- Email: [email protected]
Performance Effects of Extended Feeding of Monensin to Eimeria-Challenged Tom Turkeys
QU)OO Applied Poultry Science, Inc
PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF EXTENDED FEEDING OF MONENSIN TO EIMERIA I
CHALLENGED TOMTURKEYS R. H.WELLENREITER', K. L.WATKINS, J. D. "RITES, and K. D. POE Elanco Animal Health, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Greenfield IN 46140 Phone: (317) 277-4428 F M : (317) 277-4532 E-mail: [email protected]
cause turkeys were believed to be completely DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM immune to coccidia after 8-10 wk of age. Coccidiosis in poultry is a parasitic disease, caused by protozoa of the genusEimeria, that can result in major economic losses [l]. Over the years, management practice changes, such as confinement rearing, have resulted in recognition that coccidia are a major cause of economic loss to the turkey industry [2, 31. Management of coccidiosis has evolved to the regular inclusion of an anticoccidial in the feed for control. Historically, anticoccidials have not been used beyond 8-9 wk of age be1 To whom
correspondence should be addressed
Monensin is approved for use in the feed of growing turkeys in the United States at 5490 @ton from day of age to market with no mandatory withdrawal period. Because of reports from industry trials of the benefits of feeding an anticoccidial, specifically monensin, beyond the traditional 8-9 wk, we conducted several floor pen trials to evaluate the feeding of monensin to turkeys up to market age. The data reported herein are from a trial in which monensin was fed, in a step-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Veterinarians, Live Production Managers, Growers
Research Report 157
WELLENREITERet al.
down program of monensin vs. no monensin, to tom turkeys for either 0,8, 12, or 16 wk of an 18-wk growout period.
heat duringbroodingwas provided by infrared heat lamps, one per pen. Space heating in the growout facility was provided, as needed, by gas furnaces. Ventilation in the growout facility was by manually controlled exhaust fans. 'kmperature extremes in the growout facility ranged from a low of 52°F to a high of 74°F A six-feed, corn-soy-based, commercial tom feeding programwas used during the trial. The age fed and major nutrient content of each diet are given in Table 2. All pens were equipped with hanging, tube-type feeders for the first 3 wk, one trough feeder for the last 15 wk, and an automatic bell-shaped drinker that provided adequate feeding and watering space to ensure ad libitum intake of feed and water for all birds. The poults for each pen were groupweighed prior to placement in the pen. The birds were group-weighed at 8,12, and 18 wk of age. Group weights were not obtained when the last group was removed from monensin at 16 wk of age in order to keep the stress of handling of the birds to a minimum. All turkeys that died, or those that became moribund and were euthanized, were weighed at the time of the first observation of death or a condition which required removal. Body weight of removed birds was used in the calculation of feed efficiency. Feed issuance and feed weighed back were recorded by pen. Feed was weighed back at the time of diet changes and on bird weigh days. Animal health was monitored by twicedaily observation of the birds and by necropsy of dead or removed buds. Period and cumulative feed efficiency were calculated using pen as the experimental unit. Feed efficiency was calculated by dividing total feed consumption for the pen by total weight gain for that pen, which included weight gain (if any) of birds that died or were removed. On Day 28 of the trial, each pen was sprayed with a mixture of approximately 28,000,000 sporulated oocysts containing Eimeria meleagrimitis (35%), E. gallopavonis (15%), E. adenoeides (15%), and E. dispersa (35%). The strains of Eimeria had been recently isolated from commercial turkey facilities in the United States. Oocyst counts were conducted by pen at approximately 6 wk (2 wk after seeding the pens), 8 wk (time monensin was removed from the first group), 10 wk (2 wk after monensin was removed from the
MATERIALS ANDMETHODS
F
TABLE 1. Experimental design
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
The treatments listed inTable 1were evaluated in Nicholas 88 tom turkeys. By the end of the trial at 18wk, all of the turkeys had been off monensin for at least 2 wk. Since the objective was to evaluate the effect of extended feedingof monensin, no antibiotic growth promotant was fed during the trial. Each of the treatments was fed to five pens of tom turkeys, with 52 birds in each pen at the time of poult placement (1040 poults total). The brooder floor pen facility provided approximately 0.8 ft2 of floor space per bird for the first 3 wk of the trial. At 3 wk of age, the birds were moved to a growout floor that floor space provided approximately 4 ft of facility per bird for the last 15 wk. Each pen was bedded with fresh wood shavings prior to placement of the birds in the pens. Wet litter was removed, and the pens were top-dressed with fresh shavings as necessary during the trial. Only artificial lighting was used during the trial. During the first 3 wk, the birds were provided 20 hr of full light (approximately 5 footcandles at bird level) and 4 hr of dim light (approximately1footcandle at bird level) using incandescent lights. During Weeks 4-15 in the growout facility, the buds were provided 24 hr of full light (approximately5footcandles at bird level) using fluorescent lights over the pens and incandescent lights over the aisle way. During the last 3 wk, the birds were provided with 24 hr of dim hght (approximately 3 footcandles at bird level), using fluorescent lights over the pens. Heating and ventilation during brooding were electronically controlled. Supplemental
JAPR MONENSIN FOR TURKEYS
158 TABLE 2. &e fed and nutrient compositia I of diets
DIET
WEEKSPED
PROTEIN %
Pre-starter
1,2,3
28.00
Starter 1
4,596
26.00
Starter 2
7,8,9
24.00
Grower 1
10,11,12,13
2150
Grower 2
14,15,16
19.00
Finisher
17,18
16.9
ment. Live weight at 12 wk was equal to the control treatment for birds removed from monensin at 8 wk of age and for one of the two treatments (five pens) that continued on monensin at 67 glton at 9-12 wk of age. Birds in the other five pens that continued on monensin at 67 glton at 9-12 wk of age were significantly heavier than the control birds at l2 wk of age. At trial termination, turkeys removed from monensin at 8 wk of age were equal in weight to the control treatment birds. "hkeys that were fed monensin through 12 wk of age were significantly heavier than the control treatment birds by 1.11 lb, and significantly heavier than the turkeys fed monensin through 16 wk of age by 0.45 lb. %keys fed monensin through 16 wk of age were also significantly heavier than the control birds (0.66 lb).
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION LIVE WEIGHT Treatment means for average live weight at the end of each period (i.e., 8,l2, and 18 wk) are presented in Table 3. The final live weight data indicate that the turkeys on this trial performed very well, with weights approaching 37 lb at 18 wk of age. Live weight was sign%cantly (P< .05 unless otherwise indicated) heavier for all three groups of turkeys fed monensin at 75 @ton for the first 8 wk compared to the control (non-medicated) treat-
TREATMENT
8WK
FEED EFmCIENCY AND FEED CONSUMPTION Treatment means for period feed efficiency (ie., 0-8,9-12, 13-18, and 0-18 wk) and average feed consumption per bird are presented in Table 4. Average feed consumption was essentially equal for birds on all four treatments. As with the live weight data, the feed efficiency data indicate excellent performance, with feed efficiency for 36-37 lb turkeys just slightly greater than 2.5. Feed
12 WK
18 W K
Control
10.Zb
2153b
36.11C
Monensin 75-0-0
1056a
21.8Yb
36.4P
Monensin 75-67-0
10.63* 10.608
22.08=
37.22'
21.81ab
36.nb
Monensin 75-67-60
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
first group), 14 wk (2 wk after monensin was removed from the second group), and 18 wk (end of trial). ltvo pens per treatment, chosen at random, were sampled at each sampling time. One fresh dropping sample was collected from five predetermined locationsfrom each selected pen and placed in a container. The composite fecal sample was diluted to a standard volume, and oocysts were counted using the McMasters flotation technique. No attempt was made to speciate the oocysts. Counts are expressed as total oocysts per gram of fecal material. An analysis of variance for a randomized complete block design was performed with pen as the experimental unit. 'Iteatment means were separated using pair-wise comparisons.
Research Report WELLENREITER et al.
TREATMENT
159
0-8WK
9-12 WK
13-18 WK
0-18 WK
Control
1.663'
2,243'
3576a
2574a
92.9
AVERAGE
FEED BIRD^ lb
Monensin 75+0+0
1.616b
2.2v
35Wb
2549ab
93.0
Monensin 75+67+0
1.Wb
2.245'
3.463ab
2526b
94.0
Monensin '75-+67-+60
l.Wb
2 . w
3.mb
2521b
92.7
BArithmeticmeans. "keans with common superscript letters are not significantly different (P e .OS).
FECAL OOCYST COUNTS Results of fecal oocyst counts are presented in Figure 1. The presence of oocysts in the fecal material of 6-wk-old toms demonstrated that the turkeys received adequate exposure to the parasite to elicit a coccidial infection.Monensin medication reduced fecal oocyst shedding at 6, 8, and 10 wk. Oocyst
counts suggest that the birds that never received monensin became immune to the infective species by 14 wk of age. lbrkeys withdrawn from monensin at 8 wk of age experienced a large increase in fecal oocyst counts 2 wk later, suggesting that these birds were not immune by 10 wk. No oocysts were found in any fecal material at 14 wk. At 18 wk of age (trial termination), oocysts were found in one pen of turkeys that had been fed monensin to 12 wk of age, further suggesting that these birds were not immune even at 18 wk of age. McDougald [2] and Cabel et al. [6] reported that monensin reduced oocyst shedding in turkeys. Medina et al. [A reported large increases in fecal oocyst counts from turkeys withdrawn from various anticoccidials (Coban [8], Stenerol [9], Avatec [lo], and Zoamix [ll]) at 70 days of age. Data from an eight-state field survey suggested that 74% of commercial turkeys were shedding coccidial oocysts at 12 wk of age [3]. MORTAL,ITY/BIRDREMOVAL Mortality and bird removal data are presented in Table 5. Mortality averaged 9.9% for the four treatments, with no treatment-related effect. Total animal removals averaged 16.7% for the four treatments, with no treatment-related effect. Total removals were increased primarily by a high number of turkeys with pendulous crops that were removed.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
efficiency data indicate that birds fed monensin for the first 8 wk had significantly improved feed efficiency relative to the nonmedicated birds during this period. Feed efficiency during the 9-12 wk period was not significantly affected by treatment. %keys that continuedto receive monensin at 60 g/ton at l3-16 wk of age had slgniticantly improved feed efficiencyduringthe period compared to the non-medicated control group. At trial termination at 18 wk of age, turkeys fed monensin for 12 or 16wk had signtficantlyimproved feed efficiencyrelative to the non-medicated treatment. %keys fed monensin for only the first 8 wk failed to exhibit a significant improvement of feed efficiency at 18 wk of age. Anderson et al. [4] also reported that monensin improved wetght gain and feed conversion in experimentally challenged floorpen reared turkeys. Firman and Kirn [5] observed that feeding monensin beyond 10 wk of age did not affect final body weight or feed efficiency.However, Firman and Kim [SI did not report on the status of the coccidial challenge during their floor-pen trial.
MONENSIN FOR TURKEYS
160 16000 u)
14000
- - - Non-med
a
Li E 12000
-0- C-75-0-0
m L w 10000
4C -75 -67 -0
L
8 c C
3
o
8000
6000
0 c
4000
6
2000
0
. -
J
I
Y
8
6
10
14
18
Week FIGURE 1. Effect of anticoccidial programs on fecal oocyst counts
TREATMENT
MORTALXY
I
Control
Monensin 75-r0+0 Monensin 75+67+0 Monensin 75-6740
TOTAL REMOVED
%
%
9.6= 9.6' 9.4' ll.la
17.78 14.9a 16.0' 18.3'
~
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The benefit of monensin was clearly demonstrated during the first 8 wk of the trial when
the coccidial challenge was greatest. All treatments that received monensin had turkeys with significantlyheavier body weights and significantly improved feed efficiency at 8 wk. 2. Tom turkeys challenged with coccidia and fed monensin to either l2 or 16 wk of age were significantly heavier and had significantly improved feed efficiency at 18 wk of age compared with toms not fed monensin. Feed efficiency of tom turkeys fed monensin to 16 wk of age was significantlyimproved during the l3-18 wk period, demonstrating the effectiveness of the extended feeding of monensin. 3. Fecal oocyst counts indicated that a coccidial challenge was present, and that the weight and feed efficiency advantages due to monensin after 8 wk were due, at least in part, to the control of coccidia. The presence of oocysts in some of the pens following removal of monensin from the feed at 8 wk indicated that a challenge was still present in those pens. These data suggest that turkey toms may require more than 10 wk to become immune to Eimeria. Therefore, the extended feedingof monensin beyond the traditional 8-9 wk of age may result in heavier final body weights and improved feed efficiency at 18 wk of age.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
%
0
Research Report 161
WLLENREITER et al.
REFERENCESAND Noms 34:509-525.
6. Cabel, M.C. and P.W. Waldroup, 1991. Effect of different coccidiostats on performance of large white turkeys. Poultry !%A. 70241-249.
2. McDougald, LR, 1976. Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults. Poultly Sci. 552442-2447.
Chandng-Santkgo,and A. Bickford, 1997. Comparison
1. Reid W.M. 1990. Historv of avian medicine in the United States. k. Control of coccidiosis. Avian Dis.
3. Edgsr, SA., 1986. coccidiosis in turk Biolop and incidence. Pages 116-123 in:Research inzcidiosrs. Proc. Georgia CoccidiosisConf., Athens, GA. 4. Anderson, W.L, W.M.Reid,and LR McDougald, 1976. Efficacy of monensin against turkey coccidiosis in laboratory and floor-pen expenments. Avian Dis. 20387-394.
of Eimeria counts in meat turkeys using four different coccidiostats.Pages6445 in: Western Poultly Dis. Conf., Sacramento,CA. 8. Coban is a trademark for Elanco’s brand of monensin sodium. 9. Halofunginone hydrobromide (Hoechst-Roussel
Vet). 10. Lasalocid sodium (Roche Vitamins, Inc.).
11.Zoalene (ALPHARMA, Inc.).
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
5. Firman, J.D. md B.N. Kim, 1989. Research Note: Effects of monensin and bambermycins on the mance of market turkeys. Poultly Sci. MI:1724-17&?or-
7. Medlna, EA., A. Mireles, V. Won& J. Reeder, S.
PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF EXTENDED FEEDING OF MONENSIN TO EIMERIA I
CHALLENGED TOMTURKEYS R. H.WELLENREITER', K. L.WATKINS, J. D. "RITES, and K. D. POE Elanco Animal Health, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Greenfield IN 46140 Phone: (317) 277-4428 F M : (317) 277-4532 E-mail: [email protected]
cause turkeys were believed to be completely DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM immune to coccidia after 8-10 wk of age. Coccidiosis in poultry is a parasitic disease, caused by protozoa of the genusEimeria, that can result in major economic losses [l]. Over the years, management practice changes, such as confinement rearing, have resulted in recognition that coccidia are a major cause of economic loss to the turkey industry [2, 31. Management of coccidiosis has evolved to the regular inclusion of an anticoccidial in the feed for control. Historically, anticoccidials have not been used beyond 8-9 wk of age be1 To whom
correspondence should be addressed
Monensin is approved for use in the feed of growing turkeys in the United States at 5490 @ton from day of age to market with no mandatory withdrawal period. Because of reports from industry trials of the benefits of feeding an anticoccidial, specifically monensin, beyond the traditional 8-9 wk, we conducted several floor pen trials to evaluate the feeding of monensin to turkeys up to market age. The data reported herein are from a trial in which monensin was fed, in a step-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Veterinarians, Live Production Managers, Growers
Research Report 157
WELLENREITERet al.
down program of monensin vs. no monensin, to tom turkeys for either 0,8, 12, or 16 wk of an 18-wk growout period.
heat duringbroodingwas provided by infrared heat lamps, one per pen. Space heating in the growout facility was provided, as needed, by gas furnaces. Ventilation in the growout facility was by manually controlled exhaust fans. 'kmperature extremes in the growout facility ranged from a low of 52°F to a high of 74°F A six-feed, corn-soy-based, commercial tom feeding programwas used during the trial. The age fed and major nutrient content of each diet are given in Table 2. All pens were equipped with hanging, tube-type feeders for the first 3 wk, one trough feeder for the last 15 wk, and an automatic bell-shaped drinker that provided adequate feeding and watering space to ensure ad libitum intake of feed and water for all birds. The poults for each pen were groupweighed prior to placement in the pen. The birds were group-weighed at 8,12, and 18 wk of age. Group weights were not obtained when the last group was removed from monensin at 16 wk of age in order to keep the stress of handling of the birds to a minimum. All turkeys that died, or those that became moribund and were euthanized, were weighed at the time of the first observation of death or a condition which required removal. Body weight of removed birds was used in the calculation of feed efficiency. Feed issuance and feed weighed back were recorded by pen. Feed was weighed back at the time of diet changes and on bird weigh days. Animal health was monitored by twicedaily observation of the birds and by necropsy of dead or removed buds. Period and cumulative feed efficiency were calculated using pen as the experimental unit. Feed efficiency was calculated by dividing total feed consumption for the pen by total weight gain for that pen, which included weight gain (if any) of birds that died or were removed. On Day 28 of the trial, each pen was sprayed with a mixture of approximately 28,000,000 sporulated oocysts containing Eimeria meleagrimitis (35%), E. gallopavonis (15%), E. adenoeides (15%), and E. dispersa (35%). The strains of Eimeria had been recently isolated from commercial turkey facilities in the United States. Oocyst counts were conducted by pen at approximately 6 wk (2 wk after seeding the pens), 8 wk (time monensin was removed from the first group), 10 wk (2 wk after monensin was removed from the
MATERIALS ANDMETHODS
F
TABLE 1. Experimental design
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
The treatments listed inTable 1were evaluated in Nicholas 88 tom turkeys. By the end of the trial at 18wk, all of the turkeys had been off monensin for at least 2 wk. Since the objective was to evaluate the effect of extended feedingof monensin, no antibiotic growth promotant was fed during the trial. Each of the treatments was fed to five pens of tom turkeys, with 52 birds in each pen at the time of poult placement (1040 poults total). The brooder floor pen facility provided approximately 0.8 ft2 of floor space per bird for the first 3 wk of the trial. At 3 wk of age, the birds were moved to a growout floor that floor space provided approximately 4 ft of facility per bird for the last 15 wk. Each pen was bedded with fresh wood shavings prior to placement of the birds in the pens. Wet litter was removed, and the pens were top-dressed with fresh shavings as necessary during the trial. Only artificial lighting was used during the trial. During the first 3 wk, the birds were provided 20 hr of full light (approximately 5 footcandles at bird level) and 4 hr of dim light (approximately1footcandle at bird level) using incandescent lights. During Weeks 4-15 in the growout facility, the buds were provided 24 hr of full light (approximately5footcandles at bird level) using fluorescent lights over the pens and incandescent lights over the aisle way. During the last 3 wk, the birds were provided with 24 hr of dim hght (approximately 3 footcandles at bird level), using fluorescent lights over the pens. Heating and ventilation during brooding were electronically controlled. Supplemental
JAPR MONENSIN FOR TURKEYS
158 TABLE 2. &e fed and nutrient compositia I of diets
DIET
WEEKSPED
PROTEIN %
Pre-starter
1,2,3
28.00
Starter 1
4,596
26.00
Starter 2
7,8,9
24.00
Grower 1
10,11,12,13
2150
Grower 2
14,15,16
19.00
Finisher
17,18
16.9
ment. Live weight at 12 wk was equal to the control treatment for birds removed from monensin at 8 wk of age and for one of the two treatments (five pens) that continued on monensin at 67 glton at 9-12 wk of age. Birds in the other five pens that continued on monensin at 67 glton at 9-12 wk of age were significantly heavier than the control birds at l2 wk of age. At trial termination, turkeys removed from monensin at 8 wk of age were equal in weight to the control treatment birds. "hkeys that were fed monensin through 12 wk of age were significantly heavier than the control treatment birds by 1.11 lb, and significantly heavier than the turkeys fed monensin through 16 wk of age by 0.45 lb. %keys fed monensin through 16 wk of age were also significantly heavier than the control birds (0.66 lb).
RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION LIVE WEIGHT Treatment means for average live weight at the end of each period (i.e., 8,l2, and 18 wk) are presented in Table 3. The final live weight data indicate that the turkeys on this trial performed very well, with weights approaching 37 lb at 18 wk of age. Live weight was sign%cantly (P< .05 unless otherwise indicated) heavier for all three groups of turkeys fed monensin at 75 @ton for the first 8 wk compared to the control (non-medicated) treat-
TREATMENT
8WK
FEED EFmCIENCY AND FEED CONSUMPTION Treatment means for period feed efficiency (ie., 0-8,9-12, 13-18, and 0-18 wk) and average feed consumption per bird are presented in Table 4. Average feed consumption was essentially equal for birds on all four treatments. As with the live weight data, the feed efficiency data indicate excellent performance, with feed efficiency for 36-37 lb turkeys just slightly greater than 2.5. Feed
12 WK
18 W K
Control
10.Zb
2153b
36.11C
Monensin 75-0-0
1056a
21.8Yb
36.4P
Monensin 75-67-0
10.63* 10.608
22.08=
37.22'
21.81ab
36.nb
Monensin 75-67-60
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
first group), 14 wk (2 wk after monensin was removed from the second group), and 18 wk (end of trial). ltvo pens per treatment, chosen at random, were sampled at each sampling time. One fresh dropping sample was collected from five predetermined locationsfrom each selected pen and placed in a container. The composite fecal sample was diluted to a standard volume, and oocysts were counted using the McMasters flotation technique. No attempt was made to speciate the oocysts. Counts are expressed as total oocysts per gram of fecal material. An analysis of variance for a randomized complete block design was performed with pen as the experimental unit. 'Iteatment means were separated using pair-wise comparisons.
Research Report WELLENREITER et al.
TREATMENT
159
0-8WK
9-12 WK
13-18 WK
0-18 WK
Control
1.663'
2,243'
3576a
2574a
92.9
AVERAGE
FEED BIRD^ lb
Monensin 75+0+0
1.616b
2.2v
35Wb
2549ab
93.0
Monensin 75+67+0
1.Wb
2.245'
3.463ab
2526b
94.0
Monensin '75-+67-+60
l.Wb
2 . w
3.mb
2521b
92.7
BArithmeticmeans. "keans with common superscript letters are not significantly different (P e .OS).
FECAL OOCYST COUNTS Results of fecal oocyst counts are presented in Figure 1. The presence of oocysts in the fecal material of 6-wk-old toms demonstrated that the turkeys received adequate exposure to the parasite to elicit a coccidial infection.Monensin medication reduced fecal oocyst shedding at 6, 8, and 10 wk. Oocyst
counts suggest that the birds that never received monensin became immune to the infective species by 14 wk of age. lbrkeys withdrawn from monensin at 8 wk of age experienced a large increase in fecal oocyst counts 2 wk later, suggesting that these birds were not immune by 10 wk. No oocysts were found in any fecal material at 14 wk. At 18 wk of age (trial termination), oocysts were found in one pen of turkeys that had been fed monensin to 12 wk of age, further suggesting that these birds were not immune even at 18 wk of age. McDougald [2] and Cabel et al. [6] reported that monensin reduced oocyst shedding in turkeys. Medina et al. [A reported large increases in fecal oocyst counts from turkeys withdrawn from various anticoccidials (Coban [8], Stenerol [9], Avatec [lo], and Zoamix [ll]) at 70 days of age. Data from an eight-state field survey suggested that 74% of commercial turkeys were shedding coccidial oocysts at 12 wk of age [3]. MORTAL,ITY/BIRDREMOVAL Mortality and bird removal data are presented in Table 5. Mortality averaged 9.9% for the four treatments, with no treatment-related effect. Total animal removals averaged 16.7% for the four treatments, with no treatment-related effect. Total removals were increased primarily by a high number of turkeys with pendulous crops that were removed.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
efficiency data indicate that birds fed monensin for the first 8 wk had significantly improved feed efficiency relative to the nonmedicated birds during this period. Feed efficiency during the 9-12 wk period was not significantly affected by treatment. %keys that continuedto receive monensin at 60 g/ton at l3-16 wk of age had slgniticantly improved feed efficiencyduringthe period compared to the non-medicated control group. At trial termination at 18 wk of age, turkeys fed monensin for 12 or 16wk had signtficantlyimproved feed efficiencyrelative to the non-medicated treatment. %keys fed monensin for only the first 8 wk failed to exhibit a significant improvement of feed efficiency at 18 wk of age. Anderson et al. [4] also reported that monensin improved wetght gain and feed conversion in experimentally challenged floorpen reared turkeys. Firman and Kirn [5] observed that feeding monensin beyond 10 wk of age did not affect final body weight or feed efficiency.However, Firman and Kim [SI did not report on the status of the coccidial challenge during their floor-pen trial.
MONENSIN FOR TURKEYS
160 16000 u)
14000
- - - Non-med
a
Li E 12000
-0- C-75-0-0
m L w 10000
4C -75 -67 -0
L
8 c C
3
o
8000
6000
0 c
4000
6
2000
0
. -
J
I
Y
8
6
10
14
18
Week FIGURE 1. Effect of anticoccidial programs on fecal oocyst counts
TREATMENT
MORTALXY
I
Control
Monensin 75-r0+0 Monensin 75+67+0 Monensin 75-6740
TOTAL REMOVED
%
%
9.6= 9.6' 9.4' ll.la
17.78 14.9a 16.0' 18.3'
~
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The benefit of monensin was clearly demonstrated during the first 8 wk of the trial when
the coccidial challenge was greatest. All treatments that received monensin had turkeys with significantlyheavier body weights and significantly improved feed efficiency at 8 wk. 2. Tom turkeys challenged with coccidia and fed monensin to either l2 or 16 wk of age were significantly heavier and had significantly improved feed efficiency at 18 wk of age compared with toms not fed monensin. Feed efficiency of tom turkeys fed monensin to 16 wk of age was significantlyimproved during the l3-18 wk period, demonstrating the effectiveness of the extended feeding of monensin. 3. Fecal oocyst counts indicated that a coccidial challenge was present, and that the weight and feed efficiency advantages due to monensin after 8 wk were due, at least in part, to the control of coccidia. The presence of oocysts in some of the pens following removal of monensin from the feed at 8 wk indicated that a challenge was still present in those pens. These data suggest that turkey toms may require more than 10 wk to become immune to Eimeria. Therefore, the extended feedingof monensin beyond the traditional 8-9 wk of age may result in heavier final body weights and improved feed efficiency at 18 wk of age.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 14, 2015
%
0
Research Report 161
WLLENREITER et al.
REFERENCESAND Noms 34:509-525.
6. Cabel, M.C. and P.W. Waldroup, 1991. Effect of different coccidiostats on performance of large white turkeys. Poultry !%A. 70241-249.
2. McDougald, LR, 1976. Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults. Poultly Sci. 552442-2447.
Chandng-Santkgo,and A. Bickford, 1997. Comparison
1. Reid W.M. 1990. Historv of avian medicine in the United States. k. Control of coccidiosis. Avian Dis.
3. Edgsr, SA., 1986. coccidiosis in turk Biolop and incidence. Pages 116-123 in:Research inzcidiosrs. Proc. Georgia CoccidiosisConf., Athens, GA. 4. Anderson, W.L, W.M.Reid,and LR McDougald, 1976. Efficacy of monensin against turkey coccidiosis in laboratory and floor-pen expenments. Avian Dis. 20387-394.
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Vet). 10. Lasalocid sodium (Roche Vitamins, Inc.).
11.Zoalene (ALPHARMA, Inc.).
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