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Patella vulgata, Mytilus minimus and Hyale prevosti as bioindicators for Pb and Se Enrichment in Alexandria coastal waters
Marine Pollution Bulletin Maurer, D. & Haydock, I. (1989). Coefficient of Pollution: Palos Verdes California Shelf 1973 and 1984. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 20, 219-223. Satsmadjis, J. (1982). Analysis of Benthic Data and the Measurement of Pollution. Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med. 66-67,103-107. Satsmadjis, J. (1985). Comparison of Indicators of Pollution in the Mediterranean. M a r Pollut. Bull. 16, 395-400.
Stull, J. K., Haydock, C. I., Smith, R. & Montagne, D. E. (1986). Longterm Changes in the Benthic Community on the Coastal Shelf of Palos Verdes, Southern California. Mar. Biol. 91, 539-551. Thompson, B. E., Laughlin, J. D. & Tsukada, D. T. (1987). 1985 Reference Site Survey. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Tech. Rept. 221, 1-50.
Edited by E. I. Hamilton Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume22, No. 3, pp. 148 15(I,1991.
Printedin Great Britain.
The objective of BASELINE is to publish short communications for the concentration and distribution of elements and compounds in the marine environment. Only those papers which clearly identify the quality of the data will be considered for publication. Contributors to Baseline should refer to 'Baseline--A Record of Contamination Levels' (Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13,217-218).
Patella vulgata, Mytilus minimus and Hyaleprevosti as Bioindicators for Pb and Se Enrichment in Alexandria Coastal Waters In this study we report the concentrations of Pb and Se in three different intertidal organisms, the limpet Patella vulgata, the bivalve Mytilus minimus and the amphipod Hyale prevosti correlating their levels to those observed simultaneously in sediments, macroalgae and water and relating such concentrations with biometric measurements. During 1989, samples were collected by hand from six different intertidal locations off the Alexandria coast. Except for station A (control area) all sampled stations were under the direct stress of untreated agricultural and industrial (B) or sewage discharge (C-F). Animals were collected in a random group of 35 specimens at each locality in an area of 200 × 25 m with no restriction of body size. After collection, animals were kept for 24 h in filtered sea water to empty their guts. Samples were stored and prepared according to UNEP/FAO/IAEA/ IOC Reference Methods (1984). Duplicate digestions of different tissues were carried out in Teflon lined pressure decomposition vessels with 5 ml conc. HNO 3 0.5 g-1 lypolized sample at 140°C for 1 h. A Perkin Elmer 400 equipped with GFAAS was used for determinations of Pb in presence of 0.5% (NH4):HPO 4 as matrix modifier, while a hydride system was used for Se. Recoveries for Pb and Se added to selected tissues were in the range 148
0025-326X/91 S3.1)0+0.00 © 1991 PergamonPressplc
96-100%. The accuracy of the method used was established using SRM 1566 oyster tissue and SRM 1571 orchard leaves. Replicate analyses showed agreement of 97% and 100% with certified values, respectively. The main sources of lead to the coastal waters are the use of alkyllead derivatives as antiknock additives to petrol and their subsequent emissions to atmosphere as well as the use of lead in anticorrosive paint for ships at sites B and C. Se reaches the coastal environment through Se-rich agricultural discharges as well as coal production and cement industry effluents at site B. The mean concentrations of Pb and Se for the studied organisms in the different sampling sites are summarized in Table 1. Data for sites D to F showed no significant differences in Pb or Se levels and thus were grouped together. Pb and Se bioaccumulation seems to be dependent on locality and is consistent with their concentrations in water, sediments and algae (Table 1). Among stations subjected to sewage discharges, station C showed the highest concentration factor, probably affected by the restricted water movement in such semienclosed bay. Generally, the capacity of Mytilus in accumulating Pb was higher than Patella and Hyale while for Se the sequence was Patella > Hyale > Mytilus. The feeding habit for each species influences the Pb and Se content of tissue and thus the presence of Pb in both soluble and particulate forms in water render it more available to filter feeding bivalves. The heterogeneity in shell measurements (length and width) for Patella and Mytilus at different sampling sites masks the appearance of a statistically significant relation between shell measurements and Pb and Se content. On the other hand, the simple linear log regression between dry weight and concentration was calculated. The relation in Patella was Log Pb------0.7436 Log dry wt -0.9642 (r---0.69) and Log S e = - 0 . 5 1 3 2 Log dry wt -0.0084 (r= 0.462) indicating the decrease in concentration with increasing animal weight. This is partially attributed to the higher metabolic rate of smaller organisms (Romro & Gnassia-Barelli, 1988). In the absence of Mytilus edulis in Alexandria coastal waters Mytilus minimus will serve as a useful bio-
4~
0.18
0.05
2
Water (Ixg l -l)
Sediment (ixgg-i)
(x)
(Ixgg-')
Algae
Ulva
0.01
0.01
0.004
2.6_+0.5
1.4+0.3
0.8+0.1
49
0.9 1.8
0.4
1.3
Regions
18
0.7
1.6
Se
Ulva
0.5
0.13
0.4
0.7-+0.1
0.5+0.1
0.5_+0.1 0.2_+0.03 0.3+0.06
Sewage
C
63 x 106
1.5+0.3
3.9-+0.8
1.0+0.1 0.5+0.07 0.7_+0.06
Pb
Fig. 1 The study area showing the sampling locations.
2.85
Ulva, Caulerpa
2830 x 106
0.07 _+0.01
8.4+2.1
1.0+0.2 0.6_+0.1 0.7_+0.1
Se
Discharge (m 3 yr-l)
0.08_+ 0.01
H. prevosti
0.03_+0.005
2.9+0.5 1.1+0.4 1.7_+0.3
Pb
Industrial + Agricultural
0.3 +0.07
M. minimus
0.05+0.003 0.02 + 0.008 0.03-+ 0.005
Se
B
Type of discharge
0.1 +0.03 0.05 + 0.01 0.08 + 0.02
Pb
P. vulgata Foot Muscle Viscera
Species
A
TABLE I
~idi
/
/
+I
i i
I
N
0.6+0.1
0.3+0.04
/ i
I
I
" ' ~xeo ~" .,¢u
~ /if "
/
CI
li
/
/
i I
ii
/ ~
SEA
/
/
/
I
29~,5"
/
/
~
~
~
~5o-
\
~ 7
~55-
J
t
/
I Lak'eMariut |
i
./'
/
,s
'-"~
i3 ,
.i I
I
I
II
I
i
~
30°00"
/
i
0.08-0.6
/
~ f~ I
(
~
~
~ 1 I
~ - - ~ So n meters
"
v
AbU Kit Bay
( i l LS \ _
I
30o10.
l
i
/
I
~oo-
~ =
~:;os-
. . . .
~,o-
Sewage Discharge , , Ao~ricu-tt.rot+ Industriot Dischorge
/
I
/ 31 °
31o
~,s-
t
I I
31o 06
31" ]5"
/~zo
I
Lake Edku
~
i"
If
il
30"15-
0.21-0.6
1.3-2.1
Width (cm)
W.H.~Western Harbour, E.H.=Eost.ern Horbour i
....
\
I
30o05-
0.003-0.022
II
)
Weight (g)
0.865-2.60
I ALEXANDRIA
/
0.3-1.4
0.3-1.02
1.7-3.4
Length (cm)
I~ I il j _ 1 i I f, ~ ~i i --'t ~ I •
Ir~0ustriat
/^~'~ P"ci~
/
I
i ~-
/
i I .~----- ~ / /MEDITERRANEAN
ii
2~D50-
I
0.2
0.12
0.14
2x3J45-
~,~-
Kreir
/
i I
/
/
11
0.4
1.2
Caulerpa, Pterocladia
8 x 106
Sewage
0.9-+0.2
2.6+0.6
Se
0.4_+0.07 0.1_+0.02 0.3_+0.04
DEF (x)
0.9+0.2 0.3_+0.05 0.6+0.03
Pb
Pb and Se concentrations in P vulgata, M. minimus and H. prevosti (~tg/g dry wt) sampled from Alexandria coastal waters during 1989.
7~
Z
Marine Pollution Bulletin
indicator for Pb and Se enrichment. Patella and Hyale should also be considered.
ALAA R. ABDEL-MOATI MANAL M. ATTA Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharam Bay, Alexandria, Egypt Rom6o, M. & Gnassia-Barelli, M. (1988). Donax trunculus and Venus verrucosa as bioindicators of trace metal concentrations in Mauritanian coastal waters. Mar. Biol. 9 9 , 2 2 3 - 2 2 7 . U N E P / F A O / I A E A / I O C (1984). Reference methods for marine pollution studies. No. 7 Rev. 2. U N E E 1984.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 22, No. 3, pp. 15(1-151, 199 I. Printed in Great Britain.
0025-326X/91 $3.00+0.00 © 1991 Pergamon Press plc
Tar Balls on Ibeno-Okposo Beach of South-east Nigeria Beach contamination by tar balls due mainly to operational losses of fossil fuel hydrocarbons from drilling platforms and terminal or tanker-derived oil spills is a c o m m o n p h e n o m e n o n in areas where there is intense oil exploration and exploitation. The present work is a part of a research project that the Institute of Oceanography, University of Calabar has been undertaking since 1984. The aim of this study was to assess quantitatively the standing stock of tar and to investigate the prevalent oceanographic factors influencing the level of tar on the beach. The study area stretches from the Qua Iboe River estuary to the Cross River estuary. Between the two estuaries there are a few fishing settlements and such areas were avoided due to increased human activity.
Along the beach front 30 stations were surveyed monthly. The entire beach front of 25 km was covered in 2-3 days during each field trip. Tar ball collection at each of the stations was done by marking out a 1 metre strip running up the beach from the water line to the supralittoral. Sampling involved picking up all visible tar on the surface and upper 2 cm of the sandy beach at or near the time of low tide. Preliminary clean up and quantification followed the method described in Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Manual No. 13 (1984). Longshore current velocity, breaker wave types, water temperature, wind speed and direction were measured as described by Enyenihi & Antia (1985). The monthly mean concentration of tar residues collected along Ibeno-Okposo beach are given in Table 1. The highest amount of tar collected per month during the period was 1.39 g m-: m -~ in January and the lowest 0.04 g m -2 m -1 in October. Comparatively, the maximum value was lower than the amount collected in 1985, 3.75 g m -2 m -j (Enyenihi & Antia, 1985) and 1986, 1.86 g m -2 m -1 (Enyenihi et al., 1989). Generally, high levels of tar were recorded between January and May (>0.30 g m -2 m-J). Except in May, a low amount of tar was recorded during the rainy season (JuneOctober, <0.2 g m -2 m-~). Tar balls were collected during every field trip at nearly all the stations. Tar balls ranged <10 mm-8.5 cm in diameter. Prevailing winds were generally offshore with an average wind velocity range of 1.76-4.68 m s -~ and longshore current velocity range of 0.12-0.34 m s -~ East. Mean water temperature varied 28.3-32.0°C. The dominant wave type was spilling breaker wave (Table 1). The amount of tar obtained during the period was relatively low (maximum value of 1.39 g m -2 m -~) depicting a decrease of 62.93% from the maximum value in 1985 and 25.29% from that of 1986. Reduction in the amount of tar balls on beaches has been
Fig. 1 Study site and major oil terminals along the Nigerian coastline.
150
Stull, J. K., Haydock, C. I., Smith, R. & Montagne, D. E. (1986). Longterm Changes in the Benthic Community on the Coastal Shelf of Palos Verdes, Southern California. Mar. Biol. 91, 539-551. Thompson, B. E., Laughlin, J. D. & Tsukada, D. T. (1987). 1985 Reference Site Survey. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Tech. Rept. 221, 1-50.
Edited by E. I. Hamilton Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume22, No. 3, pp. 148 15(I,1991.
Printedin Great Britain.
The objective of BASELINE is to publish short communications for the concentration and distribution of elements and compounds in the marine environment. Only those papers which clearly identify the quality of the data will be considered for publication. Contributors to Baseline should refer to 'Baseline--A Record of Contamination Levels' (Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13,217-218).
Patella vulgata, Mytilus minimus and Hyaleprevosti as Bioindicators for Pb and Se Enrichment in Alexandria Coastal Waters In this study we report the concentrations of Pb and Se in three different intertidal organisms, the limpet Patella vulgata, the bivalve Mytilus minimus and the amphipod Hyale prevosti correlating their levels to those observed simultaneously in sediments, macroalgae and water and relating such concentrations with biometric measurements. During 1989, samples were collected by hand from six different intertidal locations off the Alexandria coast. Except for station A (control area) all sampled stations were under the direct stress of untreated agricultural and industrial (B) or sewage discharge (C-F). Animals were collected in a random group of 35 specimens at each locality in an area of 200 × 25 m with no restriction of body size. After collection, animals were kept for 24 h in filtered sea water to empty their guts. Samples were stored and prepared according to UNEP/FAO/IAEA/ IOC Reference Methods (1984). Duplicate digestions of different tissues were carried out in Teflon lined pressure decomposition vessels with 5 ml conc. HNO 3 0.5 g-1 lypolized sample at 140°C for 1 h. A Perkin Elmer 400 equipped with GFAAS was used for determinations of Pb in presence of 0.5% (NH4):HPO 4 as matrix modifier, while a hydride system was used for Se. Recoveries for Pb and Se added to selected tissues were in the range 148
0025-326X/91 S3.1)0+0.00 © 1991 PergamonPressplc
96-100%. The accuracy of the method used was established using SRM 1566 oyster tissue and SRM 1571 orchard leaves. Replicate analyses showed agreement of 97% and 100% with certified values, respectively. The main sources of lead to the coastal waters are the use of alkyllead derivatives as antiknock additives to petrol and their subsequent emissions to atmosphere as well as the use of lead in anticorrosive paint for ships at sites B and C. Se reaches the coastal environment through Se-rich agricultural discharges as well as coal production and cement industry effluents at site B. The mean concentrations of Pb and Se for the studied organisms in the different sampling sites are summarized in Table 1. Data for sites D to F showed no significant differences in Pb or Se levels and thus were grouped together. Pb and Se bioaccumulation seems to be dependent on locality and is consistent with their concentrations in water, sediments and algae (Table 1). Among stations subjected to sewage discharges, station C showed the highest concentration factor, probably affected by the restricted water movement in such semienclosed bay. Generally, the capacity of Mytilus in accumulating Pb was higher than Patella and Hyale while for Se the sequence was Patella > Hyale > Mytilus. The feeding habit for each species influences the Pb and Se content of tissue and thus the presence of Pb in both soluble and particulate forms in water render it more available to filter feeding bivalves. The heterogeneity in shell measurements (length and width) for Patella and Mytilus at different sampling sites masks the appearance of a statistically significant relation between shell measurements and Pb and Se content. On the other hand, the simple linear log regression between dry weight and concentration was calculated. The relation in Patella was Log Pb------0.7436 Log dry wt -0.9642 (r---0.69) and Log S e = - 0 . 5 1 3 2 Log dry wt -0.0084 (r= 0.462) indicating the decrease in concentration with increasing animal weight. This is partially attributed to the higher metabolic rate of smaller organisms (Romro & Gnassia-Barelli, 1988). In the absence of Mytilus edulis in Alexandria coastal waters Mytilus minimus will serve as a useful bio-
4~
0.18
0.05
2
Water (Ixg l -l)
Sediment (ixgg-i)
(x)
(Ixgg-')
Algae
Ulva
0.01
0.01
0.004
2.6_+0.5
1.4+0.3
0.8+0.1
49
0.9 1.8
0.4
1.3
Regions
18
0.7
1.6
Se
Ulva
0.5
0.13
0.4
0.7-+0.1
0.5+0.1
0.5_+0.1 0.2_+0.03 0.3+0.06
Sewage
C
63 x 106
1.5+0.3
3.9-+0.8
1.0+0.1 0.5+0.07 0.7_+0.06
Pb
Fig. 1 The study area showing the sampling locations.
2.85
Ulva, Caulerpa
2830 x 106
0.07 _+0.01
8.4+2.1
1.0+0.2 0.6_+0.1 0.7_+0.1
Se
Discharge (m 3 yr-l)
0.08_+ 0.01
H. prevosti
0.03_+0.005
2.9+0.5 1.1+0.4 1.7_+0.3
Pb
Industrial + Agricultural
0.3 +0.07
M. minimus
0.05+0.003 0.02 + 0.008 0.03-+ 0.005
Se
B
Type of discharge
0.1 +0.03 0.05 + 0.01 0.08 + 0.02
Pb
P. vulgata Foot Muscle Viscera
Species
A
TABLE I
~idi
/
/
+I
i i
I
N
0.6+0.1
0.3+0.04
/ i
I
I
" ' ~xeo ~" .,¢u
~ /if "
/
CI
li
/
/
i I
ii
/ ~
SEA
/
/
/
I
29~,5"
/
/
~
~
~
~5o-
\
~ 7
~55-
J
t
/
I Lak'eMariut |
i
./'
/
,s
'-"~
i3 ,
.i I
I
I
II
I
i
~
30°00"
/
i
0.08-0.6
/
~ f~ I
(
~
~
~ 1 I
~ - - ~ So n meters
"
v
AbU Kit Bay
( i l LS \ _
I
30o10.
l
i
/
I
~oo-
~ =
~:;os-
. . . .
~,o-
Sewage Discharge , , Ao~ricu-tt.rot+ Industriot Dischorge
/
I
/ 31 °
31o
~,s-
t
I I
31o 06
31" ]5"
/~zo
I
Lake Edku
~
i"
If
il
30"15-
0.21-0.6
1.3-2.1
Width (cm)
W.H.~Western Harbour, E.H.=Eost.ern Horbour i
....
\
I
30o05-
0.003-0.022
II
)
Weight (g)
0.865-2.60
I ALEXANDRIA
/
0.3-1.4
0.3-1.02
1.7-3.4
Length (cm)
I~ I il j _ 1 i I f, ~ ~i i --'t ~ I •
Ir~0ustriat
/^~'~ P"ci~
/
I
i ~-
/
i I .~----- ~ / /MEDITERRANEAN
ii
2~D50-
I
0.2
0.12
0.14
2x3J45-
~,~-
Kreir
/
i I
/
/
11
0.4
1.2
Caulerpa, Pterocladia
8 x 106
Sewage
0.9-+0.2
2.6+0.6
Se
0.4_+0.07 0.1_+0.02 0.3_+0.04
DEF (x)
0.9+0.2 0.3_+0.05 0.6+0.03
Pb
Pb and Se concentrations in P vulgata, M. minimus and H. prevosti (~tg/g dry wt) sampled from Alexandria coastal waters during 1989.
7~
Z
Marine Pollution Bulletin
indicator for Pb and Se enrichment. Patella and Hyale should also be considered.
ALAA R. ABDEL-MOATI MANAL M. ATTA Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharam Bay, Alexandria, Egypt Rom6o, M. & Gnassia-Barelli, M. (1988). Donax trunculus and Venus verrucosa as bioindicators of trace metal concentrations in Mauritanian coastal waters. Mar. Biol. 9 9 , 2 2 3 - 2 2 7 . U N E P / F A O / I A E A / I O C (1984). Reference methods for marine pollution studies. No. 7 Rev. 2. U N E E 1984.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 22, No. 3, pp. 15(1-151, 199 I. Printed in Great Britain.
0025-326X/91 $3.00+0.00 © 1991 Pergamon Press plc
Tar Balls on Ibeno-Okposo Beach of South-east Nigeria Beach contamination by tar balls due mainly to operational losses of fossil fuel hydrocarbons from drilling platforms and terminal or tanker-derived oil spills is a c o m m o n p h e n o m e n o n in areas where there is intense oil exploration and exploitation. The present work is a part of a research project that the Institute of Oceanography, University of Calabar has been undertaking since 1984. The aim of this study was to assess quantitatively the standing stock of tar and to investigate the prevalent oceanographic factors influencing the level of tar on the beach. The study area stretches from the Qua Iboe River estuary to the Cross River estuary. Between the two estuaries there are a few fishing settlements and such areas were avoided due to increased human activity.
Along the beach front 30 stations were surveyed monthly. The entire beach front of 25 km was covered in 2-3 days during each field trip. Tar ball collection at each of the stations was done by marking out a 1 metre strip running up the beach from the water line to the supralittoral. Sampling involved picking up all visible tar on the surface and upper 2 cm of the sandy beach at or near the time of low tide. Preliminary clean up and quantification followed the method described in Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Manual No. 13 (1984). Longshore current velocity, breaker wave types, water temperature, wind speed and direction were measured as described by Enyenihi & Antia (1985). The monthly mean concentration of tar residues collected along Ibeno-Okposo beach are given in Table 1. The highest amount of tar collected per month during the period was 1.39 g m-: m -~ in January and the lowest 0.04 g m -2 m -1 in October. Comparatively, the maximum value was lower than the amount collected in 1985, 3.75 g m -2 m -j (Enyenihi & Antia, 1985) and 1986, 1.86 g m -2 m -1 (Enyenihi et al., 1989). Generally, high levels of tar were recorded between January and May (>0.30 g m -2 m-J). Except in May, a low amount of tar was recorded during the rainy season (JuneOctober, <0.2 g m -2 m-~). Tar balls were collected during every field trip at nearly all the stations. Tar balls ranged <10 mm-8.5 cm in diameter. Prevailing winds were generally offshore with an average wind velocity range of 1.76-4.68 m s -~ and longshore current velocity range of 0.12-0.34 m s -~ East. Mean water temperature varied 28.3-32.0°C. The dominant wave type was spilling breaker wave (Table 1). The amount of tar obtained during the period was relatively low (maximum value of 1.39 g m -2 m -~) depicting a decrease of 62.93% from the maximum value in 1985 and 25.29% from that of 1986. Reduction in the amount of tar balls on beaches has been
Fig. 1 Study site and major oil terminals along the Nigerian coastline.
150