Pathology and immunodiagnosis of anisakidosis

Symposium (E) I Parasitology International 47 (Suppl.) (1998) 2348

26

E-2. Global Aspects of Anisakidosis S-E%1

CLASSIFICATION

OF

MARINE

S-K2-3

ANISAKIDS

genus Hysterothylacium (syn. Contracaecum, comprises well over fifty species, the majority from the digestive tract of marine teleosts, a few in freshwater fishes. H. uduncum (Rudolphi, 1802), a typical representative, is reported from a large number of teleost species in the cooler parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Adult worms occur in both intestine and stomach of their hosts; they are not attached to gut mucosa, and having cervical alae, they swim freely in gut contents. Being present at all times, egg production is suspended in winter. The larva hatching from the egg has been assumed to be 2”d stage, but it now appears that it may be a young 3” stage. 3’d stage larvae, with “boring tooth”, are known from many invertebrates and encapsulated in viscera of teleosts. Larval size appears important, larvae developing in invertebrate host to < 3 mm will encapsulate in a fish as 3rd stage, those > 3 mm remain in the fish gut, grow and moult twice to the adult Sh stage. Larvae boring into the body of young fish larvae cause harm and even death. As most carnivorous fishes cannot chew their food, it has been speculated (Berland 1980) that gut nematodes may do useful work by mechanically boring into and breaking up ingested large prey the symbiosis may be more mutualism than parasitism. If this applies to H. uduncum, its low host preference and wide distribution may be explained. In an ecological context, it makes sense that its larvae should harm invertebrate and small vertebrate intermediate/ transport hosts, so that they are more easily conveyed to the next level in the food chain. The strategy suggested for H. aduncum may apply to other species in the genus, as well as to neighbouring genera. What about the anisakid genera in fish-eating marine mammals and birds‘? The

The classification of ascaridoid nematodes, including the family A&&i&e, is based on few structural features. Traditionally, the characters use.d include the oesophago-intestinal junction, the labia, the ‘excretory-apparatus’ and caudal features of the male worm. Recent studies have suggested that the distribution of caudal cuticular papillae, defined as distal, paracloacal and proximal groups, in addition to a bifid median precloacal papilla, is of systematic significance. The same may be true of the single pair of lateral centrids, or “Mittelk6rperpapillen”, originally shown in some cucullanids (Seuratoidea), but recently also in Ascaris, to have an asymmetrical distribution. It is suggested that the Anisakinae Railliet & Henry, 1912, with some 8 genera (i.a. Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 and Pseadoterranova Mozgovoi, 1951) and the Contracaecinae Mozgovoi I% Shakhmatova, 1971 with some 4 genera (i.a. Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912 and Phocascaris Host, 1932) constitute the Anisakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912, while the Raphidascarididae Hartwich, 1954 constitutes a family separate from Anisakidae, with some 9 genera (i.a. Hysferothylacium Ward & Magath, 1916 and Raphidascaris Railliet & Henry, 1915). The present results, which have been based on structural data, have largely been supported by the recent studies of other workers using nucleotide sequence data of defined gene sequences of species of several genera. The status of some anisakid genera are commented upon, as well as the importance in systematic studies of combining genetic data, obtained by different methods, with structural information.

: GLOBAL

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ASPECTS

OF

SPECIES

BERLAND B. Zoologisk institutt, Universitetet i Bergen, Bergen, Norway

H-P Institute Of Parasitology, De artment of Biology, Abe Akademi University, BioCity, 20520 K bo, Finland

&g&$m

S-EZ-2

OF HYSTEROTHYLACIUM

BIOLOGY

ANISAKIDOSIS

anisakid

Thynnascaris),

S-E2-1

PATHOLOGY

AND

IMMUNODIAGNOSIS

OF

ANISAKIDOSIS 0

Hajime

Ishikura’.

Nakamura”“, Sate’““,

Shuji

Sinichi Kokichi

*Division

of

Medical

Parasitological

of

of Clinical

“**Sapporo

Pathology

Desease,

School

Department

Health,

Kinpei

Akihiro

Yagi’**,

Kenji

Matsuura”**‘,

Noriyukl

‘Shuji

Ktkuclu****

University

Hospital,

Takahaslx”,

Ken****‘,

Immune

Sapporo

Medical

Department

of

Medicine,

l*Sapporo

Pathology,

***Hokkaido

Diagnostic

University

Pathology Me&xl

Laboratory,

Sapporo University

Institute

of Public

*‘**‘Department

Takahashi,

‘Sapporo

Medical

“Sapporo

IDL

Department

“Tetsuya

Fujimoto,

‘**Hajime

University

Hospital,

Department

***Sapporo

of Pathology

Medical

University

First

of

all,

we

present

here

accumulated

Anisakiosis

anisakidosis

of about

that as many as 35,000 cases have been reported of

anisakidosis

in

Japan

were

1997, and in the 27 other been

reported.

reported

the

Following

about

foreign

countries

In the past year most

an

cases of

improvement

32,300

in

our

allergic

treatment, Here, human

human

body and its influence of

on

originating

in China

tunes greater

CO?,

life

Nematode

which

has

29 cases )

is a

gastrointestinal

diagnosis. clinical

and effecting

We will

also look at

from

Levels

etc.

of

Chinese pollution

Japan’s sea and air are as much as 45

compared

with

the

latter.

of the intermedIate

We

also want

10

hosts of Anisakid

of fish and squid wlwh

are

In the Northern

Sea of Europe

died

from

Hokkaido

from

the Bering

in Hokkaido

simrplex)

disease

in 1988, about

DDT-poisoning.

The

Sea might have DDT

are at nsk of DDT

15,OtXt species of marine

sea hens

which

migrated

inside their body.

poisoning

?

,

responsible

for

caused

with

by

the

mgestion

of

larval nematodes, there are ai

Ammkis simptex

the disease, such as

Pseudoterranova decipiens ( P.

dec@ierts ) , Lbntracaecum

0srulatum ( c. oscldatum ) , Hysterothylacium aduncum ( H. aduncum ) I Porrocaecum reticulaturn ( PO. reticulaturn 1. Among the nematodes. A.

simplex is mainly responsible for the disease in Japan and other countries.

In

regard

to

If so,

to

and

anisakiosis patient’s

the

site

intestinal

of

infection,

types.

anisakiosis

Because

in Japan, clinicians

of

the

can

high

be

classified

incidence

of

into

gastric

may make the diagnosis on the basis Of the

history of eating raw fish and by use of endoscopy and thereafter treatment.

In contrast intestinal

anisakiosis

is often

difficult

to

diagnose even thought the clinicians may suspect the disease because of the path

history.

Therefore,

it seemed important

to establish

an assay system

to make the dmgnosis. Recently, we established a seiodiagnositc for

from

anisakiosis

the application

of

the

specific

assay system

monoclohal

antibody

( An2 ) against A.

simplex In the present study, we report the usefulness

Of the sewdiagnostic

tool, especially for intestinal

Of the serodiagnosic

assay. we found

cases of

Nematodes.

mammals

(A

administer

dtscharged

dioxin

least five nematodes

gastric

epidemiological

of P.d.‘s growth inside the

body.

pollution

Medicine,

and

in terms of molecular

clinical

a report

on changes in the numbers

host to An&kid

people

( Total

through

antibodies,

commodtties,

in the former

and

November

the country

was Spain.

on the human

environmental

on the changes of migration

Nematodes

Occurrences

by

responses and the parasites’ life cycle.

industries,

report

monoclonal

we are concerned mainly with

influence

the

reaction,

)

expect Japan 9M) cases have

understanding

research, we have been studying Anisakid biology,

in the world.

( 1996-1997),

anisakidosis

cases primarily

3,500 works and found

( 97.11%

Pathology of

of

School of Medxine

consist&?

School

1

uncooked fish or sea food contaminated

based on an analysis literature

lshikura of Clinical

which

is

antibodies

anisakidosis not

in

Hokkaido

reactive with

against

anisakidosis by P. the serodiagnosis

P.

An2.

anisakidosis.

that approximately

in Japan were Thus

we tried

In the course

one fourth

caused by to

deripiens for the identification

eslablish

Of the

P. drcipiens mOnOclonal

and serodiagnosis

of

decipiens Here, we report the specificity and feasibihty of of the monoclonal antibodies

reactive with

P. decipiens