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Performance contract analysis in the detection of malingering
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Abstractsfmm the 17thAnnualMeeting
expertise.Only 2070of the programssurveyedoffered a course in neuropsychology~BI whichwas typicallycoveredonlyGeneralNeuropsychology.Of thoseofferingsuchtraining, it appearsto be limitedin natureand content,suggestingthatmanytrainingprogramsdo not yet see the importanceof this trainingin their curriculum.A series of suggestedtraining experiencesis offered to help training programs meet the needs of school psychology graduatestudents.The seriesincludesan outlineof the followingsections:(a) Introduction to TBI; (b) Fundamentalsof braindevelopmentand function;Bestpracticesin assessmentof TBI students;and (d) Schoolreentryand appropriateprograrnmingfor TBI students. Zigler,L. Y., & Williams,M. Pe@ortnance Contrast Analysis in the Detection of Malingering.
Malingeringis a consciousattemptto falselyrepresentor exaggeratethepresenceof physicalor psychologicalsymptomsforfinancialor othercompensation. Malingeringis extxemelycommon amongpatientsreferredforevaluationof mildtraumaticbraininjury,estimatesrangefrom33 to 60 percentof all patientscomplainingof persistentpostconcussivesymptoms.One aspectof malingeringthathasnotbeensystematically examinedis thetendencyof mrdingeringpatientsto producepatternsof symptomsandtestperformancesthatare discrepantfromknownpatternsof mg suchdiscrepancies illness.Thefollowingstudyexaminedan empiricalmethodfor summariz” called, PerformanceContrastAnalysis.The procedureuses multipleregmsion analysesto generateexpectedpatternsof performancederivedfmmpremorbidstatusandinterrelationships of subtestsof the WechslerAdultIntelligenceScale-Revisala commonclinicalneuropsychologicaltestusedto examinetraumaticbraininjury.Thederivedexpectedscoresfor fourgroups of subjectswere compared:Nom-nalingering Uninjured,MalingeringUninj@ Injured in LitigationandInjurednotin Litigation.It washypothesizedthattheMalingeringUninjuredand Injuredin Litigationgroupswouldshowthegreatestdiscrepancyscores.Resultswereconsistent withhypothesesfor thecontrastbaseduponWAIS-Rsubtests:theUninjuredMalingeringgroup had thegreatestdiscrepancy,followedby theInjuredin Litigation.TheInjurednot in Litigation groupwas similarto the Nonrnalingering Uninjuredsubjects.The formulabasedon premorbid statuswas also statisticallysignificantbut not as discriminatingas the subtestcontrast.These resultsclearlysuggestthatmalingeringsubjectsare muchmorelikelyto violateknownpatterns of relationshipsembodiedin the WAIS-Rsubtests.PerformanceContmstAnalysisbasedupon thesesubtestsshouldserveas a uniqueclinicaltoolin the detectionof malingering. Zrnich,S., & Bowman,M. Short-Form WMS-R Scores for General Memory and Delayed Recall: Evaluating the Predictive Utility of the Woodard and Axelrod Formulae in an Ambulatov Head-Injured Population.
The predictiveutility of a short form of the WechslerMemory Scale-Revised(WMS-R) (Woodard& Axelrod,1995)was evaluatedin a clinicalsampleof head-injuredworkers.The data consistedof WMS-Rscoresfrom 99 head-injuredmale workersreferredfor neuropsychologicalassessmentat the Workers’CompensationBoard of British Columbia,Canada. The Woodardand Axelrod (1995) formulaewere used to predict full scores for General MemoryandDelayedRecall,andtheseweretestedagainstthe actualfull scoresin two ways. First, correlationsbetweenthe estimatedand actualfull scoreswere obtained.There was a significantcorrelationbetweenestimatedandactualfullscoresfor bothGeneralMemoryand DelayedRecallindices (r= .98, p = .001;r = .98,p = .001).Secondly,regressionanalyses were performedin order to evaluatethe predictivestrengthof the shortform scores.These yieldeda multipleR2 of .96 for GeneralMemory,and .97 for DelayedRecallscores.These resultsshowthat the shortversionof thesetwo core indicesof the WMS-Rpredictthe full obtainedscoresat a significantlyaccuratelevel in this sampleof head-injuredworkers.
Abstractsfmm the 17thAnnualMeeting
expertise.Only 2070of the programssurveyedoffered a course in neuropsychology~BI whichwas typicallycoveredonlyGeneralNeuropsychology.Of thoseofferingsuchtraining, it appearsto be limitedin natureand content,suggestingthatmanytrainingprogramsdo not yet see the importanceof this trainingin their curriculum.A series of suggestedtraining experiencesis offered to help training programs meet the needs of school psychology graduatestudents.The seriesincludesan outlineof the followingsections:(a) Introduction to TBI; (b) Fundamentalsof braindevelopmentand function;Bestpracticesin assessmentof TBI students;and (d) Schoolreentryand appropriateprograrnmingfor TBI students. Zigler,L. Y., & Williams,M. Pe@ortnance Contrast Analysis in the Detection of Malingering.
Malingeringis a consciousattemptto falselyrepresentor exaggeratethepresenceof physicalor psychologicalsymptomsforfinancialor othercompensation. Malingeringis extxemelycommon amongpatientsreferredforevaluationof mildtraumaticbraininjury,estimatesrangefrom33 to 60 percentof all patientscomplainingof persistentpostconcussivesymptoms.One aspectof malingeringthathasnotbeensystematically examinedis thetendencyof mrdingeringpatientsto producepatternsof symptomsandtestperformancesthatare discrepantfromknownpatternsof mg suchdiscrepancies illness.Thefollowingstudyexaminedan empiricalmethodfor summariz” called, PerformanceContrastAnalysis.The procedureuses multipleregmsion analysesto generateexpectedpatternsof performancederivedfmmpremorbidstatusandinterrelationships of subtestsof the WechslerAdultIntelligenceScale-Revisala commonclinicalneuropsychologicaltestusedto examinetraumaticbraininjury.Thederivedexpectedscoresfor fourgroups of subjectswere compared:Nom-nalingering Uninjured,MalingeringUninj@ Injured in LitigationandInjurednotin Litigation.It washypothesizedthattheMalingeringUninjuredand Injuredin Litigationgroupswouldshowthegreatestdiscrepancyscores.Resultswereconsistent withhypothesesfor thecontrastbaseduponWAIS-Rsubtests:theUninjuredMalingeringgroup had thegreatestdiscrepancy,followedby theInjuredin Litigation.TheInjurednot in Litigation groupwas similarto the Nonrnalingering Uninjuredsubjects.The formulabasedon premorbid statuswas also statisticallysignificantbut not as discriminatingas the subtestcontrast.These resultsclearlysuggestthatmalingeringsubjectsare muchmorelikelyto violateknownpatterns of relationshipsembodiedin the WAIS-Rsubtests.PerformanceContmstAnalysisbasedupon thesesubtestsshouldserveas a uniqueclinicaltoolin the detectionof malingering. Zrnich,S., & Bowman,M. Short-Form WMS-R Scores for General Memory and Delayed Recall: Evaluating the Predictive Utility of the Woodard and Axelrod Formulae in an Ambulatov Head-Injured Population.
The predictiveutility of a short form of the WechslerMemory Scale-Revised(WMS-R) (Woodard& Axelrod,1995)was evaluatedin a clinicalsampleof head-injuredworkers.The data consistedof WMS-Rscoresfrom 99 head-injuredmale workersreferredfor neuropsychologicalassessmentat the Workers’CompensationBoard of British Columbia,Canada. The Woodardand Axelrod (1995) formulaewere used to predict full scores for General MemoryandDelayedRecall,andtheseweretestedagainstthe actualfull scoresin two ways. First, correlationsbetweenthe estimatedand actualfull scoreswere obtained.There was a significantcorrelationbetweenestimatedandactualfullscoresfor bothGeneralMemoryand DelayedRecallindices (r= .98, p = .001;r = .98,p = .001).Secondly,regressionanalyses were performedin order to evaluatethe predictivestrengthof the shortform scores.These yieldeda multipleR2 of .96 for GeneralMemory,and .97 for DelayedRecallscores.These resultsshowthat the shortversionof thesetwo core indicesof the WMS-Rpredictthe full obtainedscoresat a significantlyaccuratelevel in this sampleof head-injuredworkers.