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Pathological Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Oils with High or Low Erucic Acid Content in Ducklings
1932
R. W. DORMINEY, G. H. ARSCOTT AND P. E. BERNIER
Anim. Sci. 51: 209-216. Roberson, R. H., V. Trujillo and D. W. Francis, 1970. The effect of methionine, thiouracil, dienestrol diacetate and thyroprotein on the development and prevention of fatty liver in pullets. Poultry Sci. 49: 1431. Selvarajah, T., F. N. Jerome, J. D. Summers and B. S. Reinhart, 1970. Some effects of sex-linked dwarfism in layer-type fowls. Poultry Sci. 49: 11421144. Sturkie, P. D., 1965. Avian Physiology, 2nd Ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
Summers, J. D., G. Rajaratnam and E. T. Moran, Jr., 1970. Is the "mini" a hypothyrotic bird? Poultry Sci. 49: 1442. van Tienhoven, A., J. H. Williamson, M. C. Tomlinson and K. L. Mac Innes, 1966. Possible role of the thyroid and the pituitary glands in sex-linked dwarfism in the fowl. Endocrinology, 78: 950-957. Wheeler, R. S., and E. Hoffman, 1948. The value of thyroprotein in starting growing and laying rations. II. The growing period, 12-24 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 27: 509-514.
Pathological Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Oils with High or Low Erucic Acid Content in Ducklings A . M . M . ABDELLATIF AND R. O . V L E S
Unilever Research,
Vlaardingen,
The
Netherlands
(Received for publication February 13, 1973
ABSTRACT A rapeseed oil containing 50% erucic acid (RSO) and one containing 8.5% erucic acid (LER) were compared for pathogenicity in ducklings after feeding for 2 weeks or 3 months. RSO caused growth retardation, severe mortality, hydropericardium and pathological changes especially in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and spleen. After 3 months, cardiac fibrosis was observed. The animals fed LER for 2 weeks showed normal growth and no mortality, but some of them exhibited vacuolar changes of the heart and skeletal muscles. Hydropericardium was absent. After 3 months the lesions had largely disappeared leaving no permanent tissue alterations. These data show that an intake of ca. 4 cal.% erucic acid is well tolerated by ducklings. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1932-1936, 1973
D
IETS containing rapeseed oil (RSO) produce pathological changes in the heart and other organs in various animal species including ducklings (Abdellatif, 1972). Ducklings, however, are more susceptible to dietary RSO as they show heavy mortality when fed this oil at levels causing no mortality in other species. In view of this, ducklings were not the species of choice for the study of the long-term effects of RSO (Abdellatif and Vies, 1971). The adverse effects of RSO are largely ascribed to erucic acid which is the major fatty acid constituent of rapeseed triglycerides in European varieties, constituting ca. 50% of total fatty acids (Abdellatif, 1972). The content of erucic acid in the rapeseed can be controlled by genetic selection (Downey and Craig, 1964). When a batch of RSO
containing only 8.5% erucic acid became available, an experiment with ducklings was started to ascertain whether this oil is pathogenic and to compare the long-term effects of this RSO with low erucic acid content with those of conventional RSOs.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Male one-day-old Pekin ducklings purchased from a local supplier were fed a commercial pellet diet for one week, after which they were divided into groups of similar mean body weight and fed the fats indicated in Table 1. The fats were fed in a semi-synthetic basal diet, the composition of which, together with details of the housing conditions, are described in an earlier paper (Abdellatif and
1933
RAPESEED OIL FOR DUCKLINGS
TABLE 1.—Experimental design Dietary fat groups Sunflowerseed oil Rapeseed oil Low-erucic rapeseed oil
cal.% fat (SSO) (RSO) (LER)
SSO LER RSO SSO
cal.% erucic acid
50 50 50
trace
50 50 35 35
trace
Vies, 1970). Body weight was recorded every 2 weeks. At the end of the experimental periods (2 weeks, 3 months), the animals were killed by decapitation and necropsied. Animals that died during the experiment were also subject to autopsy. In all animals the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, spleen and liver were examined microscopically after formalin fixation and staining with Masson's trichrome and Harris hematoxylin. Moreover in the animals killed after 3 months, the kidneys were also examined microscopically and the heart and spleen were weighed.
RESULTS
Mortality. Heavy mortality occurred in the groups fed either level of RSO (8 out of 10 and 18 out of 20 in the 2 weeks' and 3 months' experiments, respectively). In some animals death occurred early in the experiment. This mortality appeared to have been caused by starvation due to the animals' refusal to consume the diets containing the RSO. In one of the groups fed sunflowerseed oil (SSO), two animals died, apparently from
Duration 10 10 10
25 4.3
2 weeks
10 10 20 10
4.3
17.5
3 months
causes not related to the dietary treatment. Otherwise no mortality occurred. Growth. Table 2 shows the average biweekly growth during the three months' dietary period. The data were subjected to a student's t-test, for comparison of the groups fed the same cal.% fat. The RSO group showed growth-retardation compared with the corresponding group fed SSO, only in the first two observations, but not thereafter. This is probably explained by the high mortality in the RSO group which eliminated the susceptible animals. LER and SSO allowed for somewhat comparable growth rates. At 8 weeks, the growth of the LER group was significantly higher than that of the corresponding SSO group. After this period, the LER group maintained a higher average growth, but the difference was no longer significant. Pathology. The data on the pathology of the animals that died during the experiment or were killed at the end of it are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Abnormalities found on autopsy were largely confined to the groups
TABLE 2.—Bi-weekly change in body weight in g. (n = 10, unless otherwise indicated) Weeks 2 4 6 8 10 12
50 SSO
50 LER
534
471
50 RSO
50 SSO
123 (n = 2) 492 1006 1522 1814 2149 (n = 8) 2286 (n = 8)
50 LER 422 956 1546 2102 2299 2422
student's t-test p p p p p p
< > > < > >
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.10
35 SSO 520 1194 1679 1989 2001 2256
student's t-test
35 RSO 346 (n 922 1671 (n 2042 (n 2252 (n 2294 (n
= 17) = = = =
5) 4) 3) 3)
p < p < p > p > p > p>
0.001 0.01 0.10 CIO 0.10 0.10
1934
A. M. M. ABDELLATIF AND R. O. VLES
TABLE 3.—Frequency of gross pathological changes (n = 10 unless otherwise stated) 2 weeks Organ and change Skeletal muscles normal pale hemorrhages Spleen normal enlarged pale congested Liver normal fibrotic or congested atrophic or enlarged fatty Heart normal pale enlarged dilated ventricles pericardial thickening Hydropericardium Ascitis Dilated visceral blood vessels
3 months
50SSO
50LER
50RSO
50SSO
50LER
35SSO
35RSO (n = 20)
10 0 0
8 2 0
1 9 0
10 0 0
7 3 0
10 0 0
10 8 2
9 0 1 0
8 0 2 0
2 5 4 2
8 2 1 1
7 3 0 0
8 2 0 0
9 7 4 4
10 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
2 6 1 2
10 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
10 8 3 0
10 0 0 0 0
5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 9 0 0 0 8 0 0
8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
fed RSO. In the group fed the RSO for 2 weeks, the characteristic macroscopic and microscopic changes were observed (Abdellatif and Vies, 1970). In some animals, the pancreatic acinar cells were vacuolated. In the group fed the RSO for 3 months, lesions were absent for the most part in the animals that died early due to inappetance and in the two animals killed at the end of the experiment (refractories). Otherwise, the skeletal muscles, spleen, liver and pancreas presented the same lesions as those observed after 2 weeks. In addition, immature granulocytes and erythrocytes were found in the liver. Immature granulocytes were also observed in the kidneys. In the heart interstitial connective tissue proliferations were present. In the group fed LER for 2 weeks, some ducklings exhibited minor degrees of paleness of the heart and skeletal musculature. None of the animals, however, showed hydropericardium. Microscopically, about half the number of animals in the group ex-
8 3 0 9 0 11 0 3 1 3 1 (slight) 15 0 1 0 2
hibited vacuolar changes of the heart and skeletal muscles (see Table 4). But the severity of the changes were clearly less than in the animals fed the same cal.% RSO. Most of the animals fed LER for 3 months were without lesions, and where these did occur, they were mild. Vacuolar changes were absent in the heart and were observed in only one animal in the skeletal muscles. One animal showed a slight increase of interstitial connective tissue in the heart and a few animals showed granulocyte infiltration of the liver and kidney. But, in general, a convincing difference in the pathological picture between this group and the corresponding group fed SSO was not observed. Spleen and Heart Weights. The spleen and heart weights of the animals killed after 3 months are given in Table 5. No significant differences were found between the 50 LER group and the corresponding 50 SSO group. In the RSO group, all values were signifi-
RAPESEED OIL FOR DUCKLINGS
1935
TABLE 4.—Frequency of the major microscopical changes (n = 10 unless otherwise stated) 2 weeks Organ and change Skeletal muscles normal vacuolation traumatic myositis Pancreas normal mononuclear cell infiltration vaculated acinar cells Spleen normal lipophages congestion hematopoiesis depleted red pulp Liver normal vacuolation necrosis congestion / hemorrhages cirrhotic changes leucocyte infiltration Kidney normal leucocyte infiltration Heart normal vacuolation interstitial fibrosis mononuclears necrocacinosis pericardial fibrosis
3 months
50 SSO
50LER .
50 RSO
9 0 0
6 4 0
1 9 0
10
10
4
0
0
0
50 SSO
50LER
35 SSO
35 RSO
15>n = 20 2)
9 0 1
9 1 0
10 0 0
10
10
9
9
0>n = 6
0
0
1
3 > n = 18
0
{ 2 )
0
0
0
V
10 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0
1 6 3 0 0
8 0 0 2 0
6 0 3 (slight) 1 0
10 0 0 0 0
7 ) 8
10 0 0 0 0 0
7 3 0 0 0 0
0\ 6 /
7 1 0 1 0 2
5 0 0 0 1 5 (slight)
8 0 0 0 0 2
7 3
7 3
9 0 0 1 (slight) 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 1
)
'
sf-> 8
\ o;
10 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
5 5 0 0 0 0
l 9 0 0 0 0
8 0 1 1 (slight) 0 0
\ ) (
( \
8 >n = 20
51 2 ) 1\ 10
/
15> = 12
20
\
12;
»(„-» 4
\ 9ln-20
13/
5( l\
%)
cantly higher in comparison with the group
topsy, 11 animals out of the 18 mortalities
35 SSO, except for the value of the relative
were found to have enlarged hearts (see
heart weight which was not significantly dif-
Table 3).
ferent. This is due to the fact that the group mean was based on only 2 animals. On au-
From
the
incidence
of
pathological
changes in the various groups, it may be con-
TABLE 5.—Absolute and relative weights of the spleen and heart of the animals killed after 3 months Heart Dietary groups
n
50 SSO 50LER student's t-test
7 9
g18.25 19.38 p > 0.10
35 SSO 35 RSO student's t-test
9 2
16.96 21.19 p < 0.05
Spleen g./lOOg. body weight
n
7.38 7.31 p > 0.10
8 9
7.02 7.84 p > 0.10
9 2
g1.20 1.53 p > 0.10 1.14 2.12 p < 0.05
g./lOOg. body weight 0.49 0.56 p > 0.10 0.47 0.79 p < 0.05
1936
A. M. M. ABDELLATIF AND R. O. VLES
eluded that an intake of about 4 cal.% erucic acid is near the no-effect level in ducklings. REFERENCES
Abdellatif, A. M. M., 1972. Cardiopathogenic effects of dietary rapeseed oil. Nutr. Rev. 30: 2-6. Abdellatif, A. M. M., and R. O. Vies, 1970. Patholog-
ical effects of dietary rapeseed oil in ducklings. Nutr. Metabol. 12: 296-305. Abdellatif, A. M. M., and R. 0 . Vies, 1971. Long-term pathological effects of dietary rapeseed oil in rats and rabbits. Voeding, 32: 602-611. Downey, R. K., and B. M. Craig, 1964. Genetic control of fatty acid biosynthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus L). J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 41: 475-478.
Full-Fat Soybeans for Growing and Finishing Large White Turkeys 1. LIVE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY E. T. MORAN, JR., 1 J. SOMERS' ANDE. LARMOND2
(Received for publication February 14, 1973)
ABSTRACT Large White torn turkeys were fed corn-soybean type rations from 8 to 23 weeks of age. Treatments involved use of ground full-fat soybeans in the raw state and commercially extrusion processed. The 49% protein meal in conjunction with the caloric equivalent of added fat from crude degummed soybean oil and rendered animal tallow served as controls. Final body weight and feed conversion between groups offered either of the control rations and those given the extruded soybean based diet were comparable. Live performance of birds given the raw soybeans was significantly depressed. Although soft depot areas were obvious whenever soybean oil was the primary dietary fat, this feature was not unduely objectionable nor did it affect finish grade. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1936-1941, 1973
INTRODUCTION
A
LTHOUGH commercially produced soybean meal can be readily incorporated into most feeds without adverse effect, this has been far from true with ground whole soybeans unless heat treated. Of the several processing techniques available, extrusion is one that finds application on the farm as well as large scale commercial use. White et al. (1967) reported that soybeans which had been extruded supported broiler performance equal to that observed with birds fed the commercial meal with oil added. Additional treatment in the form of steam pelleting, however, was necessary to do so.
1. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 2. Food Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.
Without the benefit of pelleting, Wood et al. (1971) found that extrusion processed soybeans were similar in utilization to control meal by the chick but a pancreatic hypertrophy was always noticeable. Even though extrusion effects a substantial improvement in soybean nutritional value, all indications are that the degree of processing necessary for the less developed digestive system of the young bird is marginal. To avoid undue problems during the starting period, one can eliminate the use of the full-fat meal. With respect to the large turkey the amount of feed eaten initially is particularly small compared to its subsequent needs for growth, development and finishing. It was the purpose of the present investigation to examine the effect that raw and extruded full-fat soybeans would have on the live performance of developing turkeys. Because of the larger than normal amounts of
R. W. DORMINEY, G. H. ARSCOTT AND P. E. BERNIER
Anim. Sci. 51: 209-216. Roberson, R. H., V. Trujillo and D. W. Francis, 1970. The effect of methionine, thiouracil, dienestrol diacetate and thyroprotein on the development and prevention of fatty liver in pullets. Poultry Sci. 49: 1431. Selvarajah, T., F. N. Jerome, J. D. Summers and B. S. Reinhart, 1970. Some effects of sex-linked dwarfism in layer-type fowls. Poultry Sci. 49: 11421144. Sturkie, P. D., 1965. Avian Physiology, 2nd Ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.
Summers, J. D., G. Rajaratnam and E. T. Moran, Jr., 1970. Is the "mini" a hypothyrotic bird? Poultry Sci. 49: 1442. van Tienhoven, A., J. H. Williamson, M. C. Tomlinson and K. L. Mac Innes, 1966. Possible role of the thyroid and the pituitary glands in sex-linked dwarfism in the fowl. Endocrinology, 78: 950-957. Wheeler, R. S., and E. Hoffman, 1948. The value of thyroprotein in starting growing and laying rations. II. The growing period, 12-24 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 27: 509-514.
Pathological Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Oils with High or Low Erucic Acid Content in Ducklings A . M . M . ABDELLATIF AND R. O . V L E S
Unilever Research,
Vlaardingen,
The
Netherlands
(Received for publication February 13, 1973
ABSTRACT A rapeseed oil containing 50% erucic acid (RSO) and one containing 8.5% erucic acid (LER) were compared for pathogenicity in ducklings after feeding for 2 weeks or 3 months. RSO caused growth retardation, severe mortality, hydropericardium and pathological changes especially in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and spleen. After 3 months, cardiac fibrosis was observed. The animals fed LER for 2 weeks showed normal growth and no mortality, but some of them exhibited vacuolar changes of the heart and skeletal muscles. Hydropericardium was absent. After 3 months the lesions had largely disappeared leaving no permanent tissue alterations. These data show that an intake of ca. 4 cal.% erucic acid is well tolerated by ducklings. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1932-1936, 1973
D
IETS containing rapeseed oil (RSO) produce pathological changes in the heart and other organs in various animal species including ducklings (Abdellatif, 1972). Ducklings, however, are more susceptible to dietary RSO as they show heavy mortality when fed this oil at levels causing no mortality in other species. In view of this, ducklings were not the species of choice for the study of the long-term effects of RSO (Abdellatif and Vies, 1971). The adverse effects of RSO are largely ascribed to erucic acid which is the major fatty acid constituent of rapeseed triglycerides in European varieties, constituting ca. 50% of total fatty acids (Abdellatif, 1972). The content of erucic acid in the rapeseed can be controlled by genetic selection (Downey and Craig, 1964). When a batch of RSO
containing only 8.5% erucic acid became available, an experiment with ducklings was started to ascertain whether this oil is pathogenic and to compare the long-term effects of this RSO with low erucic acid content with those of conventional RSOs.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Male one-day-old Pekin ducklings purchased from a local supplier were fed a commercial pellet diet for one week, after which they were divided into groups of similar mean body weight and fed the fats indicated in Table 1. The fats were fed in a semi-synthetic basal diet, the composition of which, together with details of the housing conditions, are described in an earlier paper (Abdellatif and
1933
RAPESEED OIL FOR DUCKLINGS
TABLE 1.—Experimental design Dietary fat groups Sunflowerseed oil Rapeseed oil Low-erucic rapeseed oil
cal.% fat (SSO) (RSO) (LER)
SSO LER RSO SSO
cal.% erucic acid
50 50 50
trace
50 50 35 35
trace
Vies, 1970). Body weight was recorded every 2 weeks. At the end of the experimental periods (2 weeks, 3 months), the animals were killed by decapitation and necropsied. Animals that died during the experiment were also subject to autopsy. In all animals the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, spleen and liver were examined microscopically after formalin fixation and staining with Masson's trichrome and Harris hematoxylin. Moreover in the animals killed after 3 months, the kidneys were also examined microscopically and the heart and spleen were weighed.
RESULTS
Mortality. Heavy mortality occurred in the groups fed either level of RSO (8 out of 10 and 18 out of 20 in the 2 weeks' and 3 months' experiments, respectively). In some animals death occurred early in the experiment. This mortality appeared to have been caused by starvation due to the animals' refusal to consume the diets containing the RSO. In one of the groups fed sunflowerseed oil (SSO), two animals died, apparently from
Duration 10 10 10
25 4.3
2 weeks
10 10 20 10
4.3
17.5
3 months
causes not related to the dietary treatment. Otherwise no mortality occurred. Growth. Table 2 shows the average biweekly growth during the three months' dietary period. The data were subjected to a student's t-test, for comparison of the groups fed the same cal.% fat. The RSO group showed growth-retardation compared with the corresponding group fed SSO, only in the first two observations, but not thereafter. This is probably explained by the high mortality in the RSO group which eliminated the susceptible animals. LER and SSO allowed for somewhat comparable growth rates. At 8 weeks, the growth of the LER group was significantly higher than that of the corresponding SSO group. After this period, the LER group maintained a higher average growth, but the difference was no longer significant. Pathology. The data on the pathology of the animals that died during the experiment or were killed at the end of it are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Abnormalities found on autopsy were largely confined to the groups
TABLE 2.—Bi-weekly change in body weight in g. (n = 10, unless otherwise indicated) Weeks 2 4 6 8 10 12
50 SSO
50 LER
534
471
50 RSO
50 SSO
123 (n = 2) 492 1006 1522 1814 2149 (n = 8) 2286 (n = 8)
50 LER 422 956 1546 2102 2299 2422
student's t-test p p p p p p
< > > < > >
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.10
35 SSO 520 1194 1679 1989 2001 2256
student's t-test
35 RSO 346 (n 922 1671 (n 2042 (n 2252 (n 2294 (n
= 17) = = = =
5) 4) 3) 3)
p < p < p > p > p > p>
0.001 0.01 0.10 CIO 0.10 0.10
1934
A. M. M. ABDELLATIF AND R. O. VLES
TABLE 3.—Frequency of gross pathological changes (n = 10 unless otherwise stated) 2 weeks Organ and change Skeletal muscles normal pale hemorrhages Spleen normal enlarged pale congested Liver normal fibrotic or congested atrophic or enlarged fatty Heart normal pale enlarged dilated ventricles pericardial thickening Hydropericardium Ascitis Dilated visceral blood vessels
3 months
50SSO
50LER
50RSO
50SSO
50LER
35SSO
35RSO (n = 20)
10 0 0
8 2 0
1 9 0
10 0 0
7 3 0
10 0 0
10 8 2
9 0 1 0
8 0 2 0
2 5 4 2
8 2 1 1
7 3 0 0
8 2 0 0
9 7 4 4
10 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
2 6 1 2
10 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
10 8 3 0
10 0 0 0 0
5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 9 0 0 0 8 0 0
8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
fed RSO. In the group fed the RSO for 2 weeks, the characteristic macroscopic and microscopic changes were observed (Abdellatif and Vies, 1970). In some animals, the pancreatic acinar cells were vacuolated. In the group fed the RSO for 3 months, lesions were absent for the most part in the animals that died early due to inappetance and in the two animals killed at the end of the experiment (refractories). Otherwise, the skeletal muscles, spleen, liver and pancreas presented the same lesions as those observed after 2 weeks. In addition, immature granulocytes and erythrocytes were found in the liver. Immature granulocytes were also observed in the kidneys. In the heart interstitial connective tissue proliferations were present. In the group fed LER for 2 weeks, some ducklings exhibited minor degrees of paleness of the heart and skeletal musculature. None of the animals, however, showed hydropericardium. Microscopically, about half the number of animals in the group ex-
8 3 0 9 0 11 0 3 1 3 1 (slight) 15 0 1 0 2
hibited vacuolar changes of the heart and skeletal muscles (see Table 4). But the severity of the changes were clearly less than in the animals fed the same cal.% RSO. Most of the animals fed LER for 3 months were without lesions, and where these did occur, they were mild. Vacuolar changes were absent in the heart and were observed in only one animal in the skeletal muscles. One animal showed a slight increase of interstitial connective tissue in the heart and a few animals showed granulocyte infiltration of the liver and kidney. But, in general, a convincing difference in the pathological picture between this group and the corresponding group fed SSO was not observed. Spleen and Heart Weights. The spleen and heart weights of the animals killed after 3 months are given in Table 5. No significant differences were found between the 50 LER group and the corresponding 50 SSO group. In the RSO group, all values were signifi-
RAPESEED OIL FOR DUCKLINGS
1935
TABLE 4.—Frequency of the major microscopical changes (n = 10 unless otherwise stated) 2 weeks Organ and change Skeletal muscles normal vacuolation traumatic myositis Pancreas normal mononuclear cell infiltration vaculated acinar cells Spleen normal lipophages congestion hematopoiesis depleted red pulp Liver normal vacuolation necrosis congestion / hemorrhages cirrhotic changes leucocyte infiltration Kidney normal leucocyte infiltration Heart normal vacuolation interstitial fibrosis mononuclears necrocacinosis pericardial fibrosis
3 months
50 SSO
50LER .
50 RSO
9 0 0
6 4 0
1 9 0
10
10
4
0
0
0
50 SSO
50LER
35 SSO
35 RSO
15>n = 20 2)
9 0 1
9 1 0
10 0 0
10
10
9
9
0>n = 6
0
0
1
3 > n = 18
0
{ 2 )
0
0
0
V
10 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0
1 6 3 0 0
8 0 0 2 0
6 0 3 (slight) 1 0
10 0 0 0 0
7 ) 8
10 0 0 0 0 0
7 3 0 0 0 0
0\ 6 /
7 1 0 1 0 2
5 0 0 0 1 5 (slight)
8 0 0 0 0 2
7 3
7 3
9 0 0 1 (slight) 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 1
)
'
sf-> 8
\ o;
10 0 10 0 0 0 0 0
5 5 0 0 0 0
l 9 0 0 0 0
8 0 1 1 (slight) 0 0
\ ) (
( \
8 >n = 20
51 2 ) 1\ 10
/
15> = 12
20
\
12;
»(„-» 4
\ 9ln-20
13/
5( l\
%)
cantly higher in comparison with the group
topsy, 11 animals out of the 18 mortalities
35 SSO, except for the value of the relative
were found to have enlarged hearts (see
heart weight which was not significantly dif-
Table 3).
ferent. This is due to the fact that the group mean was based on only 2 animals. On au-
From
the
incidence
of
pathological
changes in the various groups, it may be con-
TABLE 5.—Absolute and relative weights of the spleen and heart of the animals killed after 3 months Heart Dietary groups
n
50 SSO 50LER student's t-test
7 9
g18.25 19.38 p > 0.10
35 SSO 35 RSO student's t-test
9 2
16.96 21.19 p < 0.05
Spleen g./lOOg. body weight
n
7.38 7.31 p > 0.10
8 9
7.02 7.84 p > 0.10
9 2
g1.20 1.53 p > 0.10 1.14 2.12 p < 0.05
g./lOOg. body weight 0.49 0.56 p > 0.10 0.47 0.79 p < 0.05
1936
A. M. M. ABDELLATIF AND R. O. VLES
eluded that an intake of about 4 cal.% erucic acid is near the no-effect level in ducklings. REFERENCES
Abdellatif, A. M. M., 1972. Cardiopathogenic effects of dietary rapeseed oil. Nutr. Rev. 30: 2-6. Abdellatif, A. M. M., and R. O. Vies, 1970. Patholog-
ical effects of dietary rapeseed oil in ducklings. Nutr. Metabol. 12: 296-305. Abdellatif, A. M. M., and R. 0 . Vies, 1971. Long-term pathological effects of dietary rapeseed oil in rats and rabbits. Voeding, 32: 602-611. Downey, R. K., and B. M. Craig, 1964. Genetic control of fatty acid biosynthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus L). J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 41: 475-478.
Full-Fat Soybeans for Growing and Finishing Large White Turkeys 1. LIVE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY E. T. MORAN, JR., 1 J. SOMERS' ANDE. LARMOND2
(Received for publication February 14, 1973)
ABSTRACT Large White torn turkeys were fed corn-soybean type rations from 8 to 23 weeks of age. Treatments involved use of ground full-fat soybeans in the raw state and commercially extrusion processed. The 49% protein meal in conjunction with the caloric equivalent of added fat from crude degummed soybean oil and rendered animal tallow served as controls. Final body weight and feed conversion between groups offered either of the control rations and those given the extruded soybean based diet were comparable. Live performance of birds given the raw soybeans was significantly depressed. Although soft depot areas were obvious whenever soybean oil was the primary dietary fat, this feature was not unduely objectionable nor did it affect finish grade. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1936-1941, 1973
INTRODUCTION
A
LTHOUGH commercially produced soybean meal can be readily incorporated into most feeds without adverse effect, this has been far from true with ground whole soybeans unless heat treated. Of the several processing techniques available, extrusion is one that finds application on the farm as well as large scale commercial use. White et al. (1967) reported that soybeans which had been extruded supported broiler performance equal to that observed with birds fed the commercial meal with oil added. Additional treatment in the form of steam pelleting, however, was necessary to do so.
1. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 2. Food Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.
Without the benefit of pelleting, Wood et al. (1971) found that extrusion processed soybeans were similar in utilization to control meal by the chick but a pancreatic hypertrophy was always noticeable. Even though extrusion effects a substantial improvement in soybean nutritional value, all indications are that the degree of processing necessary for the less developed digestive system of the young bird is marginal. To avoid undue problems during the starting period, one can eliminate the use of the full-fat meal. With respect to the large turkey the amount of feed eaten initially is particularly small compared to its subsequent needs for growth, development and finishing. It was the purpose of the present investigation to examine the effect that raw and extruded full-fat soybeans would have on the live performance of developing turkeys. Because of the larger than normal amounts of