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Parametric studies of thermochemical processes for seasonal storage
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
SHC 2012
Parametric studies of thermochemical processes for seasonal storage Gwennyn Tanguy* , Foivos Marias, Sylvie Rouge, Jöel Wyttenbach, Philippe Papillon a
INES – CEA/LITEN – BP 332 – 73377 Le Bourget du Lac - FRANCE
Abstract The purpose of this study is the seasonal storage of solar thermal energy for household applications. Thermochemical storage has been adopted with the use of moist air for hydration/dehydration. Various aeraulic processes have been evaluated and compared. Parametric studies enable to have more information concerning the influence of external conditions, component performances and salt characteristics. This study points out that thermochemical storage conception has to be studied has a whole: material, reactor and process. It also provides ways to optimize thermochemical heat storage depending on outdoor conditions and objectives in term of performances.
and peer-review under under responsibility of the PSE AG AG © 2012 2012 Published Publishedby byElsevier ElsevierLtd. Ltd.Selection Selection and/or peer-review responsibility of PSE Keywords : Thermochemical heat storage; chemisorption; salt hydrate; moist air; solar thermal
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 (0)4 79 444 665; fax: +33 (0)4 79 621 374 E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102 © 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the PSE AG doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.046
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
Nomenclature P
[Pa]
Pressure
T
[°C]
Temperature
Hr
[%]
Relative humidity
H
[J/ kgof dry air]
Enthalpy of moist air
Qm
[kg/s]
Mass flow rate
ν
Stoichiometric coefficient
ΔHr
[J/mol]
Enthalpy of reaction
ΔSr
[J/K.mol]
Entropy of reaction
ΔP
[Pa]
Pressure drop through the reactor
hvap
[J/kgof water vapor] Water vapour enthalpy
dU/dt
[W]
Time variation of the internal energy
M
[mol/kg]
Molar mass
COP
Coefficient of performance .
R=8.314 [J/mol K]
Ideal gas constant
Subscript DA
Dry Air
Dehyd
Dehydrated
In
Inlet
Hyd
Hydrated
Out
Outlet
Salt
Salt
Vap
Water vapour
MA
Moist Air
H2O
Water
Ref
Reference
389
390
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
1. Introduction Solar combisystems and seasonal thermochemical storage are some of the most promising ways to achieve high solar fraction [1,2]. Thermochemical storage uses the heat of reversible chemical solid-gas reaction (also called chemisorption). In ventilation circuits, salts react with the water vapour contained in moist air. In this work, energy analyses of the process have been performed. Parametric studies have been carried out to evaluate the impact of internal and external constraints on the performances criteria. 2. Performances criteria Energy storage density of the salt is considered as the most important criterion [3] but the volume of the whole process should also be taken into account. Additionally, energy balances of storage processes lead to determine other criteria such as: x Coefficient of Performance (COP) : Useful energy / electrical energy consumption x Productivity rate : Useful energy / reaction discharged energy COP and productivity rate are essential parameters for overall performances of the process. Indeed, the Coefficient of Performance is representative of energy saving and the productivity rate is representative of the effective energy density. 3. Process configurations Some storage processes have been conceived and compared with different air distribution systems. We considered an integrate reactor with an external air-water heat exchanger. Components combinations can be made depending on the presence of a humidifier, the introduction of an external airflow and a partial airflow recirculation. The figure 1 shows a generic schema. Reactor, fan and water-air heat exchanger are present in all configurations but the use of the other components is optional.
?
Outdoor air
?
?
air-air Heat exchanger
Fan
?
Humidifier
air-water Heat exchanger
Reactor Solar combisystem
Fig. 1. Generic schema for hydration mode of the process
The figure 2 presents the assumptions taken into account for the following simulations. Heat losses are considered, neither along the ducts nor on the equipment. Pressure drop through the reactor is evaluated considering 17 layers (0,64m² x 7,5cm) of Strontium Bromide (grain diameter: 250μm / internal porosity: 7,5%)
391
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
Fig. 2. Assumptions taken into account for the following simulations
Preliminary studies showed that dehydration phase doesn’t create any particular difficulty whereas hydration phase may be more problematic. Therefore, our interest focuses on hydration (wintertime) and thus on the performances for this mode. 4. Parametric studies Parametric studies have been carried out in order to evaluate the influence of some parameters on the performances of different systems. 4.1. Configurations and performances of the components Various configurations have been compared: presence of humidifier, recirculation, and use of outdoor air. The impact on the performances criteria is presented in table 1. It appears that in these cases, COP and Productivity rate have opposite evolution. Table 1. Comparison of performances for four configurations
Name of thee Closed circuits configuration Components - Humidifier in addition to fan, reactor, air-water exchanger
COP Productivity rate
11 37%
Open circuit with humidifier - Air-air heat exchanger - Humidifier 9,6 53%
Open circuit - Air-air heat exchanger 8,2 80%
Open circuit with recirculation - Air-air heat exchanger - Recirculation 6,8 90%
The open circuit will be considered as reference for the rest of the document. The influence of component performances has been also studied. On figure 3, it appears that useful heat power is proportional to air fflow rate and this latter has only few influence on COP and productivity
392
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
rate. Heat exchangers efficiencies impact mainly the productivity rate. And component pressure drop mainly impacts the COP
Fig. 3. Process performances versus components performances
4.2. External conditions The influence of outdoor conditions has been also studied. Outdoor temperature has an important impact on overall process performances. The COP and the useful heat power increase linearly with temperature. Outdoor humidity rate impacts COP and useful heat. Productivity rate is not impacted at 15°C and very affected at 0°C.
Fig. 4. Process performances depending on outdoor conditions
4.3. Salts characteristics Hydration/dehydration reactions of salts present a mono-variant equilibrium between the hydrate and the dehydrate form of the reactive salt. The equation linking partial vapor pressure to temperature for such a case is: ln (Pvap Hr/RT + ΔSr/R (1) v /Preff)= – ΔH Four virtual reactants have been studied in order to evaluate the importance of the enthalpy of reaction and of the temperature range of the reactant. Salts Y1 and Y2 have the same reaction enthalpy as SrBr2
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
[4] but the curve position in Mollier diagram differs. Reaction enthalpy of salt X1 is smaller than the one of SrBr2 and inversely for salt X2.
Fig. 5. Curve position of virtual salts in Mollier diagram
In the configuration studied, the curve positions of salt Y2 and salt X1 are close to one another in the P-T diagram, the same for Y1 and X2.
Fig. 6. Process performances depending on salt characteristics
It seems that, in this configuration, the enthalpy of reaction has a little influence on the productivity rate and useful heat power. On the other hand, it appears that the curve position has a more important influence on those two criteria.
393
394
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
5. Conclusions This study points out that thermochemical storage conception has to be studied has a whole: material, reactor and process. All performances criteria, particularly the COP and the productivity rate, have to be studied when designing a thermochemical process. In some cases, a compromise has to be reached because COP and productivity rate have opposite evolution. We also point out the importance of the reactive salt curve position as a further criterion for choosing the reactive salt. In addition to this work, annual simulations of storage process integrated to solar combisystem have to be carried out. Indeed, we have shown that storage process performances depend on outdoor conditions and heat power required. Special attention must be paid during coldest period because storage performances are reduced. References [1] Henner Kerskes, Barbara Mette, Harald Drück. Energetic and economic aspects of seasonal heat storage in single and multifamily houses. ESTEC 2011 [2] Tanguy, G., Papillon, P., Paulus, C.. SOLAR COMBISYSTEMS AND STORAGE: THE WAY TO ACHIEVE HIGH SOLAR FRACTION. IRES 2009. [3] van Essen, V.M.; Zondag, H.A.; Gores, C.J.; Bleijendaal, L.P.J.; Baker, M.; Schuitema, R.; van Helden, W.G.J.; He, Z.; Rindt, C.C.M., 2009. Characterization of MgSO4 hydrate for thermochemical seasonal heat storage. Journal of solar Energy Engineering, vol.131. [4] LAHMIDI H., Stockage d’énergie solaire par procédé à sorption solide-gaz : application au chauffage et à la climatisation. PhD Thesis, PROMES-CNRS, UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN, 2005
Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
SHC 2012
Parametric studies of thermochemical processes for seasonal storage Gwennyn Tanguy* , Foivos Marias, Sylvie Rouge, Jöel Wyttenbach, Philippe Papillon a
INES – CEA/LITEN – BP 332 – 73377 Le Bourget du Lac - FRANCE
Abstract The purpose of this study is the seasonal storage of solar thermal energy for household applications. Thermochemical storage has been adopted with the use of moist air for hydration/dehydration. Various aeraulic processes have been evaluated and compared. Parametric studies enable to have more information concerning the influence of external conditions, component performances and salt characteristics. This study points out that thermochemical storage conception has to be studied has a whole: material, reactor and process. It also provides ways to optimize thermochemical heat storage depending on outdoor conditions and objectives in term of performances.
and peer-review under under responsibility of the PSE AG AG © 2012 2012 Published Publishedby byElsevier ElsevierLtd. Ltd.Selection Selection and/or peer-review responsibility of PSE Keywords : Thermochemical heat storage; chemisorption; salt hydrate; moist air; solar thermal
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 (0)4 79 444 665; fax: +33 (0)4 79 621 374 E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102 © 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the PSE AG doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.046
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
Nomenclature P
[Pa]
Pressure
T
[°C]
Temperature
Hr
[%]
Relative humidity
H
[J/ kgof dry air]
Enthalpy of moist air
Qm
[kg/s]
Mass flow rate
ν
Stoichiometric coefficient
ΔHr
[J/mol]
Enthalpy of reaction
ΔSr
[J/K.mol]
Entropy of reaction
ΔP
[Pa]
Pressure drop through the reactor
hvap
[J/kgof water vapor] Water vapour enthalpy
dU/dt
[W]
Time variation of the internal energy
M
[mol/kg]
Molar mass
COP
Coefficient of performance .
R=8.314 [J/mol K]
Ideal gas constant
Subscript DA
Dry Air
Dehyd
Dehydrated
In
Inlet
Hyd
Hydrated
Out
Outlet
Salt
Salt
Vap
Water vapour
MA
Moist Air
H2O
Water
Ref
Reference
389
390
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
1. Introduction Solar combisystems and seasonal thermochemical storage are some of the most promising ways to achieve high solar fraction [1,2]. Thermochemical storage uses the heat of reversible chemical solid-gas reaction (also called chemisorption). In ventilation circuits, salts react with the water vapour contained in moist air. In this work, energy analyses of the process have been performed. Parametric studies have been carried out to evaluate the impact of internal and external constraints on the performances criteria. 2. Performances criteria Energy storage density of the salt is considered as the most important criterion [3] but the volume of the whole process should also be taken into account. Additionally, energy balances of storage processes lead to determine other criteria such as: x Coefficient of Performance (COP) : Useful energy / electrical energy consumption x Productivity rate : Useful energy / reaction discharged energy COP and productivity rate are essential parameters for overall performances of the process. Indeed, the Coefficient of Performance is representative of energy saving and the productivity rate is representative of the effective energy density. 3. Process configurations Some storage processes have been conceived and compared with different air distribution systems. We considered an integrate reactor with an external air-water heat exchanger. Components combinations can be made depending on the presence of a humidifier, the introduction of an external airflow and a partial airflow recirculation. The figure 1 shows a generic schema. Reactor, fan and water-air heat exchanger are present in all configurations but the use of the other components is optional.
?
Outdoor air
?
?
air-air Heat exchanger
Fan
?
Humidifier
air-water Heat exchanger
Reactor Solar combisystem
Fig. 1. Generic schema for hydration mode of the process
The figure 2 presents the assumptions taken into account for the following simulations. Heat losses are considered, neither along the ducts nor on the equipment. Pressure drop through the reactor is evaluated considering 17 layers (0,64m² x 7,5cm) of Strontium Bromide (grain diameter: 250μm / internal porosity: 7,5%)
391
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
Fig. 2. Assumptions taken into account for the following simulations
Preliminary studies showed that dehydration phase doesn’t create any particular difficulty whereas hydration phase may be more problematic. Therefore, our interest focuses on hydration (wintertime) and thus on the performances for this mode. 4. Parametric studies Parametric studies have been carried out in order to evaluate the influence of some parameters on the performances of different systems. 4.1. Configurations and performances of the components Various configurations have been compared: presence of humidifier, recirculation, and use of outdoor air. The impact on the performances criteria is presented in table 1. It appears that in these cases, COP and Productivity rate have opposite evolution. Table 1. Comparison of performances for four configurations
Name of thee Closed circuits configuration Components - Humidifier in addition to fan, reactor, air-water exchanger
COP Productivity rate
11 37%
Open circuit with humidifier - Air-air heat exchanger - Humidifier 9,6 53%
Open circuit - Air-air heat exchanger 8,2 80%
Open circuit with recirculation - Air-air heat exchanger - Recirculation 6,8 90%
The open circuit will be considered as reference for the rest of the document. The influence of component performances has been also studied. On figure 3, it appears that useful heat power is proportional to air fflow rate and this latter has only few influence on COP and productivity
392
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
rate. Heat exchangers efficiencies impact mainly the productivity rate. And component pressure drop mainly impacts the COP
Fig. 3. Process performances versus components performances
4.2. External conditions The influence of outdoor conditions has been also studied. Outdoor temperature has an important impact on overall process performances. The COP and the useful heat power increase linearly with temperature. Outdoor humidity rate impacts COP and useful heat. Productivity rate is not impacted at 15°C and very affected at 0°C.
Fig. 4. Process performances depending on outdoor conditions
4.3. Salts characteristics Hydration/dehydration reactions of salts present a mono-variant equilibrium between the hydrate and the dehydrate form of the reactive salt. The equation linking partial vapor pressure to temperature for such a case is: ln (Pvap Hr/RT + ΔSr/R (1) v /Preff)= – ΔH Four virtual reactants have been studied in order to evaluate the importance of the enthalpy of reaction and of the temperature range of the reactant. Salts Y1 and Y2 have the same reaction enthalpy as SrBr2
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
[4] but the curve position in Mollier diagram differs. Reaction enthalpy of salt X1 is smaller than the one of SrBr2 and inversely for salt X2.
Fig. 5. Curve position of virtual salts in Mollier diagram
In the configuration studied, the curve positions of salt Y2 and salt X1 are close to one another in the P-T diagram, the same for Y1 and X2.
Fig. 6. Process performances depending on salt characteristics
It seems that, in this configuration, the enthalpy of reaction has a little influence on the productivity rate and useful heat power. On the other hand, it appears that the curve position has a more important influence on those two criteria.
393
394
Gwennyn Tanguy et al. / Energy Procedia 30 (2012) 388 – 394
5. Conclusions This study points out that thermochemical storage conception has to be studied has a whole: material, reactor and process. All performances criteria, particularly the COP and the productivity rate, have to be studied when designing a thermochemical process. In some cases, a compromise has to be reached because COP and productivity rate have opposite evolution. We also point out the importance of the reactive salt curve position as a further criterion for choosing the reactive salt. In addition to this work, annual simulations of storage process integrated to solar combisystem have to be carried out. Indeed, we have shown that storage process performances depend on outdoor conditions and heat power required. Special attention must be paid during coldest period because storage performances are reduced. References [1] Henner Kerskes, Barbara Mette, Harald Drück. Energetic and economic aspects of seasonal heat storage in single and multifamily houses. ESTEC 2011 [2] Tanguy, G., Papillon, P., Paulus, C.. SOLAR COMBISYSTEMS AND STORAGE: THE WAY TO ACHIEVE HIGH SOLAR FRACTION. IRES 2009. [3] van Essen, V.M.; Zondag, H.A.; Gores, C.J.; Bleijendaal, L.P.J.; Baker, M.; Schuitema, R.; van Helden, W.G.J.; He, Z.; Rindt, C.C.M., 2009. Characterization of MgSO4 hydrate for thermochemical seasonal heat storage. Journal of solar Energy Engineering, vol.131. [4] LAHMIDI H., Stockage d’énergie solaire par procédé à sorption solide-gaz : application au chauffage et à la climatisation. PhD Thesis, PROMES-CNRS, UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN, 2005