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Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR A. Praveen a,⇑, G. Lakshmi Narayana Rao b, B. Balakrishna c a b c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla 522101, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS Institute of Technology, Ongole 523001, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada 533001, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 6 July 2017 Revised 31 October 2017 Accepted 31 October 2017 Available online xxxx Keywords: Combustion Performance Emission Exhaust gas recirculation TiO2 nano particles Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel
a b s t r a c t An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine by using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nano additives and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blend was prepared by mixing 20% of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel with 80% diesel (B20) in volumetric approach. The TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed into a B20 fuel with a dosage of 40 ppm to prepare the B2040TiO2 fuel sample. The tests were conducted on a diesel engine by using B20, B2040TiO2, B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuel samples at different load conditions. The brake thermal efficiency of B2040TiO2, B2040 TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels increased by 3.1%, 2.5%, and decreased by 1.8% for B20 + 20% EGR fuel compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. The CO and HC emissions were reduced with the addition of TiO2 nano particles to the B20 fuel and increased with the EGR method compared to the B20 fuel. The smoke emissions were increased by 16.23% and 12% for the B20 + 20%EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. The NOx emissions were reduced with the EGR technique and increased with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the biodiesel blend compared to the B20 fuel. It is concluded that Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) with the addition of TiO2 nano particles and EGR technique exhibits better engine performance and reduced emissions compared to the other fuels. Ó 2017 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction Depletion of fossil fuels and increased environmental pollution are the main concerns, to search an alternative sources for the diesel engines [1]. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to petroleum products and it contains of mono-alkyl esters of long chain unsaturated fats obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats [2]. Biodiesel can be produced by using micro emulsion with alcohols, thermal cracking and transesterification with short chain alcohols in the presence of a catalyst [3]. Biodiesel was used in diesel engines to reduce the harmful emissions (except NOx), such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and particulate matters [4]. Atabani et al. concluded that Calophyllum Inophyllum
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Praveen).
could be a potential and feasible non edible feedstock for biodiesel production in future due to their excellent physical and chemical properties [5]. Nanthagopal et al. conducted an engine testing by using the Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME100) and its blends. They found that brake thermal efficiency of CIME biodiesel blends decreases slightly. The hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions were reduced with the biodiesel blends [6]. S.M. Ashrafur Rahman et al. studied the performance of a diesel engine operated with Jatropha and Palm biodiesel blends. The results reveal that HC and CO emissions were decreases, but NOx emissions were increases for both the blends compared to diesel fuel [7]. Nanthagopal et al. investigated the effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as additives in Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel for a diesel engine. It is observed that doping of nano particles with biodiesel improves the performance and reduces the emissions of an engine [8]. Prabhu et.al studied the effect of Alumina (Al2O3) and Cerium oxide
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008 1110-0621/Ó 2017 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Nomenclature ASTM CI DI CA bTDC TiO2 B20 CTAB SEM XRD
American Society for Testing and Materials compression ignition direct injection crank angle before top dead centre titanium dioxide 20% of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel + 80% of diesel cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffractometer
(CeO2) nano additives into Jatropha biodiesel used in diesel engine. They reveal that brake thermal efficiency increased with nano additives and CO, HC, NOx and smoke emissions were reduced slightly [9]. Sajith et al. studied the effects of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles into biodiesel on the properties of fuel, engine performance, and emissions. They found that the flash point and viscosity of the biodiesel increases with the addition of the cerium oxide nanoparticles than the biodiesel. The NOx and HC emissions were reduced with the addition of nano particles into the biodiesel compared to the biodiesel [10]. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the effective method to control the combustion and emissions of a diesel engine. In EGR method, some portion of exhaust gas was recirculated into the inlet manifold to mix with intake air and then it enters into the cylinder [11]. Bharadwaja et al. studied the emission parameters of a diesel engine with EGR technique by using biodiesel blends. They found that CO, HC emissions were increases and oxides of nitrogen decreases with the EGR method [12]. Ozer Can et al. conducted an experiment in a diesel engine with different EGR rates (5, 10, 15%). The results show that maximum heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure were achieved with the combined effects of biodiesel and EGR [13]. Rajesh Kumar et al. investigated the influence of n-octanol with diesel on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with EGR. They observed that HC and CO emissions were increased with increase in EGR rates [14]. Yasin et al. studied the effect of EGR and palm biodiesel in a diesel engine. A significant reduction in the NOx emissions was observed with an increase in the fuel economy, CO, CO2, and UHC emissions with EGR [15]. Magno et al. studied the combustion process and pollutant formation of a diesel engine with pure biodiesel and its blends. In the presence of EGR, NOx emissions were reduced slightly due to the lower flame temperature occurred for biodiesel [16]. Sathiyamoorthi et al. studied the combined effects of nano emulsion and exhaust gas recirculation on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine. The combined effect of diethyl ether (DEE) addition and nano emulsified lemon gross oil (LGO25) with EGR diminishes the NOx and smoke emissions by 30.72% and 11.2% respectively than the LGO25 fuel. They are also observed that HC and CO emissions were reduced by 18.18% and 33.31%, respectively [17]. From the above literature, it is observed that the addition of nano particles to the biodiesel and its blends improves the performance and reduces the emissions of a diesel engine. Further, EGR method was used to reduce the NOx emissions of a diesel engine. Hence the present study, aims to investigate the combined effects of TiO2 nano additives with biodiesel-diesel blend and EGR technique on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine.
EDS FTIR ppm EGR BTE BSFC EGT CO HC NOx
energy dispersive spectrum Fourier transform infrared parts per million exhaust gas recirculation brake thermal efficiency brake specific fuel consumption exhaust gas temperature carbon monoxide hydrocarbon oxides of nitrogen
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Preparation of fuel samples The Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel was produced by using the transesterification process. The Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) was prepared by mixing 20% of biodiesel with 80% of diesel in volumetric basis with the aid of a magnetic stirrer. Further, TiO2 nano particles were dispersed into the B20 fuel sample with a dosage of 40 ppm and named as B2040TiO2 fuel sample. The surfactant (CTAB) was added into the B2040TiO2 fuel sample to reduce the sedimentation of nanoparticles. The details of CTAB and TiO2 nanoparticles was shown in Table 1. The properties of B20 and B2040TiO2 fuel samples were measured according to the ASTM standards and shown in the Table 2. 2.2. Preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano particles were prepared by sol–gel method. In the preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles the titanium tetra isopropoxide was added into the mixture of ethanol and deionised water in the ratio of 1:3 under constant stirring on magnetic stirrer for 1 h. Next, Nitric acid (HNO3) was added into this solution to obtain the sol gel. The prepared sol–gel was heated at 250 °C for 2 h in the furnace to evaporate the water and increase the viscosity of solution. The TiO2 crystals were deposited in the substrate after drying process. The TiO2 nano powder was obtained in nano size from the crystals. 2.3. Characterization of TiO2 nano particles XRD pattern of TiO2 nanoparticle was shown in Fig. 1. XRD pattern will shows the main reflections at (1 0 1), (2 0 0), (2 1 1) peaks as characteristic of TiO2 nano particles. All the peaks in XRD pattern shows the anatase phase of TiO2 nano particles. Surface and morphology of nano particles were carried out by using scanning electron microscopy. The size of the nanoparticle ranges from 30
Table 1 Details of TiO2 nano particles and CTAB surfactant. Name Appearance Purity Average particle size Surfactant name Chemical formula Molecular weight Melting point
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles White >95% 30–40 nm Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) C19H42NBr 364.64 g/mol >230 °C
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx Table 2 Properties of fuel samples.
B20 B2040TiO2
Density @15 °C
Flash point
Fire point
Kinematic viscosity@40 °C
Calorific value
Cetane index
843.3 844.5
68 64
76 71
3.56 3.72
41,690 41,935
53.85 53.94
Fig. 1. XRD pattern of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Fig. 2. SEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
to 40 nm. SEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles was shown in Fig. 2. The elemental composition of the TiO2 nano particles was obtained by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was shown in Fig. 3. EDS spectrum results confirm the presence of Ti and O2 elements in the composition was shown in Fig. 4. 2.4. Experimental procedure The experiments were conducted on a Kirloskar single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine coupled with an electrical dynamometer. The specifications of the engine are given in Table 3. The engine develops the rated power of 4.4 kW and run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The standard injection pressure and injection timing of the engine were 220 bar and 23° CA bTDC respectively. The engine consists of a hemispherical combustion chamber with bore diameter of 87.5 mm and stroke length of 110 mm. The piezo-electric pressure transducer was fitted onto the engine cylinder head to measure the cylinder pressure. The AVL Di gas 444N Gas Analyzer was used to measure the HC, CO and NOx emissions, whereas smoke emissions was measured by using the 437C AVL Smoke Meter. The experimental setup was shown in Fig. 5. The engine tests were carried out by using B20 and B2040TiO2 fuels with EGR and without EGR at different load conditions such as 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% respectively.
Fig. 4. Elemental composition of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Table 3 Specifications of a diesel engine. Make Type
2.5. EGR setup In this experiment, an external EGR system was arranged into the diesel engine. Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the effective method to reduce the NOx emissions in which some portion of exhaust gas from engine exhaust was sent into the inlet manifold of the engine to mix with the incoming air. The specific heat of the mixture in the combustion chamber increases and oxygen
Bore Stroke Compression ratio Rated output Rated Speed Injection Pressure Orifice diameter Co-efficient of discharge
Kirloskar Single cylinder, four stroke, Direct injection engine 87.5 110 mm 17.5:1 4.4 kW 1500 rpm 220 bar 13.4 mm 0.62
Fig. 3. EDS spectrum of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 6. Variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle.
Fig. 5. Experimental setup.
concentration decreases in this process. An orifice meter was used to measure the flow rate of the exhaust gas. The EGR rate was controlled by using an EGR valve and percentage of EGR quantity was determined by using the following Eq. (1).
%EGR ¼
ðCO2 Þintake 100 ðCO2 ÞExhaust
ð1Þ
2.6. The uncertainty analysis Fig. 7. Variation of heat release rate with crank angle.
The uncertainty analysis of the experiment was calculated by the square root of the sum of the squares of load, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, oxides of Nitrogen, and exhaust gas temperature. The overall uncertainty of the experiment was calculated as ±1.41% from the following equation.
release rate increases with the addition of nanoparticles into the biodiesel blend (B20) fuel due to the higher carbon combustion activation leads to enhance the combustion [18]. The heat release rate for the B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuel samples decreases compared to the B20 fuel due to the increased ignition
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 ðLoadÞ þ ðBPÞ2 þ ðBTEÞ2 þ ðBSFCÞ2 þ ðHCÞ2 þ ðCOÞ2 þ ðSmokeÞ þ ðNOxÞ2 þ ðEGTÞ2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ð0:8Þ2 þ ð0:5Þ2 þ ð0:8Þ2 þ ð0:4Þ2 þ ð0:3Þ2 þ ð0:2Þ2 þ ð0:2Þ2 þ ð0:3Þ2 þ ð0:2Þ2 ¼ 1:41%
The overall uncertainty of the experiment ¼
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Combustion characteristics 3.1.1. Cylinder pressure Fig. 6 shows the variations of cylinder pressure with crank angle for all the fuels at full load condition. It is observed that cylinder pressure with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the B20 fuel sample increases compared to the B20 fuel because the nanoparticles accelerates the combustion process and promotes the complete combustion [18]. The cylinder pressure reduces with exhaust gas recirculation method due to the deficiency of oxygen in the fuel leads to lowers the combustion of fuel [19]. The maximum cylinder pressure for the B20, B2040TiO2, B20 + 20% EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples was observed as 67.72, 69.52, 64.06 and 64.77 bar respectively at full load condition.
3.1.2. Heat release rate Fig. 7 shows the variations of heat release rate with crank angle for all the fuels at full load condition. It is observed that heat
delay period [17]. The heat release rate for the B20, B2040TiO2, B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels was observed as 67.20, 69.05, 61.18 and 65.69 kJ/m3 deg respectively at full load condition.
3.2. Performance characteristics 3.2.1. Brake thermal efficiency Fig. 8 shows the variations of brake thermal efficiency with brake power for all the fuels. The brake thermal efficiency was increases with increase in load for all the fuel samples. The brake thermal efficiency with the addition of nanoparticles to the B20 fuel increases compared to the B20 fuel. This is because of the nanoparticles have higher surface area to volume ratio causes more amount of fuel to react with air leads to improve the performance of an engine [20]. The brake thermal efficiency was decreases with the EGR method for both the biodiesel blends and nano additive biodiesel blends because, the exhaust gas recirculation leads to impede the combustion process and reduces the burning rate of the fuel [21]. The brake thermal efficiency for B2040TiO2,
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Fig. 8. Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power.
B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples increases by 3.1%, 2.5%, respectively, and decreases by 1.8% for B20 + 20%EGR fuel compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. 3.2.2. Brake specific fuel consumption Fig. 9 shows the variations of brake specific fuel consumption with brake power for all the fuels. The brake specific fuel consumption was decreases with increase in load for all the fuel samples. It is observed that the brake specific fuel consumption with the addition of TiO2 nano particles to the biodiesel blends decreases compared to the B20 fuel due to the reduced ignition delay period [20]. Further, the combined effect of EGR and TiO2 nano additives in the biodiesel blends increases the specific fuel consumption slightly. This is due to the lower oxygen content of the intake air leads to improve the fuel consumption [22]. 3.3. Emission characteristics
Fig. 10. Variation of CO emissions with load.
ples. This is due to the incomplete combustion of fuel with EGR technique [24]. The CO emissions were increases by 14.7%, 18.7% for B20 + 20%EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels respectively compared to the B20 fuel sample. 3.3.2. HC emissions Fig. 11 shows the variations of HC emissions with respect to the load. The HC emissions increases with increase in load for all the fuel samples. It is observed that, HC emissions decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano particles into the B20 biodiesel blend. The HC emissions were decreases by 12% for the B2040TiO2 fuel sample than the B20 fuel sample. Rich oxygen content in the biodiesel and addition of nano particles are the main reasons for the reduction of HC emissions [25]. However, HC emissions were found to be increased with EGR technique owing to the deficiency of oxygen content [26]. The HC emissions were increases by 13%, 7% for B20 + 20% EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples compared to the B20 fuel sample.
3.3.1. CO emissions Fig. 10 shows the variations of CO emission with respect to the load. The CO emissions decreases with increase in load for all the fuel samples except full load condition. It is observed that CO emissions decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano additives to the B20 biodiesel blend than the B20 fuel. The nanoparticle blended fuels shortens the ignition delay period, improves the air-fuel mixing and higher carbon combustion activation leads to complete combustion [23]. It is also observed that CO emissions were reduced by 23% for B2040TiO2 fuel than the B20 fuel sample. The CO emissions were increases with EGR for the B20 and B2040TiO2 fuel sam-
3.3.3. NOx emissions Fig. 12 shows the variations of NOx emissions with respect to the load. The NOx emissions increases with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the B20 fuel compared to the B20 fuel. It is
Fig. 9. Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with brake power.
Fig. 11. Variation of HC emissions with load.
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Fig. 12. Variation of NOx emissions with load.
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It is concluded that characterization of TiO2 nano particles such as XRD, SEM and EDX analysis confirms the TiO2 nano particles were in the anatase phase and average size in the range of 30– 40 nm. The brake thermal efficiency of B2040TiO2, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels were increased by 3.1%, 2.5%, respectively, and decreased by 1.8% for B20 + 20%EGR fuel compared to the B20 fuel sample at full load condition. The peak cylinder pressure was occurred for the B2040TiO2 fuel compared to the other fuels at full load condition. The heat release rate was higher for B2040TiO2 fuel compared to the other fuel samples at full load condition. The CO emissions was reduces by 23% for B2040TiO2 fuel and increased by 14.7, 18.7% for B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels respectively compared to the B20 fuel sample. The HC emissions were decreases by 12% for the B2040TiO2 fuel sample and increases by 13% and 7% for the B20 + 20%EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels than the B20 fuel sample. The NOx emissions were higher by 63 ppm for B2040TiO2 fuel and lower by 124, 22 ppm for the B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel sample compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. The smoke emissions were decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano particles into the B20 fuel sample and increases for the B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels compared to the B20 fuel.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIIT, Basara, TS for providing the SEM, XRD, EDS reports of TiO2 nano particles. References
Fig. 13. Variation of smoke opacity with load.
observed that NOx emissions for B2040TiO2 fuel were 63 ppm higher than the B20 fuel. This is due to increase in the cylinder pressure and corresponding temperature [27]. It is also observed that NOx emissions for B20 + 20% EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels were 124 ppm and 22 ppm lesser than the B20 fuel at full load condition because the oxygen concentration and the flame temperature of the fuel reduces in the EGR method [22]. 3.3.4. Smoke opacity Fig. 13 shows the variations of smoke opacity with respect to the load. The smoke emissions were decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano particles into the B20 fuel than the B20 fuel sample. This is due to the reduced ignition delay and improved ignition characteristics with the TiO2 nano particles into the biodiesel blends [28]. The smoke emissions for the B20 + 20% EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples were increases by 16.23% and 12% compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition due to the incomplete combustion and formation of soot. 4. Conclusions The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine by using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blend with TiO2 nano particles and EGR were investigated. The following conclusions were obtained from the experimental investigation.
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Full Length Article
Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR A. Praveen a,⇑, G. Lakshmi Narayana Rao b, B. Balakrishna c a b c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla 522101, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS Institute of Technology, Ongole 523001, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada 533001, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 6 July 2017 Revised 31 October 2017 Accepted 31 October 2017 Available online xxxx Keywords: Combustion Performance Emission Exhaust gas recirculation TiO2 nano particles Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel
a b s t r a c t An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine by using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nano additives and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blend was prepared by mixing 20% of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel with 80% diesel (B20) in volumetric approach. The TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed into a B20 fuel with a dosage of 40 ppm to prepare the B2040TiO2 fuel sample. The tests were conducted on a diesel engine by using B20, B2040TiO2, B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuel samples at different load conditions. The brake thermal efficiency of B2040TiO2, B2040 TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels increased by 3.1%, 2.5%, and decreased by 1.8% for B20 + 20% EGR fuel compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. The CO and HC emissions were reduced with the addition of TiO2 nano particles to the B20 fuel and increased with the EGR method compared to the B20 fuel. The smoke emissions were increased by 16.23% and 12% for the B20 + 20%EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. The NOx emissions were reduced with the EGR technique and increased with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the biodiesel blend compared to the B20 fuel. It is concluded that Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) with the addition of TiO2 nano particles and EGR technique exhibits better engine performance and reduced emissions compared to the other fuels. Ó 2017 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction Depletion of fossil fuels and increased environmental pollution are the main concerns, to search an alternative sources for the diesel engines [1]. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to petroleum products and it contains of mono-alkyl esters of long chain unsaturated fats obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats [2]. Biodiesel can be produced by using micro emulsion with alcohols, thermal cracking and transesterification with short chain alcohols in the presence of a catalyst [3]. Biodiesel was used in diesel engines to reduce the harmful emissions (except NOx), such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and particulate matters [4]. Atabani et al. concluded that Calophyllum Inophyllum
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Praveen).
could be a potential and feasible non edible feedstock for biodiesel production in future due to their excellent physical and chemical properties [5]. Nanthagopal et al. conducted an engine testing by using the Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME100) and its blends. They found that brake thermal efficiency of CIME biodiesel blends decreases slightly. The hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions were reduced with the biodiesel blends [6]. S.M. Ashrafur Rahman et al. studied the performance of a diesel engine operated with Jatropha and Palm biodiesel blends. The results reveal that HC and CO emissions were decreases, but NOx emissions were increases for both the blends compared to diesel fuel [7]. Nanthagopal et al. investigated the effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as additives in Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel for a diesel engine. It is observed that doping of nano particles with biodiesel improves the performance and reduces the emissions of an engine [8]. Prabhu et.al studied the effect of Alumina (Al2O3) and Cerium oxide
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008 1110-0621/Ó 2017 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Nomenclature ASTM CI DI CA bTDC TiO2 B20 CTAB SEM XRD
American Society for Testing and Materials compression ignition direct injection crank angle before top dead centre titanium dioxide 20% of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel + 80% of diesel cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide scanning electron microscopy X-ray diffractometer
(CeO2) nano additives into Jatropha biodiesel used in diesel engine. They reveal that brake thermal efficiency increased with nano additives and CO, HC, NOx and smoke emissions were reduced slightly [9]. Sajith et al. studied the effects of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles into biodiesel on the properties of fuel, engine performance, and emissions. They found that the flash point and viscosity of the biodiesel increases with the addition of the cerium oxide nanoparticles than the biodiesel. The NOx and HC emissions were reduced with the addition of nano particles into the biodiesel compared to the biodiesel [10]. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the effective method to control the combustion and emissions of a diesel engine. In EGR method, some portion of exhaust gas was recirculated into the inlet manifold to mix with intake air and then it enters into the cylinder [11]. Bharadwaja et al. studied the emission parameters of a diesel engine with EGR technique by using biodiesel blends. They found that CO, HC emissions were increases and oxides of nitrogen decreases with the EGR method [12]. Ozer Can et al. conducted an experiment in a diesel engine with different EGR rates (5, 10, 15%). The results show that maximum heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure were achieved with the combined effects of biodiesel and EGR [13]. Rajesh Kumar et al. investigated the influence of n-octanol with diesel on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with EGR. They observed that HC and CO emissions were increased with increase in EGR rates [14]. Yasin et al. studied the effect of EGR and palm biodiesel in a diesel engine. A significant reduction in the NOx emissions was observed with an increase in the fuel economy, CO, CO2, and UHC emissions with EGR [15]. Magno et al. studied the combustion process and pollutant formation of a diesel engine with pure biodiesel and its blends. In the presence of EGR, NOx emissions were reduced slightly due to the lower flame temperature occurred for biodiesel [16]. Sathiyamoorthi et al. studied the combined effects of nano emulsion and exhaust gas recirculation on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine. The combined effect of diethyl ether (DEE) addition and nano emulsified lemon gross oil (LGO25) with EGR diminishes the NOx and smoke emissions by 30.72% and 11.2% respectively than the LGO25 fuel. They are also observed that HC and CO emissions were reduced by 18.18% and 33.31%, respectively [17]. From the above literature, it is observed that the addition of nano particles to the biodiesel and its blends improves the performance and reduces the emissions of a diesel engine. Further, EGR method was used to reduce the NOx emissions of a diesel engine. Hence the present study, aims to investigate the combined effects of TiO2 nano additives with biodiesel-diesel blend and EGR technique on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine.
EDS FTIR ppm EGR BTE BSFC EGT CO HC NOx
energy dispersive spectrum Fourier transform infrared parts per million exhaust gas recirculation brake thermal efficiency brake specific fuel consumption exhaust gas temperature carbon monoxide hydrocarbon oxides of nitrogen
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Preparation of fuel samples The Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel was produced by using the transesterification process. The Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) was prepared by mixing 20% of biodiesel with 80% of diesel in volumetric basis with the aid of a magnetic stirrer. Further, TiO2 nano particles were dispersed into the B20 fuel sample with a dosage of 40 ppm and named as B2040TiO2 fuel sample. The surfactant (CTAB) was added into the B2040TiO2 fuel sample to reduce the sedimentation of nanoparticles. The details of CTAB and TiO2 nanoparticles was shown in Table 1. The properties of B20 and B2040TiO2 fuel samples were measured according to the ASTM standards and shown in the Table 2. 2.2. Preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano particles were prepared by sol–gel method. In the preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles the titanium tetra isopropoxide was added into the mixture of ethanol and deionised water in the ratio of 1:3 under constant stirring on magnetic stirrer for 1 h. Next, Nitric acid (HNO3) was added into this solution to obtain the sol gel. The prepared sol–gel was heated at 250 °C for 2 h in the furnace to evaporate the water and increase the viscosity of solution. The TiO2 crystals were deposited in the substrate after drying process. The TiO2 nano powder was obtained in nano size from the crystals. 2.3. Characterization of TiO2 nano particles XRD pattern of TiO2 nanoparticle was shown in Fig. 1. XRD pattern will shows the main reflections at (1 0 1), (2 0 0), (2 1 1) peaks as characteristic of TiO2 nano particles. All the peaks in XRD pattern shows the anatase phase of TiO2 nano particles. Surface and morphology of nano particles were carried out by using scanning electron microscopy. The size of the nanoparticle ranges from 30
Table 1 Details of TiO2 nano particles and CTAB surfactant. Name Appearance Purity Average particle size Surfactant name Chemical formula Molecular weight Melting point
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles White >95% 30–40 nm Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) C19H42NBr 364.64 g/mol >230 °C
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx Table 2 Properties of fuel samples.
B20 B2040TiO2
Density @15 °C
Flash point
Fire point
Kinematic viscosity@40 °C
Calorific value
Cetane index
843.3 844.5
68 64
76 71
3.56 3.72
41,690 41,935
53.85 53.94
Fig. 1. XRD pattern of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Fig. 2. SEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
to 40 nm. SEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles was shown in Fig. 2. The elemental composition of the TiO2 nano particles was obtained by using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was shown in Fig. 3. EDS spectrum results confirm the presence of Ti and O2 elements in the composition was shown in Fig. 4. 2.4. Experimental procedure The experiments were conducted on a Kirloskar single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine coupled with an electrical dynamometer. The specifications of the engine are given in Table 3. The engine develops the rated power of 4.4 kW and run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The standard injection pressure and injection timing of the engine were 220 bar and 23° CA bTDC respectively. The engine consists of a hemispherical combustion chamber with bore diameter of 87.5 mm and stroke length of 110 mm. The piezo-electric pressure transducer was fitted onto the engine cylinder head to measure the cylinder pressure. The AVL Di gas 444N Gas Analyzer was used to measure the HC, CO and NOx emissions, whereas smoke emissions was measured by using the 437C AVL Smoke Meter. The experimental setup was shown in Fig. 5. The engine tests were carried out by using B20 and B2040TiO2 fuels with EGR and without EGR at different load conditions such as 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% respectively.
Fig. 4. Elemental composition of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Table 3 Specifications of a diesel engine. Make Type
2.5. EGR setup In this experiment, an external EGR system was arranged into the diesel engine. Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the effective method to reduce the NOx emissions in which some portion of exhaust gas from engine exhaust was sent into the inlet manifold of the engine to mix with the incoming air. The specific heat of the mixture in the combustion chamber increases and oxygen
Bore Stroke Compression ratio Rated output Rated Speed Injection Pressure Orifice diameter Co-efficient of discharge
Kirloskar Single cylinder, four stroke, Direct injection engine 87.5 110 mm 17.5:1 4.4 kW 1500 rpm 220 bar 13.4 mm 0.62
Fig. 3. EDS spectrum of TiO2 nanoparticles.
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Fig. 6. Variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle.
Fig. 5. Experimental setup.
concentration decreases in this process. An orifice meter was used to measure the flow rate of the exhaust gas. The EGR rate was controlled by using an EGR valve and percentage of EGR quantity was determined by using the following Eq. (1).
%EGR ¼
ðCO2 Þintake 100 ðCO2 ÞExhaust
ð1Þ
2.6. The uncertainty analysis Fig. 7. Variation of heat release rate with crank angle.
The uncertainty analysis of the experiment was calculated by the square root of the sum of the squares of load, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, oxides of Nitrogen, and exhaust gas temperature. The overall uncertainty of the experiment was calculated as ±1.41% from the following equation.
release rate increases with the addition of nanoparticles into the biodiesel blend (B20) fuel due to the higher carbon combustion activation leads to enhance the combustion [18]. The heat release rate for the B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuel samples decreases compared to the B20 fuel due to the increased ignition
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 ðLoadÞ þ ðBPÞ2 þ ðBTEÞ2 þ ðBSFCÞ2 þ ðHCÞ2 þ ðCOÞ2 þ ðSmokeÞ þ ðNOxÞ2 þ ðEGTÞ2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ð0:8Þ2 þ ð0:5Þ2 þ ð0:8Þ2 þ ð0:4Þ2 þ ð0:3Þ2 þ ð0:2Þ2 þ ð0:2Þ2 þ ð0:3Þ2 þ ð0:2Þ2 ¼ 1:41%
The overall uncertainty of the experiment ¼
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Combustion characteristics 3.1.1. Cylinder pressure Fig. 6 shows the variations of cylinder pressure with crank angle for all the fuels at full load condition. It is observed that cylinder pressure with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the B20 fuel sample increases compared to the B20 fuel because the nanoparticles accelerates the combustion process and promotes the complete combustion [18]. The cylinder pressure reduces with exhaust gas recirculation method due to the deficiency of oxygen in the fuel leads to lowers the combustion of fuel [19]. The maximum cylinder pressure for the B20, B2040TiO2, B20 + 20% EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples was observed as 67.72, 69.52, 64.06 and 64.77 bar respectively at full load condition.
3.1.2. Heat release rate Fig. 7 shows the variations of heat release rate with crank angle for all the fuels at full load condition. It is observed that heat
delay period [17]. The heat release rate for the B20, B2040TiO2, B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels was observed as 67.20, 69.05, 61.18 and 65.69 kJ/m3 deg respectively at full load condition.
3.2. Performance characteristics 3.2.1. Brake thermal efficiency Fig. 8 shows the variations of brake thermal efficiency with brake power for all the fuels. The brake thermal efficiency was increases with increase in load for all the fuel samples. The brake thermal efficiency with the addition of nanoparticles to the B20 fuel increases compared to the B20 fuel. This is because of the nanoparticles have higher surface area to volume ratio causes more amount of fuel to react with air leads to improve the performance of an engine [20]. The brake thermal efficiency was decreases with the EGR method for both the biodiesel blends and nano additive biodiesel blends because, the exhaust gas recirculation leads to impede the combustion process and reduces the burning rate of the fuel [21]. The brake thermal efficiency for B2040TiO2,
Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Fig. 8. Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power.
B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples increases by 3.1%, 2.5%, respectively, and decreases by 1.8% for B20 + 20%EGR fuel compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. 3.2.2. Brake specific fuel consumption Fig. 9 shows the variations of brake specific fuel consumption with brake power for all the fuels. The brake specific fuel consumption was decreases with increase in load for all the fuel samples. It is observed that the brake specific fuel consumption with the addition of TiO2 nano particles to the biodiesel blends decreases compared to the B20 fuel due to the reduced ignition delay period [20]. Further, the combined effect of EGR and TiO2 nano additives in the biodiesel blends increases the specific fuel consumption slightly. This is due to the lower oxygen content of the intake air leads to improve the fuel consumption [22]. 3.3. Emission characteristics
Fig. 10. Variation of CO emissions with load.
ples. This is due to the incomplete combustion of fuel with EGR technique [24]. The CO emissions were increases by 14.7%, 18.7% for B20 + 20%EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels respectively compared to the B20 fuel sample. 3.3.2. HC emissions Fig. 11 shows the variations of HC emissions with respect to the load. The HC emissions increases with increase in load for all the fuel samples. It is observed that, HC emissions decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano particles into the B20 biodiesel blend. The HC emissions were decreases by 12% for the B2040TiO2 fuel sample than the B20 fuel sample. Rich oxygen content in the biodiesel and addition of nano particles are the main reasons for the reduction of HC emissions [25]. However, HC emissions were found to be increased with EGR technique owing to the deficiency of oxygen content [26]. The HC emissions were increases by 13%, 7% for B20 + 20% EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples compared to the B20 fuel sample.
3.3.1. CO emissions Fig. 10 shows the variations of CO emission with respect to the load. The CO emissions decreases with increase in load for all the fuel samples except full load condition. It is observed that CO emissions decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano additives to the B20 biodiesel blend than the B20 fuel. The nanoparticle blended fuels shortens the ignition delay period, improves the air-fuel mixing and higher carbon combustion activation leads to complete combustion [23]. It is also observed that CO emissions were reduced by 23% for B2040TiO2 fuel than the B20 fuel sample. The CO emissions were increases with EGR for the B20 and B2040TiO2 fuel sam-
3.3.3. NOx emissions Fig. 12 shows the variations of NOx emissions with respect to the load. The NOx emissions increases with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the B20 fuel compared to the B20 fuel. It is
Fig. 9. Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with brake power.
Fig. 11. Variation of HC emissions with load.
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A. Praveen et al. / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Fig. 12. Variation of NOx emissions with load.
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It is concluded that characterization of TiO2 nano particles such as XRD, SEM and EDX analysis confirms the TiO2 nano particles were in the anatase phase and average size in the range of 30– 40 nm. The brake thermal efficiency of B2040TiO2, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels were increased by 3.1%, 2.5%, respectively, and decreased by 1.8% for B20 + 20%EGR fuel compared to the B20 fuel sample at full load condition. The peak cylinder pressure was occurred for the B2040TiO2 fuel compared to the other fuels at full load condition. The heat release rate was higher for B2040TiO2 fuel compared to the other fuel samples at full load condition. The CO emissions was reduces by 23% for B2040TiO2 fuel and increased by 14.7, 18.7% for B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels respectively compared to the B20 fuel sample. The HC emissions were decreases by 12% for the B2040TiO2 fuel sample and increases by 13% and 7% for the B20 + 20%EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels than the B20 fuel sample. The NOx emissions were higher by 63 ppm for B2040TiO2 fuel and lower by 124, 22 ppm for the B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel sample compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition. The smoke emissions were decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano particles into the B20 fuel sample and increases for the B20 + 20%EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20% EGR fuels compared to the B20 fuel.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIIT, Basara, TS for providing the SEM, XRD, EDS reports of TiO2 nano particles. References
Fig. 13. Variation of smoke opacity with load.
observed that NOx emissions for B2040TiO2 fuel were 63 ppm higher than the B20 fuel. This is due to increase in the cylinder pressure and corresponding temperature [27]. It is also observed that NOx emissions for B20 + 20% EGR, B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuels were 124 ppm and 22 ppm lesser than the B20 fuel at full load condition because the oxygen concentration and the flame temperature of the fuel reduces in the EGR method [22]. 3.3.4. Smoke opacity Fig. 13 shows the variations of smoke opacity with respect to the load. The smoke emissions were decreases with the addition of TiO2 nano particles into the B20 fuel than the B20 fuel sample. This is due to the reduced ignition delay and improved ignition characteristics with the TiO2 nano particles into the biodiesel blends [28]. The smoke emissions for the B20 + 20% EGR and B2040TiO2 + 20%EGR fuel samples were increases by 16.23% and 12% compared to the B20 fuel at full load condition due to the incomplete combustion and formation of soot. 4. Conclusions The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine by using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blend with TiO2 nano particles and EGR were investigated. The following conclusions were obtained from the experimental investigation.
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Please cite this article in press as: A. Praveen et al., Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO2 nanoadditives and EGR, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008