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Performance-boosted triboelectric textile for harvesting human motion energy
Author’s Accepted Manuscript Performance-Boosted Triboelectric Textile for Harvesting Human Motion Energy Zhumei Tian, Jian He, Xi Chen, Zengxing Zhang, Tao Wen, Cong Zhai, Jianqiang Han, Jiliang Mu, Xiaojuan Hou, Xiujian Chou, Chenyang Xue www.elsevier.com/locate/nanoenergy
PII: DOI: Reference:
S2211-2855(17)30372-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.018 NANOEN2024
To appear in: Nano Energy Received date: 11 May 2017 Revised date: 3 June 2017 Accepted date: 8 June 2017 Cite this article as: Zhumei Tian, Jian He, Xi Chen, Zengxing Zhang, Tao Wen, Cong Zhai, Jianqiang Han, Jiliang Mu, Xiaojuan Hou, Xiujian Chou and Chenyang Xue, Performance-Boosted Triboelectric Textile for Harvesting Human Motion Energy, Nano Energy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.018 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Performance-Boosted Triboelectric Textile for Harvesting Human Motion Energy Zhumei Tiana,b, Jian Hea, Xi Chen a, Zengxing Zhanga, Tao Wena, Cong Zhaia, Jianqiang Hana, Jiliang Mua, Xiaojuan Houa, Xiujian Choua*, Chenyang Xuea* a
Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China,
Taiyuan, 030051, China. b
Department of electronics, Xinzhou teachers university, Xinzhou,034000, China
[email protected] [email protected] Corresponding author. Keywords: Triboelectric textile; Triboelectrification; Energy harvesting; Portable electronics; Human motion. ABSTRACT Developing flexible, lightweight and sustainable power sources is an important route to provide electricity for portable electronics. Here, we demonstrate a high-performance double-layer–stacked triboelectric textile (DTET) for harvesting human motion energy. Both the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber were adopted as effective triboelectric materials. A high output open-circuit voltage of 540 V and a short-circuit current of 140 µA can be obtained from the DTET with the size of 5 ×5 cm2, corresponding to a high peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2 at a load resistance of 10 MΩ. The output peak signal of the DTET can be used as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. With only the energy harvested from walking, running or flapping, the DTET can directly light up 100 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected serially, and drive portable electronics, such as competition timer, digital clock and electronic calculator, which indicate the potential and broad application prospects in biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics. 1
Keywords: Triboelectric textile; Triboelectrification; Energy harvesting; Portable electronics; Human motion. Graphical abstract
1. Introduction The popularity of various portable electronics and biological health monitoring devices, such as pedometers, pulse oximeters, mobile telephones, wearable watches, has greatly changed our lifestyles and brought significant convenience to us. However, providing flexible, lightweight, biologically compatible and sustainable power sources for the above-mentioned devices remains a challenging and arduous task[1]. Traditional chemical batteries have the fatal defects of limited lifetime, large size, nonflexible structure and environmentally unfriendly feature[2–5]. As a result, in addition to improving the flexibility and durability, and prolonging the lifetime of chemical batteries, the most fundamental way to solve the power supply of portable electronics is to develop technology that can constantly convert ambient energy into electricity. Despite the existence of a number of clean and renewable energy sources like solar energy and wind energy, but they are difficult to provide continuous energy due to their dependence on climatic conditions[3,6]. As a novel energy harvesting method, triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) , with the fundamental theory starting from Maxwell equations[7], have been 2
proposed to convert mechanical energy into electricity as a result of the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction[2,8–14], with the advantages of high efficiency, good reliability, low cost and environmental friendliness[15], and have been used to drive portable electronics[9,16–19], biomedical microsystems[20,21], sensor applications[19,22–27], and so on. The energy from human motion exists everywhere in our daily lives, with the advantages of environmental friendliness, effectivity and sustainability. On this basis, developing a reliable energy harvesting method that can convert human motion energy into electrical energy is an effective way for portable electronics. Many researchers focus on the field of flexible wearable power sources[6,15,28–31]. In these areas, the triboelectric textile[28,30,32–35] has attracted extensive attention on account of the characteristics of flexibility, portability and integration with clothes. Jun Chen et al. demonstrated a micro-cable power textile for harvesting energy from ambient sunshine and mechanical energy[25], Wanchul seung et al. invented a nanopatterned textile-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator[30], and Xiong Pu et al. reported the power textile by integrating the fabric nanogenerator with lithium-ion battery[29], supercapacitors[36] and fiber-shaped dye sensitized solar cells[37]. However, Most of the triboelectric textile were limited by high cost, low output performance and complicated processing technologies. For these reasons, researching lightweight, sustainable, biological compatibility and high efficiency triboelectric textile has good application prospect. Here, we design and present a lightweight, sustainable, effective, biocompatible and wearable triboelectric textile (TET) using common fabrication materials and simple processing technology, which can easily harvest energy from human motion. The designed TET adopted the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber as effective friction materials and was fabricated via traditional “plain weave”. A high output open-circuit voltage of 500 V and a short-circuit current of 60 µA can be obtained from the single-layer TET (STET). In order to further improve the output performance, a double-layer-stacked TET (DTET) with a size of 5 ×5 cm2 was fabricated, exhibiting a maximum output open-circuit voltage of 540 V and short-circuit current of 140 µA. The output power was maximized at around 22.3 mW with an external resistance of about 10 MΩ, corresponding to a high 3
peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2. There was no obvious decline in the output current obtained from the DTET over a 10-h folded test, which testifies the excellent flexibility and sustainability of the DTET. We can use the output peak signal of the DTET as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. The DTET also can harvest various forms of energy (e.g. walking, running or flapping) when fixed at different positions of a human baby, for instance under the arm or foot, or at the joint of the elbow or knee, and can produce sufficient energy to light up 100 commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected serially, charge 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF capacitors up to 10 V in 50, 80, 140 and 300 s respectively by the flapping of human palm, as well as power up a competition timer, digital clock and electronic calculator, which reveals its broad application prospects in the field of biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics. 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Fabrication of STET Fig. 1a and b illustrate the fabrication process of the STET using traditional “plain weave”. The warp adopts the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile as one of the triboelectric materials and their endpoints are connected together as the conductive electrode. The weft adopts silicone rubber as the other triboelectric material. The endpoints of the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile coated between the silicone rubber are connected as the other electrode, i.e., the inner electrode. Then, the warp and weft are inter-weaved into a 5 ×5 cm2 textile (Fig. 1c). Due to the extension of the silicone rubber and the softness of the conductive textile, the STET maintains the advantages of flexibility and biocompatibility. Fig. 1d and e show the SEM images of the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile surface, Fig. 1f and g show the SEM images of the silicone rubber film surface. The surface structure of the Nicoated polyester conductive textile and silicone rubber film effectively enhance the friction output performance[5,32]. 2.2. Power Generation Mechanism and Output Performance of STET 4
The power generation mechanism of the STET is shown in Fig. 2a and b, which is based on the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. When an external object, such as a human palm, is applied to the STET, palm skin will make contact with the conductive textile and the silicone rubber. Since the silicone rubber, conductive textile and palm skin have different abilities to obtain electrons[29], the silicone rubber surface becomes negatively charged, while the part of the palm skin that contacts with the silicone rubber is positively charged. Meanwhile, the conductive textile has a positive charge and the part of the palm skin that contacts with the conductive textile is negatively charged. When the palm starts to move apart from the STET, an electric potential difference is produced, which causes electrons to flow from the inner electrode of the silicone rubber to the conductive electrode of the conductive textile through an external circuit to balance the generated triboelectric electric potential. When the separation distance between the human palm and STET reaches a maximum, a static equilibrium occurs and the electrons stop flowing. When the human palm is applied to the STET again, electrons will flow back from the conductive electrode of the conductive textile to the inner electrode of silicone rubber. Then, a periodical AC electrical signal can be generated through a periodic contact and separation process. The output performance of the STET in contact-separation mode is systematically measured using a linear motor to imitate human movement (Fig. S1). Under a given frequency of 3 Hz and a force of 300 N, increasing short-circuit currents of 7, 12, 30 and 60 µA can be obtained as the size increases from 2×2, 3×3, 4×4 to 5 ×5 cm2 (Fig. 2c). The reason may be that larger sizes correspond to larger contact areas, which can produce more charges with larger current. The textile with a size of 5 ×5 cm2 is adopted unless otherwise specified. The frequency of contact-separation movement also affects the output performance. For instance, when the contact-separation frequency increases from 1.5, 2, 2.5 to 3 Hz under the force of 300 N, the short-circuit current will increases from 20, 26, 50 to 60 µA, respectively (Fig. 2d). The reason can be explained that the contact-separation time become shorter with higher frequencies, but the same charge would be generated, meaning a larger current. 5
Under a given frequency of 3 Hz and a size of 5 ×5 cm2, the short-circuit current can reach 60 µA (Fig. 2e) and the open-circuit voltage is recorded at 500 V (Fig. 2f). An opposite electrical signal was observed when the electrode of the STET was connected in reverse (Fig. S2a). With a rectifier, the negative current can be reversed into a positive current (Fig. S2b). 2.3. Fabrication and Output Performance of DTET In order to further improve the output performance of the TET, a DTET was fabricated (Fig. 3a and b). Two single-layer triboelectric textile (STET) were overlapped, the inner electrodes of the two STETs were connected directly as one electrode of the DTET, and the conductive electrodes of the two STETs were connected directly as the other electrode of the DTET. By this means, the two STETs were connected in parallel way. A thin silicone rubber film was stacked between the two STETs, which plays an important role in insulation and avoids the mutual interference of the AC electrical signal generated by the two STETs. Meanwhile, the silicone rubber film can increase the effective contact area with the conductive textile, which enhances the output performance of the DTET. Fig. 3c and d present the output performance of the DTET, under a given frequency of 3 Hz, the peak short-circuit current could reach 140 µA, which is dramatically improved compared with previous reports[1,15,28–31,34,36–38](Table S1 in supporting information), and its peak open-circuit voltage could reach 540 V. This parallel cascade structure provides a new strategy to solve the conflict of large voltage and low current with TET. Fig. 3e displays the peak voltage and current as a function of external load resistances. It can be seen that the peak voltage increases with increasing resistances, while the peak current changes according to the opposite trend. Alternatively, the peak power increases at first and then decreases, reaching a maximum value of 22.3 mW at a load resistance of about 10 MΩ (Fig. 3f), corresponding to a peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2. The peak surface power density is defined by W=Ppeak/A, where A is the area of the triboelectric textile and is set as 5 × 5 cm2, Ppeak is the peak power of the textile when the external resistance is about 10MΩ. 6
As a wearable triboelectric textile, the durability of the DTET is an important factor in determining whether it can be put into practical applications. Using a continuous contact-separation process for 10 h under a given frequency of 3 Hz and force of 300 N, there was no significant decline in the morphology and performance of the DTET (Fig. S3). At the same time, as a wearable energy harvesting device, it is extremely important to convert human motion energy into electrical energy. An output short-circuit current of 160 µA and an open-circuit voltage of 600 V (Fig. S4) can be obtained only by flapping the DTET with a human palm, which exceeds the output performance of the motor imitate test. The reason may be that there exists closer contact between the palm and the DTET because of the palm’s flexibility. Fig. 3g shows the charging curve of various commercial capacitors under a given frequency of 3 Hz and force of 300 N. The voltage can be charged up to 10 V in around 8, 28, 54 and 120 s for capacitors of 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF, respectively. The charging and discharging curves of various capacitors were also tested when the DTET was flapped by a human palm (Fig. 3h). In the process of charging, the voltage of capacitors increase when the DTET is flapped by a human palm, the voltage can reach 10 V in 50, 80, 140 and 300 s, respectively. Not until the voltage of capacitor reaches 10V do we stop flapping. Then the voltage of capacitor will decrease. The reason may be that the electrolytic capacitance leakage loss is large, and the test instrument probe also have an energy loss in the measurement process. For the capacitor of 22 µF, its voltage still exceed 3V after a period of 600 s. There would be a longer charge time to reach a specified voltage for the larger capacitor, it also has a longer discharge time, so the larger capacitor can be used for storing much more electric energy. Fig. 4a-f show the corresponding output short-circuit current when using different friction materials, such as terylene, cotton, rubber, fur, silk and nylon, to flap the DTET. The corresponding short-circuit currents all can exceed 100 µA. The DTET can be fixed at various parts of human body to harvest energy from human motion, for example, under the arm (Fig. 5a), at the elbow joint (Fig. 5b), under the foot (Fig. 5c) and at the knee joint (Fig. 5d). The corresponding short-circuit currents can reach 30, 4, 40 and 15 µA, respectively. 2.4. Applications of DTET 7
To demonstrate the applications of the DTET, we fixed the DTET at various parts of human body to harvest human motion energy (Fig. 6a). A output peak signal of the DTET corresponds to once contact-separation movement, such as leg or other body movement, so using this peak signal as sensor trigger signal, a movement monitoring equipment can be designed (Fig. 6b, Fig. S5, Supplementary Video 1), which reveal the broad application prospects in biological health monitoring. The electric energy generated through walking, running or flapping can directly drive 100 LEDs connected serially, as shown in Supplementary Video 2, 3, which indicate that the DTET can be applied to outdoor exploration, troop marching and other occasions as self-powering illuminating devices. The DTET also has broad applications for wearable portable electronics. With a simple rectifier bridge circuit (Fig. S6), the competition timer, the digital clock and electronic calculator (Fig. 6c), could easily be powered up by the DTET through walking, running or flapping, as long as there exists a relative movement, as shown in Supplementary Videos 4–6. 3. Conclusions We have demonstrated a TET with high energy output performance and excellent flexibility for harvesting human motion energy. A high open-circuit voltage of 500 V and a short-circuit current of 60 μA can be obtained from STET. A higher output performance can be obtained from a DTET, with an open-circuit voltage of 540 V and short-circuit current of 140 µA. The output power was maximized at around 22.3 mW with an external resistance of about 10 MΩ, corresponding to a high peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2. The peak signal of the DTET can be used as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. It also can be fixed at different positions of the human body as long as there exists relative motion, for example, under the arm or foot, or at the joint of the elbow or knee. Without any help from external power sources, the DTET was capable of generating sufficient power for a variety of practical applications, including charging 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF capacitors up to 10 V in 50, 80, 140 and 300 s by the flapping of human palm, powering up 100 LEDs connected in series or driving a competition timer, digital clock or electronic calculator through 8
different forms of human motion, including walking, running or flapping. This reveal the wide application prospects of the DTET in biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics. 4. Experimental Section Fabrication of STET The silicone rubber mixture was obtained by uniformly mixing silicone rubber and the curing agent (50:1 by weight ratio) in a beaker and coated onto a piece of Ni-coated polyester conductive textile with a thickness of 500 µm, then placed into a vacuum box to remove bubbles and cured at a temperature of 70°C for 2 h to form a rubber film. The Ni-coated polyester conductive textile (thickness of 100 µm) was tailed into belts with a width of 8 mm and laid onto the rubber film to form a belt-rubber film. The prepared silicone rubber mixture was coated onto the belt-rubber film with a thickness of 750 µm, then cured in the vacuum box to remove bubbles and cured at a temperature of 70°C for 2 h again. Subsequently, the final prepared mixture film was peeled off from the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile before being tailed into strips with a width of 10 mm. The Ni-coated polyester conductive textile belt (10 mm) and mixture film belt (10 mm) were fabricated in accordance with the traditional method of plain weave. The weight of the STET prepared according to the above process is 4.60g. All the conductive textile belts were connected as the conductive electrode, and all the conductive textile belts coated in the silicone rubber film were connected as the other electrode-inner electrode. Fabrication of DTET Double layers of STET were overlapped, during which silicone rubber film with a thickness of 250 µm was placed as an isolated layer. The weight of the DTET prepared according to the above process is 10.58g. Then, the electrodes of the two STETs were connected in parallel way. Characterization and Measurement The surface morphology of the Nickel (Ni)-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber were analysed by SEM. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the STET (DTET) were measured using a digital source meter (Keithley 6514 electrometer). Two pieces of cow leather were 9
fastened onto the free end and the fixed end of the linear motor to imitate the palm skin, then the STET (DTET) was fastened onto the fixed end of the linear motor, which simulated the relative motion of the palm skin to the linear motor. The pressure sensor (QLMH-P) and high speed response display instrument (QL-8016) were used to detect and display the pressure information. Supporting Information Supporting Figures Available: (1) Schematic diagram illustrating the measurement process using a linear motor to imitate human movement. (2) Reverse-connected short-circuit current and rectified short-circuit current of the STET. (3) Mechanical durability test of the DTET. (4) Output short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the DTET flapped by a human palm. (5) Schematic diagram illustrating the movement monitoring equipment. (6) Schematic diagram illustrating the drive circuit for electronic device. Supporting Table Available: Comparison of the triboelectric textile in this work with previously reported results. Supporting Videos Available: (1) Supporting video of a pedometer using the peak signal of the DTET as trigger signal when walking. (2) Supporting video of lighting up 100 commercial LEDs when running (fixed at the knee joint). (3) Supporting video of lighting up 100 commercial LEDs when walking (fixed under the foot). (4) Supporting video of driving a competition timer when running (fixed under the arm). (5) Supporting video of driving a digital clock when running (fixed under the arm). (6) Supporting video of driving an electronic calculator when flapped by human palm. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interest. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No.61525107) and the National High Technology Research and Development (863) Program of China (Grant No.2015AA042601). References 10
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Zhumei Tian. Zhumei Tian is a PhD candiadate in North University of China, and she is an associate professor in Xinzhou Teachers University. Her main research topics are devoted to energy harvesting and functional material.
Jian He. Jian He obtained his PhD in 2014 from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Now he is an associate professor in North University of China. His main research topics are devoted to energy harvesting and MEMS devices.
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Xi Chen. Xi Chen received his B.S. degree from North University of China (2016). Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests include nanogenerator and mechanical energy harvester.
Zengxing Zhang. Zengxing Zhang received his B.S. degree in Microelectronics (2011) from North University of China. Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests are mainly focused on energy harvesting and functional material.
Tao Wen. Tao Wen received his B.S. degree in Microelectronics (2015) from North University of China. Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests are new type of micro electromagnetic generator.
Cong Zhai. Cong Zhai received his B.S. degree from North University of China (2016). Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests are energy harvesting and managing circuit.
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Jianqiang Han. Jianqiang Han achieved his PhD degree of microelectronics and solid electronics at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014. He is currently engaged in energy harvesting circuit and sensor interface IC design.
Jiliang Mu. Jiliang Mu has achieved his PhD degree from North University of China in 2016. Currently he works at the school of Instrument and Electronics and is engaged in the following research: MEMS design and integration, micro/nano materials.
Xiaojuan Hou. Xiaojuan Hou obtained her Ph.D. in 2015 from Huazhong University of Science and Technology of China. Now she is an associate professor in North University of China. Her main research topics are devoted to energy harvesting and functional material.
Xiujian Chou. Xiujian Chou works at the School of Instrument and Electronics of the NUC. He received his PhD degree while studying Material Physics and Chemistry at Tongji University in 2008. Currently he is engaged in intelligent micro/nano device and micro system.
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Chenyang Xue. Chenyang Xue completed his PhD in the study of semiconductor materials in Athens, Greece, at the National University of Science and Technology in 2003. He works in the National Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology in NUC, and is currently engaged in novel mico/nano devices, solid spectroscopy, and micro-optical sensors.
Fig. 1 (a) and (b) Fabrication process of the STET. (c) Photographic image of the STET. SEM images of the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile surface at (d) high and (e) low magnifications. SEM images of the silicone rubber film surface at (f) high and (g) low magnifications. 16
Fig. 2 Power generation mechanism and output performance of the STET. (a) Schematic illustration and (b) power generation mechanism of STET contacted with palm skin. (c) Short-circuit current of the 17
STET with different sizes. (d) Short-circuit current of the STET with different frequencies. (e) Shortcircuit current and (f) Open-circuit voltage of the STET under a frequency of 3Hz and a size of 5 ×5 cm2.
Fig. 3 Structure and output performance of the DTET. (a) Structure diagram and (b) magnified detail diagram of the DTET. (c) Short-circuit current and (d) open-circuit voltage of the DTET.
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(e) Dependence of the peak voltage and peak current of the DTET on load resistances. (f) Dependence of the peak power on load resistances. Charging curves of 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF capacitors charged by the DTET under a given frequency of 3 Hz and force of 300 N (g) or flapped by a human palm (h).
Fig. 4 Photographic image and short-circuit current of the DTET flapped using different materials.(a) terylene, (b) cotton, (c) rubber, (d) fur, (e) silk , (f) nylon.
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Fig. 5 Photographic image and short-circuit current of the DTET fixed at different positions of human body. (a) under the arm, (b) at the elbow joint, (c) under the foot, (d) at the knee joint.
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Fig. 6 Application demonstrations of the DTET. (a) DTET fixed at different positions of the human body. (b) Sensor application of the DTET. (c) Portable electronics applications of the DTET.
Highlights
A double-layer–stacked triboelectric textile is proposed.
The high output performance of the triboelectric textile are demonstrated.
The practical application of the triboelectric textile in the fields of human motion signal detection and human motion energy harvesting are proved.
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PII: DOI: Reference:
S2211-2855(17)30372-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.018 NANOEN2024
To appear in: Nano Energy Received date: 11 May 2017 Revised date: 3 June 2017 Accepted date: 8 June 2017 Cite this article as: Zhumei Tian, Jian He, Xi Chen, Zengxing Zhang, Tao Wen, Cong Zhai, Jianqiang Han, Jiliang Mu, Xiaojuan Hou, Xiujian Chou and Chenyang Xue, Performance-Boosted Triboelectric Textile for Harvesting Human Motion Energy, Nano Energy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.018 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Performance-Boosted Triboelectric Textile for Harvesting Human Motion Energy Zhumei Tiana,b, Jian Hea, Xi Chen a, Zengxing Zhanga, Tao Wena, Cong Zhaia, Jianqiang Hana, Jiliang Mua, Xiaojuan Houa, Xiujian Choua*, Chenyang Xuea* a
Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China,
Taiyuan, 030051, China. b
Department of electronics, Xinzhou teachers university, Xinzhou,034000, China
[email protected] [email protected] Corresponding author. Keywords: Triboelectric textile; Triboelectrification; Energy harvesting; Portable electronics; Human motion. ABSTRACT Developing flexible, lightweight and sustainable power sources is an important route to provide electricity for portable electronics. Here, we demonstrate a high-performance double-layer–stacked triboelectric textile (DTET) for harvesting human motion energy. Both the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber were adopted as effective triboelectric materials. A high output open-circuit voltage of 540 V and a short-circuit current of 140 µA can be obtained from the DTET with the size of 5 ×5 cm2, corresponding to a high peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2 at a load resistance of 10 MΩ. The output peak signal of the DTET can be used as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. With only the energy harvested from walking, running or flapping, the DTET can directly light up 100 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected serially, and drive portable electronics, such as competition timer, digital clock and electronic calculator, which indicate the potential and broad application prospects in biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics. 1
Keywords: Triboelectric textile; Triboelectrification; Energy harvesting; Portable electronics; Human motion. Graphical abstract
1. Introduction The popularity of various portable electronics and biological health monitoring devices, such as pedometers, pulse oximeters, mobile telephones, wearable watches, has greatly changed our lifestyles and brought significant convenience to us. However, providing flexible, lightweight, biologically compatible and sustainable power sources for the above-mentioned devices remains a challenging and arduous task[1]. Traditional chemical batteries have the fatal defects of limited lifetime, large size, nonflexible structure and environmentally unfriendly feature[2–5]. As a result, in addition to improving the flexibility and durability, and prolonging the lifetime of chemical batteries, the most fundamental way to solve the power supply of portable electronics is to develop technology that can constantly convert ambient energy into electricity. Despite the existence of a number of clean and renewable energy sources like solar energy and wind energy, but they are difficult to provide continuous energy due to their dependence on climatic conditions[3,6]. As a novel energy harvesting method, triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) , with the fundamental theory starting from Maxwell equations[7], have been 2
proposed to convert mechanical energy into electricity as a result of the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction[2,8–14], with the advantages of high efficiency, good reliability, low cost and environmental friendliness[15], and have been used to drive portable electronics[9,16–19], biomedical microsystems[20,21], sensor applications[19,22–27], and so on. The energy from human motion exists everywhere in our daily lives, with the advantages of environmental friendliness, effectivity and sustainability. On this basis, developing a reliable energy harvesting method that can convert human motion energy into electrical energy is an effective way for portable electronics. Many researchers focus on the field of flexible wearable power sources[6,15,28–31]. In these areas, the triboelectric textile[28,30,32–35] has attracted extensive attention on account of the characteristics of flexibility, portability and integration with clothes. Jun Chen et al. demonstrated a micro-cable power textile for harvesting energy from ambient sunshine and mechanical energy[25], Wanchul seung et al. invented a nanopatterned textile-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator[30], and Xiong Pu et al. reported the power textile by integrating the fabric nanogenerator with lithium-ion battery[29], supercapacitors[36] and fiber-shaped dye sensitized solar cells[37]. However, Most of the triboelectric textile were limited by high cost, low output performance and complicated processing technologies. For these reasons, researching lightweight, sustainable, biological compatibility and high efficiency triboelectric textile has good application prospect. Here, we design and present a lightweight, sustainable, effective, biocompatible and wearable triboelectric textile (TET) using common fabrication materials and simple processing technology, which can easily harvest energy from human motion. The designed TET adopted the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber as effective friction materials and was fabricated via traditional “plain weave”. A high output open-circuit voltage of 500 V and a short-circuit current of 60 µA can be obtained from the single-layer TET (STET). In order to further improve the output performance, a double-layer-stacked TET (DTET) with a size of 5 ×5 cm2 was fabricated, exhibiting a maximum output open-circuit voltage of 540 V and short-circuit current of 140 µA. The output power was maximized at around 22.3 mW with an external resistance of about 10 MΩ, corresponding to a high 3
peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2. There was no obvious decline in the output current obtained from the DTET over a 10-h folded test, which testifies the excellent flexibility and sustainability of the DTET. We can use the output peak signal of the DTET as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. The DTET also can harvest various forms of energy (e.g. walking, running or flapping) when fixed at different positions of a human baby, for instance under the arm or foot, or at the joint of the elbow or knee, and can produce sufficient energy to light up 100 commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected serially, charge 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF capacitors up to 10 V in 50, 80, 140 and 300 s respectively by the flapping of human palm, as well as power up a competition timer, digital clock and electronic calculator, which reveals its broad application prospects in the field of biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics. 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Fabrication of STET Fig. 1a and b illustrate the fabrication process of the STET using traditional “plain weave”. The warp adopts the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile as one of the triboelectric materials and their endpoints are connected together as the conductive electrode. The weft adopts silicone rubber as the other triboelectric material. The endpoints of the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile coated between the silicone rubber are connected as the other electrode, i.e., the inner electrode. Then, the warp and weft are inter-weaved into a 5 ×5 cm2 textile (Fig. 1c). Due to the extension of the silicone rubber and the softness of the conductive textile, the STET maintains the advantages of flexibility and biocompatibility. Fig. 1d and e show the SEM images of the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile surface, Fig. 1f and g show the SEM images of the silicone rubber film surface. The surface structure of the Nicoated polyester conductive textile and silicone rubber film effectively enhance the friction output performance[5,32]. 2.2. Power Generation Mechanism and Output Performance of STET 4
The power generation mechanism of the STET is shown in Fig. 2a and b, which is based on the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. When an external object, such as a human palm, is applied to the STET, palm skin will make contact with the conductive textile and the silicone rubber. Since the silicone rubber, conductive textile and palm skin have different abilities to obtain electrons[29], the silicone rubber surface becomes negatively charged, while the part of the palm skin that contacts with the silicone rubber is positively charged. Meanwhile, the conductive textile has a positive charge and the part of the palm skin that contacts with the conductive textile is negatively charged. When the palm starts to move apart from the STET, an electric potential difference is produced, which causes electrons to flow from the inner electrode of the silicone rubber to the conductive electrode of the conductive textile through an external circuit to balance the generated triboelectric electric potential. When the separation distance between the human palm and STET reaches a maximum, a static equilibrium occurs and the electrons stop flowing. When the human palm is applied to the STET again, electrons will flow back from the conductive electrode of the conductive textile to the inner electrode of silicone rubber. Then, a periodical AC electrical signal can be generated through a periodic contact and separation process. The output performance of the STET in contact-separation mode is systematically measured using a linear motor to imitate human movement (Fig. S1). Under a given frequency of 3 Hz and a force of 300 N, increasing short-circuit currents of 7, 12, 30 and 60 µA can be obtained as the size increases from 2×2, 3×3, 4×4 to 5 ×5 cm2 (Fig. 2c). The reason may be that larger sizes correspond to larger contact areas, which can produce more charges with larger current. The textile with a size of 5 ×5 cm2 is adopted unless otherwise specified. The frequency of contact-separation movement also affects the output performance. For instance, when the contact-separation frequency increases from 1.5, 2, 2.5 to 3 Hz under the force of 300 N, the short-circuit current will increases from 20, 26, 50 to 60 µA, respectively (Fig. 2d). The reason can be explained that the contact-separation time become shorter with higher frequencies, but the same charge would be generated, meaning a larger current. 5
Under a given frequency of 3 Hz and a size of 5 ×5 cm2, the short-circuit current can reach 60 µA (Fig. 2e) and the open-circuit voltage is recorded at 500 V (Fig. 2f). An opposite electrical signal was observed when the electrode of the STET was connected in reverse (Fig. S2a). With a rectifier, the negative current can be reversed into a positive current (Fig. S2b). 2.3. Fabrication and Output Performance of DTET In order to further improve the output performance of the TET, a DTET was fabricated (Fig. 3a and b). Two single-layer triboelectric textile (STET) were overlapped, the inner electrodes of the two STETs were connected directly as one electrode of the DTET, and the conductive electrodes of the two STETs were connected directly as the other electrode of the DTET. By this means, the two STETs were connected in parallel way. A thin silicone rubber film was stacked between the two STETs, which plays an important role in insulation and avoids the mutual interference of the AC electrical signal generated by the two STETs. Meanwhile, the silicone rubber film can increase the effective contact area with the conductive textile, which enhances the output performance of the DTET. Fig. 3c and d present the output performance of the DTET, under a given frequency of 3 Hz, the peak short-circuit current could reach 140 µA, which is dramatically improved compared with previous reports[1,15,28–31,34,36–38](Table S1 in supporting information), and its peak open-circuit voltage could reach 540 V. This parallel cascade structure provides a new strategy to solve the conflict of large voltage and low current with TET. Fig. 3e displays the peak voltage and current as a function of external load resistances. It can be seen that the peak voltage increases with increasing resistances, while the peak current changes according to the opposite trend. Alternatively, the peak power increases at first and then decreases, reaching a maximum value of 22.3 mW at a load resistance of about 10 MΩ (Fig. 3f), corresponding to a peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2. The peak surface power density is defined by W=Ppeak/A, where A is the area of the triboelectric textile and is set as 5 × 5 cm2, Ppeak is the peak power of the textile when the external resistance is about 10MΩ. 6
As a wearable triboelectric textile, the durability of the DTET is an important factor in determining whether it can be put into practical applications. Using a continuous contact-separation process for 10 h under a given frequency of 3 Hz and force of 300 N, there was no significant decline in the morphology and performance of the DTET (Fig. S3). At the same time, as a wearable energy harvesting device, it is extremely important to convert human motion energy into electrical energy. An output short-circuit current of 160 µA and an open-circuit voltage of 600 V (Fig. S4) can be obtained only by flapping the DTET with a human palm, which exceeds the output performance of the motor imitate test. The reason may be that there exists closer contact between the palm and the DTET because of the palm’s flexibility. Fig. 3g shows the charging curve of various commercial capacitors under a given frequency of 3 Hz and force of 300 N. The voltage can be charged up to 10 V in around 8, 28, 54 and 120 s for capacitors of 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF, respectively. The charging and discharging curves of various capacitors were also tested when the DTET was flapped by a human palm (Fig. 3h). In the process of charging, the voltage of capacitors increase when the DTET is flapped by a human palm, the voltage can reach 10 V in 50, 80, 140 and 300 s, respectively. Not until the voltage of capacitor reaches 10V do we stop flapping. Then the voltage of capacitor will decrease. The reason may be that the electrolytic capacitance leakage loss is large, and the test instrument probe also have an energy loss in the measurement process. For the capacitor of 22 µF, its voltage still exceed 3V after a period of 600 s. There would be a longer charge time to reach a specified voltage for the larger capacitor, it also has a longer discharge time, so the larger capacitor can be used for storing much more electric energy. Fig. 4a-f show the corresponding output short-circuit current when using different friction materials, such as terylene, cotton, rubber, fur, silk and nylon, to flap the DTET. The corresponding short-circuit currents all can exceed 100 µA. The DTET can be fixed at various parts of human body to harvest energy from human motion, for example, under the arm (Fig. 5a), at the elbow joint (Fig. 5b), under the foot (Fig. 5c) and at the knee joint (Fig. 5d). The corresponding short-circuit currents can reach 30, 4, 40 and 15 µA, respectively. 2.4. Applications of DTET 7
To demonstrate the applications of the DTET, we fixed the DTET at various parts of human body to harvest human motion energy (Fig. 6a). A output peak signal of the DTET corresponds to once contact-separation movement, such as leg or other body movement, so using this peak signal as sensor trigger signal, a movement monitoring equipment can be designed (Fig. 6b, Fig. S5, Supplementary Video 1), which reveal the broad application prospects in biological health monitoring. The electric energy generated through walking, running or flapping can directly drive 100 LEDs connected serially, as shown in Supplementary Video 2, 3, which indicate that the DTET can be applied to outdoor exploration, troop marching and other occasions as self-powering illuminating devices. The DTET also has broad applications for wearable portable electronics. With a simple rectifier bridge circuit (Fig. S6), the competition timer, the digital clock and electronic calculator (Fig. 6c), could easily be powered up by the DTET through walking, running or flapping, as long as there exists a relative movement, as shown in Supplementary Videos 4–6. 3. Conclusions We have demonstrated a TET with high energy output performance and excellent flexibility for harvesting human motion energy. A high open-circuit voltage of 500 V and a short-circuit current of 60 μA can be obtained from STET. A higher output performance can be obtained from a DTET, with an open-circuit voltage of 540 V and short-circuit current of 140 µA. The output power was maximized at around 22.3 mW with an external resistance of about 10 MΩ, corresponding to a high peak surface power density of 0.892 mW/cm2. The peak signal of the DTET can be used as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. It also can be fixed at different positions of the human body as long as there exists relative motion, for example, under the arm or foot, or at the joint of the elbow or knee. Without any help from external power sources, the DTET was capable of generating sufficient power for a variety of practical applications, including charging 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF capacitors up to 10 V in 50, 80, 140 and 300 s by the flapping of human palm, powering up 100 LEDs connected in series or driving a competition timer, digital clock or electronic calculator through 8
different forms of human motion, including walking, running or flapping. This reveal the wide application prospects of the DTET in biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics. 4. Experimental Section Fabrication of STET The silicone rubber mixture was obtained by uniformly mixing silicone rubber and the curing agent (50:1 by weight ratio) in a beaker and coated onto a piece of Ni-coated polyester conductive textile with a thickness of 500 µm, then placed into a vacuum box to remove bubbles and cured at a temperature of 70°C for 2 h to form a rubber film. The Ni-coated polyester conductive textile (thickness of 100 µm) was tailed into belts with a width of 8 mm and laid onto the rubber film to form a belt-rubber film. The prepared silicone rubber mixture was coated onto the belt-rubber film with a thickness of 750 µm, then cured in the vacuum box to remove bubbles and cured at a temperature of 70°C for 2 h again. Subsequently, the final prepared mixture film was peeled off from the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile before being tailed into strips with a width of 10 mm. The Ni-coated polyester conductive textile belt (10 mm) and mixture film belt (10 mm) were fabricated in accordance with the traditional method of plain weave. The weight of the STET prepared according to the above process is 4.60g. All the conductive textile belts were connected as the conductive electrode, and all the conductive textile belts coated in the silicone rubber film were connected as the other electrode-inner electrode. Fabrication of DTET Double layers of STET were overlapped, during which silicone rubber film with a thickness of 250 µm was placed as an isolated layer. The weight of the DTET prepared according to the above process is 10.58g. Then, the electrodes of the two STETs were connected in parallel way. Characterization and Measurement The surface morphology of the Nickel (Ni)-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber were analysed by SEM. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the STET (DTET) were measured using a digital source meter (Keithley 6514 electrometer). Two pieces of cow leather were 9
fastened onto the free end and the fixed end of the linear motor to imitate the palm skin, then the STET (DTET) was fastened onto the fixed end of the linear motor, which simulated the relative motion of the palm skin to the linear motor. The pressure sensor (QLMH-P) and high speed response display instrument (QL-8016) were used to detect and display the pressure information. Supporting Information Supporting Figures Available: (1) Schematic diagram illustrating the measurement process using a linear motor to imitate human movement. (2) Reverse-connected short-circuit current and rectified short-circuit current of the STET. (3) Mechanical durability test of the DTET. (4) Output short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the DTET flapped by a human palm. (5) Schematic diagram illustrating the movement monitoring equipment. (6) Schematic diagram illustrating the drive circuit for electronic device. Supporting Table Available: Comparison of the triboelectric textile in this work with previously reported results. Supporting Videos Available: (1) Supporting video of a pedometer using the peak signal of the DTET as trigger signal when walking. (2) Supporting video of lighting up 100 commercial LEDs when running (fixed at the knee joint). (3) Supporting video of lighting up 100 commercial LEDs when walking (fixed under the foot). (4) Supporting video of driving a competition timer when running (fixed under the arm). (5) Supporting video of driving a digital clock when running (fixed under the arm). (6) Supporting video of driving an electronic calculator when flapped by human palm. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interest. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No.61525107) and the National High Technology Research and Development (863) Program of China (Grant No.2015AA042601). References 10
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Zhumei Tian. Zhumei Tian is a PhD candiadate in North University of China, and she is an associate professor in Xinzhou Teachers University. Her main research topics are devoted to energy harvesting and functional material.
Jian He. Jian He obtained his PhD in 2014 from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Now he is an associate professor in North University of China. His main research topics are devoted to energy harvesting and MEMS devices.
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Xi Chen. Xi Chen received his B.S. degree from North University of China (2016). Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests include nanogenerator and mechanical energy harvester.
Zengxing Zhang. Zengxing Zhang received his B.S. degree in Microelectronics (2011) from North University of China. Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests are mainly focused on energy harvesting and functional material.
Tao Wen. Tao Wen received his B.S. degree in Microelectronics (2015) from North University of China. Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests are new type of micro electromagnetic generator.
Cong Zhai. Cong Zhai received his B.S. degree from North University of China (2016). Now, he is a postgraduate student in North University of China. His research interests are energy harvesting and managing circuit.
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Jianqiang Han. Jianqiang Han achieved his PhD degree of microelectronics and solid electronics at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014. He is currently engaged in energy harvesting circuit and sensor interface IC design.
Jiliang Mu. Jiliang Mu has achieved his PhD degree from North University of China in 2016. Currently he works at the school of Instrument and Electronics and is engaged in the following research: MEMS design and integration, micro/nano materials.
Xiaojuan Hou. Xiaojuan Hou obtained her Ph.D. in 2015 from Huazhong University of Science and Technology of China. Now she is an associate professor in North University of China. Her main research topics are devoted to energy harvesting and functional material.
Xiujian Chou. Xiujian Chou works at the School of Instrument and Electronics of the NUC. He received his PhD degree while studying Material Physics and Chemistry at Tongji University in 2008. Currently he is engaged in intelligent micro/nano device and micro system.
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Chenyang Xue. Chenyang Xue completed his PhD in the study of semiconductor materials in Athens, Greece, at the National University of Science and Technology in 2003. He works in the National Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology in NUC, and is currently engaged in novel mico/nano devices, solid spectroscopy, and micro-optical sensors.
Fig. 1 (a) and (b) Fabrication process of the STET. (c) Photographic image of the STET. SEM images of the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile surface at (d) high and (e) low magnifications. SEM images of the silicone rubber film surface at (f) high and (g) low magnifications. 16
Fig. 2 Power generation mechanism and output performance of the STET. (a) Schematic illustration and (b) power generation mechanism of STET contacted with palm skin. (c) Short-circuit current of the 17
STET with different sizes. (d) Short-circuit current of the STET with different frequencies. (e) Shortcircuit current and (f) Open-circuit voltage of the STET under a frequency of 3Hz and a size of 5 ×5 cm2.
Fig. 3 Structure and output performance of the DTET. (a) Structure diagram and (b) magnified detail diagram of the DTET. (c) Short-circuit current and (d) open-circuit voltage of the DTET.
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(e) Dependence of the peak voltage and peak current of the DTET on load resistances. (f) Dependence of the peak power on load resistances. Charging curves of 1, 4.7, 10 and 22 µF capacitors charged by the DTET under a given frequency of 3 Hz and force of 300 N (g) or flapped by a human palm (h).
Fig. 4 Photographic image and short-circuit current of the DTET flapped using different materials.(a) terylene, (b) cotton, (c) rubber, (d) fur, (e) silk , (f) nylon.
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Fig. 5 Photographic image and short-circuit current of the DTET fixed at different positions of human body. (a) under the arm, (b) at the elbow joint, (c) under the foot, (d) at the knee joint.
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Fig. 6 Application demonstrations of the DTET. (a) DTET fixed at different positions of the human body. (b) Sensor application of the DTET. (c) Portable electronics applications of the DTET.
Highlights
A double-layer–stacked triboelectric textile is proposed.
The high output performance of the triboelectric textile are demonstrated.
The practical application of the triboelectric textile in the fields of human motion signal detection and human motion energy harvesting are proved.
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