incidental memory, verbal memory, figural short term memory, naming, fluency and reading. Volumetric analyses of the fractional heterotopic tissue in relation to cortical volume were achieved in 8 patients. Results: Average intelligence quotient was 95.4 (SD = 15.9), ranging from 50 to 124. Neuropsychological assessment showed a group performance within the average to low range in all cognitive subtests: digit span forward (z = −0.6; SD = 1.0), digit span backward (z = −0.7; SD = 1.2), focused attention (z = −0.9; SD = 1.2), visuospatial memory (z = 0.0; SD = 0.8), incidental memory (z = −0.1; SD = 0.8), verbal memory (z = −0.9; SD = 1.0), figural short term memory (z = −0.4; SD = 1.2), naming (z = −1.0; SD = 1.0), fluency (z = −0.9; SD = 1.1), reading (z = −0.9; SD = 1.1). Regarding individual patients’ results, the performance span showed to be extensive, ranging from significant impairment to unimpaired cognition (e.g. z = −3.0 to z = 1.5). Furthermore, individual cognitive profiles revealed interesting performance patterns with specific deficits among a generally unimpaired performance or vice versa. Fractional PNH volumes ranged from 0.5% to 2.9%, with a mean of 1.3% (SD = 0.8). Intelligence and cognitive performance seem not correlated to fractional volumes of heterotopic tissue. Regression analysis showed that heterotopia volume explains only 10% of variance in cognitive functioning, including reading performance. Conclusion: Our data illustrated an overall average to mildly impaired cognitive performance for the whole PNH group, but a remarkable variation of capacity regarding individual patients. Individuals might attain good subtest results despite being globally impaired, or show selective impairment despite appearing “normal” by global impression. Cognitive profiles, including reading ability, did not correlate to fractional PNH volume in 8 subjects analyzed. Thus, we observed good performance in patients with more severe PNH, but also impaired performance in patients with slight PNH. Whether differences are explained by epilepsy severity, duration or other factors remains to be clarified. The results underline the importance of a more systematic approach to individual neuropsychological testing in patients with PNH in order to reveal individual specific cognitive impairment, but also resources of capacity. References [1] Chang BS, Ly J, Appignani B, Bodell A, Apse KA, Ravenscroft RS, Sheen VL, Doherty MJ, Hackney DB, O’Connor M, Galaburda AM, Walsh CA. Reading impairment in the neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia. Neurology 2005; 64: 799–803. [2] Chang BS, Katzir T, Liu T, Corriveau K, Barzillai M, Apse KA, Bodell A, Hackney D, Alsop D, Wong S, Walsh CA. A structural basis for reading fluency. Neurology 2007; 69: 2146–2154.
P.1.j.004 Effects of etifoxine on passive avoidance tests and locomotor activity in rats V. Kokova1 ° , E. Apostolova1 , L. Peychev1 1 Medical University, Farmacology and Drug Toxicology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Purpose: The treatment of anxiety disorders is still a challenge. Novel anxiolytics that combine rapid onset of action with fewer side effects are needed. Etifoxine is a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic which appears to produce anxiolytic effects directly by binding to b2 or b3 subunits of the GABAA receptor complex. It also modulates GABAA receptors indirectly via stimulation of neurosteroid production after the activation of 18 kDa translocator protein [1]. Etifoxine does not produce the known benzodiazepine side effects, such as sedation, amnesia, myorelaxation, tolerance and dependence [2]. Clinical studies describe that etifoxine preserves attention, memory and psychomotor functions [3,4]. The purpose of present study is to investigate the effects of etifoxine on learning and memory and locomotor activity in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups (n = 10), were treated intraperitoneally with: 1st group (control) − saline 0.1 ml/100 g bw; 2nd and 3rd group − etifoxine 50 and 100 mg/kg bw respectively. Cognitive skills of the rats were examined with passive avoidance tests − step-through and step-down (Ugo Basile, Italy). The latency of reactions in seconds was measured. Locomotor activity was measured as number of horizontal and vertical movements in activity cage for 3 minutes. The statistical analysis was done by One way ANOVA and Paired − Samples T Test of SPSS.19. Results: In the step-through passive avoidance test, the groups receiving etifoxine 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the latency time in the short and long memory retention tests compared to the control. The latency of reactions for the etifoxine treated animals at dose 50 mg/kg was significantly increased compared to the controls (162.04±7.14 s v/s 98.98±13.64 s, p 0.001) on day 3 of trial. Statistically significant increase of the latency time was found for the animals treated with the higher dose of etifoxine compared to the controls on day 1 (109.4±16 s v/s 65.05±5.5 s, p 0.05) and day 3 (159.93±10.73 s v/s 98.98±13.64 s, p 0.001). In the step-down passive avoidance test, the rats treated with etifoxine 50 mg/kg significantly increased the latency time in the short memory retention test compared to the control (51.23±2.89 s v/s 32.71±4.62 s, p 0.01). In the long memory retention test the groups injected with both doses of etifoxine showed a significant increase in the latency time compared to the controls (p 0.05). In activity cage the rats treated with etifoxine at dose 50 mg/kg significantly increased the number of horizontal movements (315.8±28.4 v/s 80.4±22.9, p 0.001) and the number of vertical movements (91±7.8 v/s 52±8.4, p 0.05) compared to the control. The animals treated with etifoxine at dose 100 mg/kg did not change significantly the locomotor activity compared to the control group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that etifoxine has improving effect on learning and memory in passive avoidance tests and stimulates the locomotor activity in rats. References [1] Choi, Y.M., Kim, K.H., 2015 Etifoxine for Pain Patients with Anxiety. The Korean Journal of pain 2015, 28, 4−10. [2] Rego, J.L., Vaudry, D., Vaudry, H., 2015 The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug etifoxine causes a rapid, receptor-independent stimulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis. PLos One 2015, DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0120473.
S333
WHO serious mental disorders are associated with a substantial role disability for individuals and may be a significant burden on the family who are often the primary carer. Experiencing a mental disorder is associated with lower educational attainment, joblessness and poorer physical health [1]. Purpose: We examined the quality of life among patients with the first episode psychoses for the first 2 years after the onset of the psychotic symptoms. Methods: 32 patients with the first psychotic episode were recruited from the acute wards of the mental health centers and followed for two years after discharging from hospital. The diagnosis was made according the clinical diagnostic interview. The psycho pathological symptoms have been assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and positive (SAPS) and negative (SANS) symptoms assessment scales. The quality of life has been studied by the short version of the World Health Organization Scale of Quality of Life (WHOQoL) [2]. We repeated full examination in every six month. Results: The overall score of the quality of life among patients with first episode psychoses after six months (at the initial stage − 60.39) increased (70.17). However, statistically significant differences were observed only in domains of psychological wellbeing (p = 0.027) and environmental conditions (p = 0.001). The negative symptoms slightly worsened and severity of psychotic symptoms reduced. The result revealed statistically significant negative correlations between physical well-being and severity of psycho pathological symptoms and between psychological wellbeing and reality distortion. Treatment compliance, which strongly correlated with symptoms improvement, positively influenced the quality of life of the patients. The gender, age and illness duration do not have any predictive value. Conclusions: The result of the study revealed statistically significant negative correlations between physical well-being domain and psycho pathological symptoms also between psychological well-being domain and positive symptoms. Quality of life in patients is lower compared to healthy population. Relationship between psychopathology and quality of life is obvious. The reduction tendency is correlated with more negative symptoms than positive ones, and gender, age and illness duration are not the predictors. Early intervention and treatment adherence from the first episode if possible, can improve the quality of life and prognosis.
P.1.j.002 The quality of life among first-episode psychotic patients
References
I. Adamia1 ° , N. Guliashvili2 , M. Roinishvili3 , E. Chkonia3 Mental Health Centre, Inpatient Department, Tbilisi, Georgia; 2 Tbilisi Mental Health Center, Outpatient department, Tbilisi, Georgia; 3 Agricultural University of Georgia, Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Tbilisi, Georgia
[1] Ezzati, M.1., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., Vander, H.S., Murray, C.J., 2002. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 360, 1347−60 [2] Mas-Exp´osito, L.1., Amador-Campos, J.A., G´omez-Benito, J., LalucatJo, L., 2011. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version: a validation study in patients with schizophrenia. Qual Life Res. 20, 1079−89.
1 Tbilisi
Background: In the last decades, there has been increased interest in the field of quality of life in mental disorders in general, and particularly in chronic psychoses and schizophrenia. Quality of life is defined by the World Health Organization as “Individuals’ perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.” Mental disorders affect many aspects of life and have greater physical health morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 15−19% of the disability is caused by mental disorder. According to the
P.1.j.003 Neuropsychological profiles in periventricular nodular heterotopia K. Kurzbuch1 ° , E. Pauli1 , B.S. Chang2 , K. Romatoski2 , M.E. Barnard2 , B.S. Kasper1 1 Universit¨atsklinikum Erlangen, Epilepsiezentrum, Erlangen, Germany; 2 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Boston, USA Purpose: Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a developmental cerebral malformation caused by aberrant neural migration
S334
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and is often accompanied by epilepsy. A common form of PNH is inherited in an X-linked fashion via filamin A mutation and therefore mainly, but not exclusively, affects females. On MRI, patients typically show bilateral, often confluent, nodules of heterotopic gray matter along the lateral ventricular walls. Knowledge about cognitive functioning of these patients remains incomplete, but is generally described as normal, except for reading impairment [1,2]. In this study, neuropsychological features of a larger PNH cohort are reported. Methods: 25 patients with PNH and epilepsy were included. Following cognitive functions were examined by standard neuropsychological tests: Intelligence, working memory, focused attention, visuospatial memory, incidental memory, verbal memory, figural short term memory, naming, fluency and reading. Volumetric analyses of the fractional heterotopic tissue in relation to cortical volume were achieved in 8 patients. Results: Average intelligence quotient was 95.4 (SD = 15.9), ranging from 50 to 124. Neuropsychological assessment showed a group performance within the average to low range in all cognitive subtests: digit span forward (z = −0.6; SD = 1.0), digit span backward (z = −0.7; SD = 1.2), focused attention (z = −0.9; SD = 1.2), visuospatial memory (z = 0.0; SD = 0.8), incidental memory (z = −0.1; SD = 0.8), verbal memory (z = −0.9; SD = 1.0), figural short term memory (z = −0.4; SD = 1.2), naming (z = −1.0; SD = 1.0), fluency (z = −0.9; SD = 1.1), reading (z = −0.9; SD = 1.1). Regarding individual patients’ results, the performance span showed to be extensive, ranging from significant impairment to unimpaired cognition (e.g. z = −3.0 to z = 1.5). Furthermore, individual cognitive profiles revealed interesting performance patterns with specific deficits among a generally unimpaired performance or vice versa. Fractional PNH volumes ranged from 0.5% to 2.9%, with a mean of 1.3% (SD = 0.8). Intelligence and cognitive performance seem not correlated to fractional volumes of heterotopic tissue. Regression analysis showed that heterotopia volume explains only 10% of variance in cognitive functioning, including reading performance. Conclusion: Our data illustrated an overall average to mildly impaired cognitive performance for the whole PNH group, but a remarkable variation of capacity regarding individual patients. Individuals might attain good subtest results despite being globally impaired, or show selective impairment despite appearing “normal” by global impression. Cognitive profiles, including reading ability, did not correlate to fractional PNH volume in 8 subjects analyzed. Thus, we observed good performance in patients with more severe PNH, but also impaired performance in patients with slight PNH. Whether differences are explained by epilepsy severity, duration or other factors remains to be clarified. The results underline the importance of a more systematic approach to individual neuropsychological testing in patients with PNH in order to reveal individual specific cognitive impairment, but also resources of capacity. References [1] Chang BS, Ly J, Appignani B, Bodell A, Apse KA, Ravenscroft RS, Sheen VL, Doherty MJ, Hackney DB, O’Connor M, Galaburda AM, Walsh CA. Reading impairment in the neuronal migration disorder of periventricular nodular heterotopia. Neurology 2005; 64: 799–803. [2] Chang BS, Katzir T, Liu T, Corriveau K, Barzillai M, Apse KA, Bodell A, Hackney D, Alsop D, Wong S, Walsh CA. A structural basis for reading fluency. Neurology 2007; 69: 2146–2154.
P.1.j.004 Effects of etifoxine on passive avoidance tests and locomotor activity in rats V. Kokova1 ° , E. Apostolova1 , L. Peychev1 1 Medical University, Farmacology and Drug Toxicology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Purpose: The treatment of anxiety disorders is still a challenge. Novel anxiolytics that combine rapid onset of action with fewer side effects are needed. Etifoxine is a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic which appears to produce anxiolytic effects directly by binding to b2 or b3 subunits of the GABAA receptor complex. It also modulates GABAA receptors indirectly via stimulation of neurosteroid production after the activation of 18 kDa translocator protein [1]. Etifoxine does not produce the known benzodiazepine side effects, such as sedation, amnesia, myorelaxation, tolerance and dependence [2]. Clinical studies describe that etifoxine preserves attention, memory and psychomotor functions [3,4]. The purpose of present study is to investigate the effects of etifoxine on learning and memory and locomotor activity in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups (n = 10), were treated intraperitoneally with: 1st group (control) − saline 0.1 ml/100 g bw; 2nd and 3rd group − etifoxine 50 and 100 mg/kg bw respectively. Cognitive skills of the rats were examined with passive avoidance tests − step-through and step-down (Ugo Basile, Italy). The latency of reactions in seconds was measured. Locomotor activity was measured as number of horizontal and vertical movements in activity cage for 3 minutes. The statistical analysis was done by One way ANOVA and Paired − Samples T Test of SPSS.19. Results: In the step-through passive avoidance test, the groups receiving etifoxine 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the latency time in the short and long memory retention tests compared to the control. The latency of reactions for the etifoxine treated animals at dose 50 mg/kg was significantly increased compared to the controls (162.04±7.14 s v/s 98.98±13.64 s, p 0.001) on day 3 of trial. Statistically significant increase of the latency time was found for the animals treated with the higher dose of etifoxine compared to the controls on day 1 (109.4±16 s v/s 65.05±5.5 s, p 0.05) and day 3 (159.93±10.73 s v/s 98.98±13.64 s, p 0.001). In the step-down passive avoidance test, the rats treated with etifoxine 50 mg/kg significantly increased the latency time in the short memory retention test compared to the control (51.23±2.89 s v/s 32.71±4.62 s, p 0.01). In the long memory retention test the groups injected with both doses of etifoxine showed a significant increase in the latency time compared to the controls (p 0.05). In activity cage the rats treated with etifoxine at dose 50 mg/kg significantly increased the number of horizontal movements (315.8±28.4 v/s 80.4±22.9, p 0.001) and the number of vertical movements (91±7.8 v/s 52±8.4, p 0.05) compared to the control. The animals treated with etifoxine at dose 100 mg/kg did not change significantly the locomotor activity compared to the control group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that etifoxine has improving effect on learning and memory in passive avoidance tests and stimulates the locomotor activity in rats. References [1] Choi, Y.M., Kim, K.H., 2015 Etifoxine for Pain Patients with Anxiety. The Korean Journal of pain 2015, 28, 4−10. [2] Rego, J.L., Vaudry, D., Vaudry, H., 2015 The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug etifoxine causes a rapid, receptor-independent stimulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis. PLos One 2015, DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0120473.