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P27-1 The brain electrical activity during the seizure of electroconvulsive therapy using LORETA
29th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology P26-24 The cortical oxygenated hemoglobin changes of the brain activity using a walking assistance robot Y. Aokage1 , K. Nakagawa1 , T. Fukuri1 , Y. Kawahara1,2 , W. Tsuchida1 , E. Tanaka3 , L. Yuge1 1 Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan, 2 Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan, 3 Graduate School of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan The study of the walking assistance robot has been used and studied for the early gait training of the motor palsy patients recently. However, the neuro-physiological studies of the robot were investigated using the installed in treadmills such as locomat, and a wearable robot with human body has not been studied. A prototype for a walking assistance robot for the elderly or motor palsy patients was developed, using a novel spatial parallel link mechanism. We examined the neural effects of this walking assistance robot for the brain function. Eight healthy subjects participated in this study (mean age 24.0). Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), examined the changes in the cortical oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) while the subjects walked on a treadmill at the normal walk (NW), and the robot wearing walk (RW), with power supply on (RW-on), and off (RW-off). We measured increase of oxyHb in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA), the premotor area (PMA), the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) respectively. In the acceleration period of the gait, the oxyHb changes of the RW increased than NW. In the steady period, the oxyHb changes of RW-on increased in comparison with NW and RW-off. The hemispheric laterality in PMA and SMC was symmetric. Additionally, PMA increased than SMA in comparison with the normal walk. Present study showed that the symmetrical SMC activities are recorded using NIRS. These data showed similar results were provided at the robot walk. However, in the steady period of the robot walk, the higher activities of PFC and PMA. Moreover, the walking assistance robot requires to more neural system to control and learn how to use the machine. P26-25 The study on brain activity and subjective habituation by repeating task H. Kurumadani1 , T. Sunagawa2 , S. Dousai3 , M. Yamanaka4 1 National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan, 2 Hiroshima University, Health Sciences Major, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Japan, 3 Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Japan, 4 Hiroshima City General Rehabilitation Center, Japan Objective: It is generally known that a new task and motion are learned and skilled by repeating. The previous study indicated that the brain activity increase in the learning process and decrease after learning. In contrast, the subjective habituation is a form as a result of learning. However, there have few reports on the relationship between brain activity and subjective habituation. The purpose of this study is to examine the activation of brain and a habituation underlying learning task. Methods: Eight right-handed healthy young volunteers participated in this study. We used the task of making surgical knot. They performed the task using their both hands while sitting a chair. The session consisted of three periods; rest (20 sec), trial (30 sec), and rest (20 sec). Subjects repeated the task up to 7 sessions. At the trial period, they made surgical knots as fast and much as possible. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can be used to assess the brain blood flow. We measured the hemodynamic responses [oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) signals] around the predicted location of motor area on both hemispheres. Results: Surgical knot count increased as task progresses. The subjective habituation was a form in 5th session. The oxy-Hb responses tended to increase until the 5th session and decrease after the 5th session. Conclusions: The results suggest that brain activation tends to decrease after habituation of subjective feeling is a form.
S263 P27. Behavior disorders, Psychiatric diseases P27-1 The brain electrical activity during the seizure of electroconvulsive therapy using LORETA S. Hirata1 , M. Sakamoto2 , H. Oiso2 , M. Watanabe1 , T. Jono1 , M. Hashimoto1 , N. Fujise1 , M. Ikeda1 1 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan, 2 Sakuragaoka Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used for more than 50 years, and showed its effectiveness for psychiatric diseases, mainly depression. But the neurophysiological basis of the therapy still remains unknown. This study aims to clarify how ECT works and to know the pathophysiological basis of the psychiatric diseases. Methods: This study was approved by the Kumamoto University Ethics Committee. We recruited five patients (four males and one female) who were suffering from depression. Each patient signed a written informed consent prior to participate in this study. We recorded 21ch scalp electroencephalography (EEG) during the seizure of modified ECT treatment which could produce EEG seizure without artifacts (eg, electromyography). Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) computed the current density using the EEG seizure data. Results: The localizations of the current density were mainly in frontal lobe or lesser in limbic lobe and temporal lobe but we could not find a unique localization of current density among the patients. The localizations and its time courses were similar among the modified ECT treatments of individual patient. The major limitation of this study was the small sample size. Conclusions: This result suggests that the modified ECT might stimulate different parts of the brain among depressive patients and reflect the heterogeneous causes of depression. P27-2 Sleep architecture changes after rTMS in treatment resistant depression T. Hasegawa1 , S. Kito1 , T. Nakajima1 , H. Yamadera1 , Y. Koga1 1 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective in treatment-resistant depression, although its mechanism is still not completely elucidated. Changes in sleep architecture in depression was reported as follows; shortening REM latency, increasing REM density, reduction of slow wave sleep, increased amount of REM sleep, a prolongation of the first REM periods. Sleep architecture has been shown to play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in sleep architecture using polysomnography (PSG) associated with alleviation of depressive symptoms after rTMS. Twenty patients who met DSM-IV criteria of major depressive disorder and had failed to respond to a minimum of two courses of antidepressant medications in different chemical classes participated in this study. Patients gave written informed consent for study participation after a full explanation of procedures. Patients received twenty times 5-second 10 Hz over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Twelve treatment sessions were administered within 3-week periods. PSG was recorded before and after rTMS treatments and was recorded after Rechtschaffen & Kales (1968). The patients were assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the HAM-D scores. Each sleep stages and REM sleep latency were analyzed using paired t-tests. The HAM-D scores significantly decreased. REM latency decreased (t = 4.86, p < 0.05) after rTMS treatment. REM sleep architecture was shown in the same change as reported on depression. REM sleep is known to be regulated by monoaminergic-cholinergic system. Therefore these findings suggest that antidepressant effects of rTMS might be associated with the system. Especially, we are interested in that dopaminergic system might be activated by rTMS.
S263 P27. Behavior disorders, Psychiatric diseases P27-1 The brain electrical activity during the seizure of electroconvulsive therapy using LORETA S. Hirata1 , M. Sakamoto2 , H. Oiso2 , M. Watanabe1 , T. Jono1 , M. Hashimoto1 , N. Fujise1 , M. Ikeda1 1 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kumamoto University Hospital, Japan, 2 Sakuragaoka Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used for more than 50 years, and showed its effectiveness for psychiatric diseases, mainly depression. But the neurophysiological basis of the therapy still remains unknown. This study aims to clarify how ECT works and to know the pathophysiological basis of the psychiatric diseases. Methods: This study was approved by the Kumamoto University Ethics Committee. We recruited five patients (four males and one female) who were suffering from depression. Each patient signed a written informed consent prior to participate in this study. We recorded 21ch scalp electroencephalography (EEG) during the seizure of modified ECT treatment which could produce EEG seizure without artifacts (eg, electromyography). Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) computed the current density using the EEG seizure data. Results: The localizations of the current density were mainly in frontal lobe or lesser in limbic lobe and temporal lobe but we could not find a unique localization of current density among the patients. The localizations and its time courses were similar among the modified ECT treatments of individual patient. The major limitation of this study was the small sample size. Conclusions: This result suggests that the modified ECT might stimulate different parts of the brain among depressive patients and reflect the heterogeneous causes of depression. P27-2 Sleep architecture changes after rTMS in treatment resistant depression T. Hasegawa1 , S. Kito1 , T. Nakajima1 , H. Yamadera1 , Y. Koga1 1 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective in treatment-resistant depression, although its mechanism is still not completely elucidated. Changes in sleep architecture in depression was reported as follows; shortening REM latency, increasing REM density, reduction of slow wave sleep, increased amount of REM sleep, a prolongation of the first REM periods. Sleep architecture has been shown to play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in sleep architecture using polysomnography (PSG) associated with alleviation of depressive symptoms after rTMS. Twenty patients who met DSM-IV criteria of major depressive disorder and had failed to respond to a minimum of two courses of antidepressant medications in different chemical classes participated in this study. Patients gave written informed consent for study participation after a full explanation of procedures. Patients received twenty times 5-second 10 Hz over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Twelve treatment sessions were administered within 3-week periods. PSG was recorded before and after rTMS treatments and was recorded after Rechtschaffen & Kales (1968). The patients were assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the HAM-D scores. Each sleep stages and REM sleep latency were analyzed using paired t-tests. The HAM-D scores significantly decreased. REM latency decreased (t = 4.86, p < 0.05) after rTMS treatment. REM sleep architecture was shown in the same change as reported on depression. REM sleep is known to be regulated by monoaminergic-cholinergic system. Therefore these findings suggest that antidepressant effects of rTMS might be associated with the system. Especially, we are interested in that dopaminergic system might be activated by rTMS.