- Email: [email protected]
P69—Two sites with PFOA and PFOS contamination in the Southeast, USA
Abstracts / Reproductive Toxicology 33 (2012) 1–29
samples are currently being acquired to study seasonality and sources. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.100 P67—Perfluorinated acids in freshwater fish in Canada Amila De Silva 1,∗ , Melissa Gledhill 2 , Mark Sekela 2 , Jim 2 1 2 Syrgiannis , Marlene Evans , Alain Armellin , Joe Pomeroy 2 , Mike Keir 2 , Sean Backus 2 1
Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Ottawa, ON, Canada Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada 2
In 2008, Environment Canada embarked on an exhaustive national sampling campaign to assess contamination of freshwater ecosystems with perfluorinated acids by acquiring surface water and top predator fish samples. In this study, fish were caught from 21 sites across Canada with its north, south, west and east extremities represented by Great Bear Lake (66 N, 121 W), Lake Erie (42 N, 81 W), Frederick Lake (48 N, 124 W), and Kejimkujik (44 N, 65 W). From each site 10–20 fish were caught: lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), walleye (Sander vitreus), or yellow perch (Perca flavescens). After measuring weight and length, the entire fish was homogenized. Subsamples (0.2 g) were extracted using acetonitrile and carbon solid-phase extraction clean-up for analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). In addition, stable isotopes of 15 N and 13 C were determined to assess trophic position and carbon source. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations ranged from non-detect (nd, <0.1 ng g−1 ) to 100 ng g−1 wet weight. The highest concentrations were observed in lake trout from Lake Erie, followed by Lake Ontario (50 ng g−1 ). PFOS was <1 ng g−1 in fish from the lakes north of 54 N. Walleye and lake trout from the St. Lawrence river had moderate concentrations of PFOS (25 ng g−1 ). Perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) from C8 to C14 were also determined. Lake Athabasca trout had the highest concentrations in the northern remote locations with the PFCA pattern dominated by C9, C11 and C13. Exceptions to this pattern of contamination were noted in fish from two sampling locations in the province of Saskatchewan where C10 was 3 times higher than any other PFCA. Both of these sites were reservoirs formed by dams. Surprisingly, lake trout from the eastern site Lake Kejimkujik in a national park in Nova Scotia, contained the highest concentrations (6 ng g−1 ) of C11 and C13 compared to any other site. These fish were the youngest (1–2 y) and smallest (100 g) in the data set. Analysis in stable isotopes indicated a wide spread in the sample set with delta N15 ranging from 8 to 18 per mil and delta C13 ranging from −20 to −32 per mil. Although there are likely differences in the base of the foodwebs, a statistically significant correlation was observed between ln PFOS concentration and delta N15. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.101 P68—Parsimonious development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for PFOA
27
These data can be broadly grouped into (1) plasma concentrations, (2) liver and kidney concentrations, and (3) liver weights. Depending upon the model assumed, different data groups can be predicted. For simple empirical (e.g. one-compartment) models or the “saturable resorption” model of Andersen et al. (2006), only plasma concentrations can be predicted. For more complicated physiologically based PK (PBPK) models specific tissue concentrations, including kidney and liver, as well as liver weights can all be predicted. Adding model complexity requires sufficient data to parameterize the additional dynamics. We use Bayesian analysis to examine on a case-by-case basis whether models of varying complexity are supported by the available data. We consider a physiologic kidney with glomerular filtration and saturable resorption of PFOA from the proximal tubules; a growing liver with growth proportional to PFOA concentration in the liver; and dynamic, saturable plasma binding of PFOA. We use our results to establish the minimal PBPK model supported by the available data. We then compare the predictions of this model to limited PFOA data for male CD1 mice (Lau et al.) and female C57/B6 mice (DeWitt et al.). doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.102 P69—Two sites with PFOA and PFOS contamination in the Southeast, USA Lee Thomas, Connie Roberts USEPA Region 4, Atlanta, GA, United States In the past two years EPA Region 4 has spent a significant amount of resources addressing two sites with PFOA and PFOS contamination of groundwater and surface water. Several industries in Decatur, Alabama have used or manufactured PFOA and PFOS and have discharged these products to the WWTP. For 12 years (19962008), these biosolids from Decatur Utilities WWTP were used as a soil amendment on about 5000 acres of privately owned agricultural fields in Lawrence, Morgan and Limestone Counties. Sampling was conducted of domestic sludge, private water supply wells and surface water that indicated impacts from this activity. In Dalton, Georgia, carpet manufactures discharged effluent to a WWTP. The liquid effluent from the WWTP was land applied. The solid sludge was turned to compost and distributed over a large area. Surface water and groundwater is known to be impacted in the Dalton area. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.103 P70—Evidence for the involvement of xenobiotic-responsive nuclear receptors in transcriptional effects upon perfluoroalkyl acid exposure in diverse species Hongzu Ren 1,2,∗ , Beena Vallanat 1,2 , David M. Nelson 3 , Leo W.Y. Yeung 4,5 , Keerthi S. Guruge 4 , Paul K.S. Lam 5 , Lois D. LehmanMcKeeman 3 , J. Christopher Corton 1,2,5 1
National Center for Computational Toxicology, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States 2 Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA, Washington, DC, United States 3 Pfizer, Inc., PDM PK/PD Modeling, Groton, CT, United States
NHEERL/ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States NHEERL Toxicogenomics Core, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States 3 Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States 4 Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 5 Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
We examine pharmacokinetic (PK) models of varying complexity with respect to a large data set for female CD1 mice (Lau et al.) exposed to a range of single and repeated oral doses of PFOA.
Humans and ecological species have been found to have detectable body burdens of a number of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and
John Wambaugh 1,2,3 , Chester Rodriguez 1,2,3 , Jimena Davis 1,2,3 , Hugh Barton 1,2,3 , R. Woodrow Setzer 1,2,3 1
2
samples are currently being acquired to study seasonality and sources. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.100 P67—Perfluorinated acids in freshwater fish in Canada Amila De Silva 1,∗ , Melissa Gledhill 2 , Mark Sekela 2 , Jim 2 1 2 Syrgiannis , Marlene Evans , Alain Armellin , Joe Pomeroy 2 , Mike Keir 2 , Sean Backus 2 1
Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Ottawa, ON, Canada Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada 2
In 2008, Environment Canada embarked on an exhaustive national sampling campaign to assess contamination of freshwater ecosystems with perfluorinated acids by acquiring surface water and top predator fish samples. In this study, fish were caught from 21 sites across Canada with its north, south, west and east extremities represented by Great Bear Lake (66 N, 121 W), Lake Erie (42 N, 81 W), Frederick Lake (48 N, 124 W), and Kejimkujik (44 N, 65 W). From each site 10–20 fish were caught: lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), walleye (Sander vitreus), or yellow perch (Perca flavescens). After measuring weight and length, the entire fish was homogenized. Subsamples (0.2 g) were extracted using acetonitrile and carbon solid-phase extraction clean-up for analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). In addition, stable isotopes of 15 N and 13 C were determined to assess trophic position and carbon source. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations ranged from non-detect (nd, <0.1 ng g−1 ) to 100 ng g−1 wet weight. The highest concentrations were observed in lake trout from Lake Erie, followed by Lake Ontario (50 ng g−1 ). PFOS was <1 ng g−1 in fish from the lakes north of 54 N. Walleye and lake trout from the St. Lawrence river had moderate concentrations of PFOS (25 ng g−1 ). Perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) from C8 to C14 were also determined. Lake Athabasca trout had the highest concentrations in the northern remote locations with the PFCA pattern dominated by C9, C11 and C13. Exceptions to this pattern of contamination were noted in fish from two sampling locations in the province of Saskatchewan where C10 was 3 times higher than any other PFCA. Both of these sites were reservoirs formed by dams. Surprisingly, lake trout from the eastern site Lake Kejimkujik in a national park in Nova Scotia, contained the highest concentrations (6 ng g−1 ) of C11 and C13 compared to any other site. These fish were the youngest (1–2 y) and smallest (100 g) in the data set. Analysis in stable isotopes indicated a wide spread in the sample set with delta N15 ranging from 8 to 18 per mil and delta C13 ranging from −20 to −32 per mil. Although there are likely differences in the base of the foodwebs, a statistically significant correlation was observed between ln PFOS concentration and delta N15. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.101 P68—Parsimonious development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for PFOA
27
These data can be broadly grouped into (1) plasma concentrations, (2) liver and kidney concentrations, and (3) liver weights. Depending upon the model assumed, different data groups can be predicted. For simple empirical (e.g. one-compartment) models or the “saturable resorption” model of Andersen et al. (2006), only plasma concentrations can be predicted. For more complicated physiologically based PK (PBPK) models specific tissue concentrations, including kidney and liver, as well as liver weights can all be predicted. Adding model complexity requires sufficient data to parameterize the additional dynamics. We use Bayesian analysis to examine on a case-by-case basis whether models of varying complexity are supported by the available data. We consider a physiologic kidney with glomerular filtration and saturable resorption of PFOA from the proximal tubules; a growing liver with growth proportional to PFOA concentration in the liver; and dynamic, saturable plasma binding of PFOA. We use our results to establish the minimal PBPK model supported by the available data. We then compare the predictions of this model to limited PFOA data for male CD1 mice (Lau et al.) and female C57/B6 mice (DeWitt et al.). doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.102 P69—Two sites with PFOA and PFOS contamination in the Southeast, USA Lee Thomas, Connie Roberts USEPA Region 4, Atlanta, GA, United States In the past two years EPA Region 4 has spent a significant amount of resources addressing two sites with PFOA and PFOS contamination of groundwater and surface water. Several industries in Decatur, Alabama have used or manufactured PFOA and PFOS and have discharged these products to the WWTP. For 12 years (19962008), these biosolids from Decatur Utilities WWTP were used as a soil amendment on about 5000 acres of privately owned agricultural fields in Lawrence, Morgan and Limestone Counties. Sampling was conducted of domestic sludge, private water supply wells and surface water that indicated impacts from this activity. In Dalton, Georgia, carpet manufactures discharged effluent to a WWTP. The liquid effluent from the WWTP was land applied. The solid sludge was turned to compost and distributed over a large area. Surface water and groundwater is known to be impacted in the Dalton area. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.103 P70—Evidence for the involvement of xenobiotic-responsive nuclear receptors in transcriptional effects upon perfluoroalkyl acid exposure in diverse species Hongzu Ren 1,2,∗ , Beena Vallanat 1,2 , David M. Nelson 3 , Leo W.Y. Yeung 4,5 , Keerthi S. Guruge 4 , Paul K.S. Lam 5 , Lois D. LehmanMcKeeman 3 , J. Christopher Corton 1,2,5 1
National Center for Computational Toxicology, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States 2 Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA, Washington, DC, United States 3 Pfizer, Inc., PDM PK/PD Modeling, Groton, CT, United States
NHEERL/ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States NHEERL Toxicogenomics Core, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States 3 Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States 4 Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 5 Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
We examine pharmacokinetic (PK) models of varying complexity with respect to a large data set for female CD1 mice (Lau et al.) exposed to a range of single and repeated oral doses of PFOA.
Humans and ecological species have been found to have detectable body burdens of a number of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and
John Wambaugh 1,2,3 , Chester Rodriguez 1,2,3 , Jimena Davis 1,2,3 , Hugh Barton 1,2,3 , R. Woodrow Setzer 1,2,3 1
2