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Particle buildup from re-emission from room surfaces after tobacco smoking in a test room
Abstracts
690
SURFACE
SAMPLING
Thomas National
Institute
of Occupational
Health,
Schneider
Lersa
Parkalle
105, DK 2100 Copenhagen,
Denmark
Abstract-A broad range of surface sampling techniques have been described in the literature. Surfaces may be smooth or rough, have cracks, be porous or fibrous, and contaminants may be liquid film condensates, pasteous contaminants, submicroscopic particles, or large grains. The efficiency of surface sampling methods depends on these variables and can be difficult to quantify. The concept of surface concentration is not well defined for e.g. porous surfaces in industrial or indoor environments. This has led to inclusion of ill-defined health related properties such as resuspendable dust, transferable or dislodgable fractions. Unlike exposure by inhalation, where health relevant size fractions have been standardized, transfer of surface contamination to air or skin has not. It is suggested to characterize the health relevant surface contamination by profiling: measuring the resuspension of respirable, thoracic and inhalable fractions as a function of amount of energy transfer. A similar concept could be For validating and calibrating surface used for measuring the “dermal fraction” of surface contamination. sampling and analysis methods, use of reference samples is needed. Generation and certification of reference contaminated surface samples presents a real challenge.
SKIN DEPOSITION Christian
MEASURED
Lange,*
*Riser National
Jsrn
Reed,*
WITH ACTIVATABLE
Miriam
Laboratories, Environmental ‘Imperial College, Exhibition
TRACERS
Byrne? and A. H. J. Goddard’
Department, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000, Road, London SW7 2BX, U.K.
Denmark
Abstract-Neutron activatable tracers of five sizes were released in a living room in seven tests. The average concentration in the room was determined by air filter samples and the deposited mass was determined by analysis of skin wipes made with cellulose papers soaked in alcohol. Wipes were made from the arm and face of a live test subject. Deposition velocities ranged from 2.1 x 10e4 ms- ’ for 0.5 pm particles to 60 x lo-“ ms-’ for 5.5 pm particles. In a second experiment deposition was measured to two test persons in an office. Here higher values were found due to an improvement in the sampling technique. Deposition velocities were found to be 7.4 f 1.1 x lo-‘+ ms- 1for the 0.5 pm particles and 57 + 14 x lo-“ m s-l for the 2.5 pm particles. These values are approximately four times higher than those measured by others to an unheated phantom. Experiments measuring the deposition to a heated and an unheated cylinder in the Imperial College test chamber show a similar increase in deposition to a heated object. These values of skin deposition imply that the amount of pollutants deposited to the skin of a dressed person is more than an order of magnitude larger than the amount deposited in the lungs.
PARTICLE BUILDUP FROM RE-EMISSION FROM ROOM SURFACES AFTER TOBACCO SMOKING IN A TEST ROOM Johan National
Institute
Johansson
of Occupational
Health,
S-171 84 Solna, Sweden
Abstract-Two different kinds of particle measurement principles have registrated a buildup of small particles (0.01 pm and larger) produced from contaminated indoor surfaces which have been exposed to sidestream tobacco smoke (SS). We show here that indoor surfaces also can act as secondary sources of particles, after being contaminated with SS, when the room has been ventilated with particle HEPA-filtered air but not with non-particle filtered air. The mechanism we suggest as an explanation of the observed phenomena is a vaporization and diffusion of gases which starts a gas-to-particle conversion. This phenomenon can be. used to investigate whether surfaces in a room or smoke chamber are contaminated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The conversion of gas to particles is a sign of how surfaces exposed to ETS first act as sinks and then become secondary sources. When estimating the exposure from passive smoking, the long-term effect of the ETS contaminated surfaces should not be forgotten and also when a smoke-free exposure situation shall be defined.
690
SURFACE
SAMPLING
Thomas National
Institute
of Occupational
Health,
Schneider
Lersa
Parkalle
105, DK 2100 Copenhagen,
Denmark
Abstract-A broad range of surface sampling techniques have been described in the literature. Surfaces may be smooth or rough, have cracks, be porous or fibrous, and contaminants may be liquid film condensates, pasteous contaminants, submicroscopic particles, or large grains. The efficiency of surface sampling methods depends on these variables and can be difficult to quantify. The concept of surface concentration is not well defined for e.g. porous surfaces in industrial or indoor environments. This has led to inclusion of ill-defined health related properties such as resuspendable dust, transferable or dislodgable fractions. Unlike exposure by inhalation, where health relevant size fractions have been standardized, transfer of surface contamination to air or skin has not. It is suggested to characterize the health relevant surface contamination by profiling: measuring the resuspension of respirable, thoracic and inhalable fractions as a function of amount of energy transfer. A similar concept could be For validating and calibrating surface used for measuring the “dermal fraction” of surface contamination. sampling and analysis methods, use of reference samples is needed. Generation and certification of reference contaminated surface samples presents a real challenge.
SKIN DEPOSITION Christian
MEASURED
Lange,*
*Riser National
Jsrn
Reed,*
WITH ACTIVATABLE
Miriam
Laboratories, Environmental ‘Imperial College, Exhibition
TRACERS
Byrne? and A. H. J. Goddard’
Department, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000, Road, London SW7 2BX, U.K.
Denmark
Abstract-Neutron activatable tracers of five sizes were released in a living room in seven tests. The average concentration in the room was determined by air filter samples and the deposited mass was determined by analysis of skin wipes made with cellulose papers soaked in alcohol. Wipes were made from the arm and face of a live test subject. Deposition velocities ranged from 2.1 x 10e4 ms- ’ for 0.5 pm particles to 60 x lo-“ ms-’ for 5.5 pm particles. In a second experiment deposition was measured to two test persons in an office. Here higher values were found due to an improvement in the sampling technique. Deposition velocities were found to be 7.4 f 1.1 x lo-‘+ ms- 1for the 0.5 pm particles and 57 + 14 x lo-“ m s-l for the 2.5 pm particles. These values are approximately four times higher than those measured by others to an unheated phantom. Experiments measuring the deposition to a heated and an unheated cylinder in the Imperial College test chamber show a similar increase in deposition to a heated object. These values of skin deposition imply that the amount of pollutants deposited to the skin of a dressed person is more than an order of magnitude larger than the amount deposited in the lungs.
PARTICLE BUILDUP FROM RE-EMISSION FROM ROOM SURFACES AFTER TOBACCO SMOKING IN A TEST ROOM Johan National
Institute
Johansson
of Occupational
Health,
S-171 84 Solna, Sweden
Abstract-Two different kinds of particle measurement principles have registrated a buildup of small particles (0.01 pm and larger) produced from contaminated indoor surfaces which have been exposed to sidestream tobacco smoke (SS). We show here that indoor surfaces also can act as secondary sources of particles, after being contaminated with SS, when the room has been ventilated with particle HEPA-filtered air but not with non-particle filtered air. The mechanism we suggest as an explanation of the observed phenomena is a vaporization and diffusion of gases which starts a gas-to-particle conversion. This phenomenon can be. used to investigate whether surfaces in a room or smoke chamber are contaminated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The conversion of gas to particles is a sign of how surfaces exposed to ETS first act as sinks and then become secondary sources. When estimating the exposure from passive smoking, the long-term effect of the ETS contaminated surfaces should not be forgotten and also when a smoke-free exposure situation shall be defined.