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Peptidergic neurons in fetal spinal cord transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye
240 infusion test, there was no significant difference in the increase in blood pressure between the two groups, and in the isoproterenol infusion test there was no significant difference in the increase in heart rate between the two groups. The value of the baroreceptor slope was the same in both groups. These data suggest that the reactivity of a- and 13-adrenergic receptors is the same in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 558-563, 1991)
Role of Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor in the Gastric Arteries of Rats under Stress Masahiko Tanaka, Kazurou Itoh, Tomohiro Sakano, Emiko Itoh, Ariyoshi Iwasaki, Kyouichi Takao*, Shigeyuki Imai*, Susumu Oshiba*, Mari Nakamura**, Isamu Sakurai** and Yutaka Matsuo
Third Department of lnternal Medicine, *Second Department of Physiology, and **SecondDepartment of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan The role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in gastric mucosal blood flow was investigated in an attempt to clarify the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers induced by water-immersion stress. Male Wistar rats were fasted for 24 hours to allow gastric emptying. One hour after water-immersion stress, the vagus nerve was electrically stimulated and acetylcholine or papaverine hydrochloride, which have a relaxing effect on vascular musculature, was administered into a branch of the splenic artery. The hemodynamics of the gastric mucosa was then evaluated by means of laser Doppler blood flowmetry under anesthesia. Blood flow decreased after vagal stimulation and after administration of acetylcholine followed by stet gossypol, an EDRF inhibitor, while it increased after administration of papaverine. One hour after water-immersion stress, vagal stimulation or administration of aeetylcholine decreased blood flow, while papaverine increased it. The presence of the endothelium is very important in gastric arterial contraction and relaxation. These findings suggest that in addition to the role of sympathetic and vagal nerves, a reduction or a lack of E D R F due to injury to the endothelium may be an etiological factor in the abnormal gastric mucosal blood flow caused by water-immersion stress.
(The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 564-570, 1991)
Role of Pituitary Gland in Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Piatelet Aggregation in Rats Exposed to Stress Shigeyuki Imai, Hiroko Sawai, Hideka Suzuki, Kazuro Itoh* and Yutaka Matsuo*
Second Department of Physiology, and *ThirdDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan We examined the role of the pituitary gland in hemostatic mechanisms before and after stress. Hypophysectomized rats were subjects to restraint and water immersion stress. Thromboelastography was applied to native whole blood, and platelet aggregation was measured by the transmittance method. The hypophysectomized rats exhibited hypercoagulation after stress. Although the rate of fibrinolysis was virtually unchanged both before and after stress, its level was significantly lower than in intact rats. Platelet aggregability revealed two modes of response: (i) a decrease in adenosine diphosphate- or collagen-induced aggregation after stress; and (ii) an extreme increase in arachidonic acidinduced aggregation by comparison with intact rats both before and after stress. Adrenocorticotropic hormone caused a decrease in adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-induced aggregation. These findings suggest that the pituitary gland, together with a certain degree of involvement of the adrenal gland, may represent an important contributory factor in the normal hemostatic mechanisms. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 571-577,1991)
Peptidergic Neurons in Fetal Spinal Cord Transplanted into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye Yasuhiro Matsumoto, Shuichi Ueda and Mitsuhiro Kawata
Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602, Japan Fetal spinal cord was transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rats. The development of peptide-containing neurons in the graft was studied immunohistoehemically with four different antisera: substanee P, neuropeptide Y, methionine-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. All the peptides examined were identified in the neuronal elements (cell bodies and fibres) of the grafted spinal cord. There was a marked difference in the distribution of peptides in the transplanted spinal cord by comparison with the control spinal cord at the same stage of development.
241 These differences may be due to lack of afferent and efferent connection in the grafted spinal cord. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 578-583, 1991)
Chronic Idiopathic Aniddrosis. A Case Report and Nosologieal Considerations Yoshihiko Nakazato, Kunio Shimazu, Naotoshi Tamura, Toshimasa Yamamoto, Masahiko Sawada and Katsuhiko Hamaguchi
Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical School, Saitama 350-04, Japan A 17-year-old man was found to be severely anhidrotic and intolerant to heat-loading which produced an immediate sharp pain over the entire body surface. Clinically the patient had no autonomic dysfunctions other than anhidrosis. Hemodynamic functional tests demonstrated no overt abnormalities. The pupil size, light reflex and tear volume were normal. The sweat glands and duets of the biopsied skin were histologically normal. There was no reflex sweating in response to pilocarpine, suggesting abnormality in cholinergic receptors. A review of the literature disclosed several cases of patients suffering from chronic idiopathic anhidrosis, and/or eholinergie urticaria or sharp pain over the entire body surface. We suggest that chronic idiopathic anhidrosis is a distinct disease entity and represents a primary autonomic disease. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 584-589, 1991)
Autonomic Function in Chronic Stage Cerebrovascular Disease. Application of Digital Plethysmography Hiroko Toshima
Department of lnternal Medicine, Nanasawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Stroke Center, Kanagawa 243-0L Japan In an attempt to establish the importance of autonomic dysfunction as a prognostic sign of rehabilitation, we evaluated autonomic functions in the chronic stage of cerebrovaseular disease by a new method based on digital plethysmography. Forty-four patientswith chronic cerebrovaseular disease (duration of the disease: 2-6 months; mean age: 57.4 years) and 40 healthy subjects in their 50's were studied. Variation of the wave height on plethysmography mirrors the a-sympathetic function (coefficient of variation of wave height). The coefficient of variation of wave height equals the Standard Deviation of wave height divided by the mean of wave height x 100. Variation of the pulse-to-pulse interval mirrors
the parasympathetic function. Coefficient of variation of pulse-pulse interval equals Standard Deviation of pulsepulse interval divided by mean of pulse-pulse interval x 100. Shoulder-hand syndrome was present in 11 of the 44 patients and in 3 of the 10 patients with putaminal hemorrhage, but in none of the 5 with cortical infaretion. The coefficient of variation of wave height was 9.97% in controls, 8.90% in the patients with shoulderhand syndrome and 7.84% in the cases of putaminal hemorrhage. The coefficient was significantly lower on the hemiplegie side than on the eontralateral side. The coefficient of variation of pulse-pulse interval was 3.18% in the controls and 2.59% among the patients. There was no significant difference between patients with and without shoulder-hand syndrome, or with respect to the site of the injury. These findings have lead to the suggestion that sympathetic dysfunction in chronic eerebrovaseular disease patients is the main cause of the shoulder-hand syndrome. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 590-595, 1991)
Experimental Study of Mayer Waves in Animals with Total Artificial Hearts Tomoyuki Yambe, Shin-iehi Nitta, Yoshiaki Katahira, Taroh Sonobe, Shigeru Naganuma, Hiroshi Akiho, Yoshito Kakinuma, Hiroshi Matsuzawa, Kenji Izutsu, Yuh-ichi Kikuehi, Tohru Naganuma, Shigeo Sugawara, Motonao Tanaka, Makoto Miura*, Naoshi Sato*, Hitoshi Mohri*, Makoto Yoshizawa**, Kyou-ichiroh Izumi*** and Hiroshi Takeda***
Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Research Institute for Chest Diseases and Cancer, *Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, **Departmentof Electrical Communications, and ***Department of Electrical Engineering° Faculty of Engineerin& Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan In order to evaluate the effect of a total artificial heart replacement on the autonomic nervous system, we carried out a power spectrum analysis of the hemodynamics of animals with total artificial heart, using the fast Fourier transform and maximum entropy methods. Two pneumatically-actuated sac-type assist devices were implanted as biventrieular bypasses in 7 mongrel dogs. After bypass pumping, the natural heart was electrically fibrillated in order to produce a biventricular bypasstype of total artificial heart model. After the operation, the respiratory waves were not changed significantly (97.7 ± 24.6%), whereas the Mayer waves were signifi-
Role of Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor in the Gastric Arteries of Rats under Stress Masahiko Tanaka, Kazurou Itoh, Tomohiro Sakano, Emiko Itoh, Ariyoshi Iwasaki, Kyouichi Takao*, Shigeyuki Imai*, Susumu Oshiba*, Mari Nakamura**, Isamu Sakurai** and Yutaka Matsuo
Third Department of lnternal Medicine, *Second Department of Physiology, and **SecondDepartment of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan The role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in gastric mucosal blood flow was investigated in an attempt to clarify the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers induced by water-immersion stress. Male Wistar rats were fasted for 24 hours to allow gastric emptying. One hour after water-immersion stress, the vagus nerve was electrically stimulated and acetylcholine or papaverine hydrochloride, which have a relaxing effect on vascular musculature, was administered into a branch of the splenic artery. The hemodynamics of the gastric mucosa was then evaluated by means of laser Doppler blood flowmetry under anesthesia. Blood flow decreased after vagal stimulation and after administration of acetylcholine followed by stet gossypol, an EDRF inhibitor, while it increased after administration of papaverine. One hour after water-immersion stress, vagal stimulation or administration of aeetylcholine decreased blood flow, while papaverine increased it. The presence of the endothelium is very important in gastric arterial contraction and relaxation. These findings suggest that in addition to the role of sympathetic and vagal nerves, a reduction or a lack of E D R F due to injury to the endothelium may be an etiological factor in the abnormal gastric mucosal blood flow caused by water-immersion stress.
(The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 564-570, 1991)
Role of Pituitary Gland in Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Piatelet Aggregation in Rats Exposed to Stress Shigeyuki Imai, Hiroko Sawai, Hideka Suzuki, Kazuro Itoh* and Yutaka Matsuo*
Second Department of Physiology, and *ThirdDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan We examined the role of the pituitary gland in hemostatic mechanisms before and after stress. Hypophysectomized rats were subjects to restraint and water immersion stress. Thromboelastography was applied to native whole blood, and platelet aggregation was measured by the transmittance method. The hypophysectomized rats exhibited hypercoagulation after stress. Although the rate of fibrinolysis was virtually unchanged both before and after stress, its level was significantly lower than in intact rats. Platelet aggregability revealed two modes of response: (i) a decrease in adenosine diphosphate- or collagen-induced aggregation after stress; and (ii) an extreme increase in arachidonic acidinduced aggregation by comparison with intact rats both before and after stress. Adrenocorticotropic hormone caused a decrease in adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-induced aggregation. These findings suggest that the pituitary gland, together with a certain degree of involvement of the adrenal gland, may represent an important contributory factor in the normal hemostatic mechanisms. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 571-577,1991)
Peptidergic Neurons in Fetal Spinal Cord Transplanted into the Anterior Chamber of the Eye Yasuhiro Matsumoto, Shuichi Ueda and Mitsuhiro Kawata
Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602, Japan Fetal spinal cord was transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rats. The development of peptide-containing neurons in the graft was studied immunohistoehemically with four different antisera: substanee P, neuropeptide Y, methionine-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. All the peptides examined were identified in the neuronal elements (cell bodies and fibres) of the grafted spinal cord. There was a marked difference in the distribution of peptides in the transplanted spinal cord by comparison with the control spinal cord at the same stage of development.
241 These differences may be due to lack of afferent and efferent connection in the grafted spinal cord. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 578-583, 1991)
Chronic Idiopathic Aniddrosis. A Case Report and Nosologieal Considerations Yoshihiko Nakazato, Kunio Shimazu, Naotoshi Tamura, Toshimasa Yamamoto, Masahiko Sawada and Katsuhiko Hamaguchi
Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical School, Saitama 350-04, Japan A 17-year-old man was found to be severely anhidrotic and intolerant to heat-loading which produced an immediate sharp pain over the entire body surface. Clinically the patient had no autonomic dysfunctions other than anhidrosis. Hemodynamic functional tests demonstrated no overt abnormalities. The pupil size, light reflex and tear volume were normal. The sweat glands and duets of the biopsied skin were histologically normal. There was no reflex sweating in response to pilocarpine, suggesting abnormality in cholinergic receptors. A review of the literature disclosed several cases of patients suffering from chronic idiopathic anhidrosis, and/or eholinergie urticaria or sharp pain over the entire body surface. We suggest that chronic idiopathic anhidrosis is a distinct disease entity and represents a primary autonomic disease. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 584-589, 1991)
Autonomic Function in Chronic Stage Cerebrovascular Disease. Application of Digital Plethysmography Hiroko Toshima
Department of lnternal Medicine, Nanasawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Stroke Center, Kanagawa 243-0L Japan In an attempt to establish the importance of autonomic dysfunction as a prognostic sign of rehabilitation, we evaluated autonomic functions in the chronic stage of cerebrovaseular disease by a new method based on digital plethysmography. Forty-four patientswith chronic cerebrovaseular disease (duration of the disease: 2-6 months; mean age: 57.4 years) and 40 healthy subjects in their 50's were studied. Variation of the wave height on plethysmography mirrors the a-sympathetic function (coefficient of variation of wave height). The coefficient of variation of wave height equals the Standard Deviation of wave height divided by the mean of wave height x 100. Variation of the pulse-to-pulse interval mirrors
the parasympathetic function. Coefficient of variation of pulse-pulse interval equals Standard Deviation of pulsepulse interval divided by mean of pulse-pulse interval x 100. Shoulder-hand syndrome was present in 11 of the 44 patients and in 3 of the 10 patients with putaminal hemorrhage, but in none of the 5 with cortical infaretion. The coefficient of variation of wave height was 9.97% in controls, 8.90% in the patients with shoulderhand syndrome and 7.84% in the cases of putaminal hemorrhage. The coefficient was significantly lower on the hemiplegie side than on the eontralateral side. The coefficient of variation of pulse-pulse interval was 3.18% in the controls and 2.59% among the patients. There was no significant difference between patients with and without shoulder-hand syndrome, or with respect to the site of the injury. These findings have lead to the suggestion that sympathetic dysfunction in chronic eerebrovaseular disease patients is the main cause of the shoulder-hand syndrome. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 28: 590-595, 1991)
Experimental Study of Mayer Waves in Animals with Total Artificial Hearts Tomoyuki Yambe, Shin-iehi Nitta, Yoshiaki Katahira, Taroh Sonobe, Shigeru Naganuma, Hiroshi Akiho, Yoshito Kakinuma, Hiroshi Matsuzawa, Kenji Izutsu, Yuh-ichi Kikuehi, Tohru Naganuma, Shigeo Sugawara, Motonao Tanaka, Makoto Miura*, Naoshi Sato*, Hitoshi Mohri*, Makoto Yoshizawa**, Kyou-ichiroh Izumi*** and Hiroshi Takeda***
Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Research Institute for Chest Diseases and Cancer, *Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, **Departmentof Electrical Communications, and ***Department of Electrical Engineering° Faculty of Engineerin& Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan In order to evaluate the effect of a total artificial heart replacement on the autonomic nervous system, we carried out a power spectrum analysis of the hemodynamics of animals with total artificial heart, using the fast Fourier transform and maximum entropy methods. Two pneumatically-actuated sac-type assist devices were implanted as biventrieular bypasses in 7 mongrel dogs. After bypass pumping, the natural heart was electrically fibrillated in order to produce a biventricular bypasstype of total artificial heart model. After the operation, the respiratory waves were not changed significantly (97.7 ± 24.6%), whereas the Mayer waves were signifi-