Permian brachiopod faunas of Western Australia: Gondwanan—Asian relationships and Permian climate

Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. II. No. 3, pp. 207 215, 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd 0743-9547(94)E0015-6 Printed in Great Britain 0743-9547!95 $9.50 + 0.00

Pergamon

Permian brachiopod faunas of Western Australia: Gondwanan-Asian relationships and Permian climate* N. W. Archbold and G. R. Shi School of Aquatic Scienceand Natural Resources Management, Deakin University, Rusden Campus, 662 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Abstract--The Western Australian Permian brachiopod faunas are reviewed on a zonal basis and are shown to include a mixture of Gondwanan, endemic Westralian and Asian (Tethyan) genera. The presence or absence of Tethyan genera is largely temperature dependent, there being no apparent physical geographical barriers to the migration of such genera into the intracratonic basins of Western Australia during the Permian. On the basis of generic presence/absence data a palaeotemperature curve is proposed for the marine Permian of Western Australia. The curve indicates peak warm temperature conditions during the Sterlitamakian and Late Baigendzhinian and subtropical conditions during the Dzhulfian.

Introduction Permian brachiopod faunas from the intracratonic basins of Western Australia (Fig. 1) are well known for their diversity, abundance and general provincial relationships (Teichert, 1951; Thomas, 1969; Archbold and Thomas, 1985a). Most faunas have been described and a detailed zonation of the faunas has been proposed (Archbold, 1993a). Associated ammonoids provide essential data points for international correlations (Glenister et al., 1990a, b; Archbold and Dickins, 1991). Fusulinid foraminiferans are absent from and conodonts are of great rarity (Nicoll, 1976, 1984; the latter report indicating the presence of conodonts being found in the Late Baigendzhinian Nookanbah Formation, Canning Basin). Western Australian Permian brachiopod assemblages are distributed throughout the Permian sequences of the Perth, Carnarvon, Canning and Bonaparte Gulf Basins (Fig. 1). The most recent reviews of the stratigraphy of these basins are as follows: Perth Basin, Playford et al. (1976); Carnarvon Basin, Hocking et al. (1987); Canning Basin, Towner and Gibson (1983); onshore Bonaparte Gulf Basin, Dickins et al. (1972). The Western Australian Permian successions continue to yield new genera and species but the majority of the brachiopod faunas have now been described or are in preparation. Most described faunas are listed in Archbold (1993a) and reviewed in Archbold et al. (1993), but additional brachiopod faunal elements mentioned in this review are described by Archbold (1993b), Archbold and Shi (1993) and Archbold and Thomas (1993). Figure 2 provides the sequence of brachiopod zones in Western Australian Permian and their relationship to the Permian time scale. A provisional palaeotemperature curve for the Western Australian Permian is also provided as is discussed below. Illustrations of representative West*Contribution

to IGCP

P r o j e c t 321.

ern Australian Permian brachiopods are given in Figs 3-5. Limited oxygen isotope data is available for Early Permian Western Australian spiriferid brachiopods (Compston, 1960; Lowenstam, 1961, 1964). The data support the notion that the water temperatures at the time of deposition of the Lyons Group were cold (7.7°C, according to Lowenstam, 1964) and at the time of deposition of the Noonkanbah Formation (in part a Wandagee Formation equivalent in the Canning Basin) were considerably warmer (17.4 to as high as 26°C, calculated by Lowenstam, 1964). This is, in turn, consistent with our curve herein which shows low temperatures during the Late Asselian-Tastubian and warmer temperatures during the Late Baigendzhinian.

Provincialism, Asian Relationships and Permian Climate The progressive elucidation of the palaeobiogeographical relationship between the Western Australian Permian brachiopod faunas and those of Asia and beyond has been significant (Schuchert, 1935; Teichert, 1951; Thomas, 1969; Archbold, 1987). However, this review seeks to summarize the generic composition of each zonal assemblage from the point of view of the migration relationship with adjacent regions of the Tethys and to deduce some general observations concerning possible water temperatures for the Western Australian Permian. Migration into, and out of, the Westralian Province (Archbold, 1983) has long been suspected (Teichert, 1950, 1951; Thomas, 1954) and generic presence/absence data, supplemented by diversity data are useful tools for providing clues to water temperature and palaeoclimate (Stehli, 1957, 1964, 1970; Dickins, 1978, 1993). Ecological factors other than water temperature may affect both generic data and diversity data but supplemental geological data can be utilized to detect such features (Dickins, 1978, 1985).

207

208

N . W . ARCHBOLD and G. R. SHI

Westralian Permian brachiopod zones Westralian Permian brachiopod faunas include mixtures of three groups of genera. Some genera typifying Gondwana faunas are found beyond the Westralian Province and appear to indicate cold or cold temperate water temperatures. Such genera include Arctitreta, Lyonia, possibly Costatumulus, Strophalosia, Wynd-

hamia, Taeniothaerus, Cyrtella, Tomiopsis, Fusispirifer and Trigonotreta. A second group of genera appear to be endemic to the Westralian Province during the Early Permian and include such genera as Permorthotetes,

Gatia, Echinalosia (Notolosia, Coolkilella, Latispirifer, Crassispirifer and Imperiospira. Of particular relevance to this review are the genera that appear to indicate a warmer temperature, Tethyan or Asian influence and that migrated into the Westralian Province from warmer regions during a time of warmer climate for northeastern Gondwana. Such genera include Kiangsiella, Tornquis-

tia, Demonedys, Waagenites, Stictozoster, Dyschrestia, Comuquia, Globiella, Retimarginifera, Callytharrella, Costiferina, Waagenoconcha, Stenoscisma, Elivina and possibly Spiriferella, Spirelytha, Phricodothyris, Gjelispinifera, Callispirina, Hustedia and Cleiothyridina. Obviously, not all these genera would have identical temperature constraints and, within a genus, different species lineages may have had different constraints (see Waterhouse et al., 1978, for a discussion of Spiriferella).

Darwin

Port Keats Area~

SCALE 0 I

in km.

300 I

600 I

I GULF I BASIN

Broome

I I I

II

CANNING ~-~

CARNARVON

zo%-

I I

BASIN

I I I I I

BASIN

N.T.

I I

I- - ~- 6_%I

I WESTERN

AUSTRALIA

I

I I I

S.A.

I

I I

PERTH BASIN

320S

Perth

O'~Albe ny

~

A p p r o x . a r e a of Permian Outcrop

Fig. 1. Distribution and outcrop of Permian marine strata in Western Australia.

Nevertheless, it appears to be clear from this review that the genera listed above indicate a warmer water influence.

Early Permian zones The Early Permian is well represented in Western Australia, particularly in the Carnarvon Basin successions, and spans from the Asselian to the end of the Kungurian. Some 15 brachiopod zones are recognized (Fig. 2) and these are reviewed below. The waxing and waning of Tethyan (Asian) elements through the Early Permian provides significant clues regarding water temperatures within the Western Australian basins. Zones are also numbered to permit cross-reference to the illustrations of typical genera and species (Figs 3-5). Lyonia lyoni Zone (Zone 1). Lyonia lyoni is a distinctive linoproductid with fine dorsal spines found throughout most outcrops of the Lyons Group, the basal stratigraphical unit of the Carnarvon Basin Permian sequence. The Lyons Group is clearly of glacial origin ~ with a complexity of lithologies reflecting waxing and waning of glaciation (Dickins, 1985; Hocking et al., 1987). The Lyonia lyoni Zone is dominated by cold water genera such as Lyonia (also, in eastern Australia, Briggs, 1991), Cyrtella, Arctitreta, Tomiopsis and Trigonotreta (genera typical of the subpolar temperature waters of Tasmania; Clarke, 1992). Surprisingly, the lowest known horizons yielding brachiopods from the Lyons Group include Rhynchopora and Kiangsiella. Rhynchopora is a widespread Asselian-Tastubian genus found in cool temperature faunas of the Shan-Thai terrane (Waterhouse, 1982) and northeastern Siberia (Zavodovskiy and Stepanov, 1971), temperate faunas of northern Yukon Territory, Canada (Bamber and Waterhouse, 1971), and in warm-water diverse faunas such as from the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Province, China (Wu, 1987) and tropical faunas from Texas (Cooper and Grant, 1977). Kiangsiella has been used as an indicator of warm-water conditions (Stehli, 1957). Both genera are absent from the Early Permian eastern Australian faunas (e.g. Clarke, 1992) and may represent rare survivors from a warmer preglacial marine fauna that lived in the Western Australian seas prior to the onset of glaciation (Waterhouse, 1976; Dickins, 1993). Trigonotreta occidentalis Zone (Zone 2). Defined by the incoming of Trigonotreta occidentalis and the bivalve Eurydesma playfordi, this zone represents a typical cold water Gondwanan fauna of low diversity. Additional genera include Permorthotetes, Heteralosia, Linoproductus, Costatumulus and Neochonetes (Sommeriella ) as listed in Archbold (1993a) and the top of the zone, represented by a conglomerate bed at the base of the Callytharra Formation includes rare Elivina and spiriferinacean species. The marked diversity increase at the top of the zone indicates amelioration of water temperatures and climate (Thomas, 1976). Notably, Elivina indicates a Tethyan link, as discussed below. Strophalosia irwinensis Zone (Zone 3). This zone is characterized by one of the most diverse brachiopod assemblages in Western Australia with over 40 species from correlative units in the Perth and Canning Basins. Of particular interest among the faunas is the invasion of Tethyan genera such as Tornquistia,

Stictozoster, Comuquia, Dyschrestia, Callytharrella, Globiella, Stenoscisma, Elivina, Spirelytha, Phricodothyris,

PERMIAN BRACHIOPOD FAUNAS, G O N D W A N A N - A S I A N RELATIONSHIPS

STAGES

209

COMPOSITE WATER TEMPERATURE CARNARVON BRACHIOPOD CANNING BASIN.' ZONATION Sub ? [ Cold I Temp. Cool I Warm T e m p . I~ Sub tropi. Trovic~ STRATIGRAPHY polar

Dorashamian (--Changh-

i singian) _?_ Dzhulfian

;~

Chczrabua Mbr Htcks Range Sst. Kirkby Range Sst.

_/

Midian

CONDREN SANDSTONE

Kazanian

BINTHALYA FM.

Ufimian

MUNGADAN SST. Fu~rifer coolkilya~aia

N~'~ (Sam,,,n'~Ua)

Kungurian

,~ard/a ~

BAKER FM.

Neo~k ( $ . ) ~

NALIBIASST.

¥~/'er ~

WANDAGEEFM.

F~trla~Cer amdl~go¢~ romemaa marina F ~ r ~ e r byroemria

Artinskian

~~

.~

CUNDLIK]OFM BULGAIXX) SHALE MAI.IJP.NSSANI~q'I~NE

COYRIE/MADELINE Fld. WOORAMEL GROUP

Stmpha/aa/ajrwO~n.~

marian

COOLKILYA SST.

Tr/gonom~la 7 Lyon/a/yon/

CALLYTHARRA FM. CARRANDIBBY~J--L-L FORMATIONJ ? - ~ . J

LYONS GROUP

Asselian

Fig. 2. Simplified stratigraphy and brachiopod zones for Western Australia with a provisional water temperature curve based on this review.

Gjelispinifera, Callispirina, Hustedia and Cleiothyridina diversity and suggest a short-lived return to somewhat from the Lhasa terrane, Shan-Thai terrane, Timor and Irian Jaya. The large number of Tethyan genera invading the western Australian basins indicates significant warming of water temperature to warm temperate conditions. Neochonetes (SommerieUa) sp. nov. A Zone (Zone 4). A marked drop in diversity and the occurrence of characteristic Western Australian and Gondwanan genera such as Neochonetes (Sommeriella), Aulosteges,

Taeniothaerus, Neospirifer, Cyrtella, Tomiopsis, Gilledia and Hoskingia without the Tethyan migrants is interpreted as indicating a return to cool temperate waters for this zone. Strophalosia jimbaensis Zone (Zone 5). Generic content of this zone is close to that of the previous zone but Globiella, Callytharrella and Spirelytha add to the

warmer temperatures. The return migration of these transitional genera from, presumably, the Shan-Thai terrane and Timor (including Leti), from such faunas as described by Broili (1915), Shi and Waterhouse (1991) and Archbold and Barkham (1989), would be possible with an increase in water temperature. Echinalosia prideri Zone (Zone 6). The lower part of the Madeline Formation, Carnarvon Basin, has yielded a diagnostic assemblage of cool temperature to cold water genera including Permorthotetes, Streptorhynchus,

Kiangsiella, Gatia, Neochonetes (Sommeriella), Echinalosia, Aulosteges, Costatumulus, Pseudosyrinx? (or Cyrtella) and Neospirifer. Diversity is low and lithological data (Hosking et al., 1987, p. 94) support a cold water temperature. Surprisingly, perhaps, Kiangsiella is among the fauna. As discussed above, this genus has been used

210

N . W . A R C H B O L D and G. R. SHI

as a warm temperature indicator (Stehli, 1957), but the temperature tolerance of the genus may have changed through the Permian from cooler waters to tropical environments. Wyndhamia colemani Zone (Zone 7). A minor increase in diversity with rare specimens of Heteralosia, Spiriferella, Spirelytha and Cleiothyridina characterizes this zone from the upper part of Madeline Formation and may reflect a minor amelioration of water temperature. Tethyan links are minor and large genera such as Wyndhamia, Aulosteges, Fusispirifer and Crassispirifer dominate the fauna. Fusispirifer byroensis Zone (Zone 8). This zone overlaps the previous zone and extends into younger strata. The brachiopod fauna is restricted and only includes the large genera Fusispirifer, Crassispirifer, Hoskingia and Aulosteges. Special palaeoecological conditions may have restricted the fauna but as no Tethyan genera are present, water temperatures are assumed to have been cold. Tornquistia magna Zone (Zone 9). A small fauna of representatives of Tornquistia, Neochonetes (Sommeriella ), Fredericksia? and Hoskingia characterizes this zone which is based on only small collections. Although of low diversity, the presence of Tethyan and migrant elements such as Tornquistia and Fredericksia? is interpreted as indicating warming of water temperature. This is consistent with the considerably high diversity of the Fusispirifer cundlegoensis Zone immediately above this zone. Fusispirifer cundlegoensis Zone (Zone 10). The return of significant numbers of Tethyan genera into the Western Australian basins is demonstrated by species of Tornquistia, Demonedys (both from Shan-Thai, see Waterhouse et aL, 1981; Grant, 1976). Quinquenella (also

in Irian Jaya; Archbold, 1981), Retimarginifera (from Shan-Thai), Spiriferella (from Timor), and Spirelytha. This influx of Tethyan genera increases the diversity of the fauna considerably and points to warmer water conditions which possibly persisted to some degree in Western Australia until the end of the Early Permian. Fusispirifer wandageensis Zone (Zone 11). This zone is also characterized by the influx of species of Tethyan genera such as Torniquistia, Heteralosia, Dyschrestia, Retimarginifera, Spirelytha, Hustedia and Cleiothyridina. Associated with these genera is the continued endemic development of gigantic spiriferids such as Neospirifer, Crassispirifer, Fusispirifer and Imperiospira, large productids such as Taeniothaerus and large strophalosiids such as Wyndhamia. This and the preceding zone probably represent a Western Australian expression of the Baigendzhinian global warming trend discussed by Waterhouse (1976) and noted by Briggs (1991) for the eastern Australian productid faunas. Neochonetes (Sommeriella) nalbiaensis Zone (Zone 12). The distinctive assemblage of this zone is of lower diversity than the previous two zones but still includes Spirelytha and is notable for the appearance of the Boreal genus Svalbardia (Archbold, 1993b). The zone requires further study and collecting, but a minor drop in water temperature may be indicated by the lower density. Svalbardia thomasi Zone (Zone 13). This relatively minor zone requires major collecting but includes a distinctive species of Svalbardia and the highest occurrence of the unusual strophalosiid Lialosia, a genus also apparently present in Timor in the Kungurian Bitauni fauna (photographs supplied by courtesy of Dr

Fig. 3. Representative Gondwanan and Westralian Permian brachiopods. 1, Neochonetes (Sommeriella) tenuicapillatus Archbold, Zone 11, dorsal view (x 2). 2, N. (S.) cockbaini Archbold, Zone 5, dorsal view (x 1.5). 3-4. Gatia superba Archbold, Zone 6, dorsal interior and ventral exterior views (x3.5). 5-6. Heteralosia (Etherilosia) etheridgei (Prendergast), Zone 3, dorsal interior and ventral exterior views ( x 3.5). 7, Echinalosia (Notolosia) millyiti Archbold, Zone 16, ventral view ( x 1.8). 8-9, Strophalosiajimbaensis Archbold, Zone 5, ventral and dorsal views (x 1.4). 10-11, Tomiopsis rarus Archbold and Thomas, Zone 4, posterior and ventral views (x 1). 12, Magniplicatina sp., Zone 12, ventral view (x2). 13-14 Coolkilella coolkilyaensis (Archbold), Zone 14, external mould of dorsal valve in ventral and anterior views (x 1.4). 15, Trigonotreta dickinsi Archbold and Thomas, Zone 1I, dorsal view ( x 1.5). 16, Mingenewia anomala Archbold, Zone 6, dorsal view of internal mould ( × 4). 17, Lyonia lyoni (Prendergast), Zone 1, ventral view ( x 1). Fig. 4. Representative Gondwanan and Westralian Permian spiriferid brachiopods. 1, Fusispirifer wandageensis Archbold and Thomas, Zone 11, dorsal view (× 1). 2, Crassispirifer pinguis Archbold and Thomas, Zone 11, dorsal view (x 1). 3, Latispirifer amplissimus Archbold and Thomas, Zone 17, dorsal view ( x 1). 4, Imperiospira sp., Zone 10, ventral view ( x 1). 5, Neospirifer hardmani (Foord), Zone 3, posterior view (x 1). Fig. 5. Representative Asian (Tethyan) Permian brachiopods from Westralian faunas. 1-2, Demonedys granti Archbold, Zone 10, ventral and posterior views ( x 3.5). 3-7, Comuquia australis Archbold, Zone 3, specimens in ventral, posterior and dorsal views ( x 3.5). 8-9, Stictozoster senticosa (Hosking), Zone 3, dorsal and ventral views (x 1.8). 10-11, Dyschrestia micracantha (Hosking), Zone 3, ventral and dorsal views (x2). 12-13, Dyschrestia colemani Archbold, Zone 11, ventral and posterior views ( × 2). 14, Retimarginifera waterhousei Archbold, Zone 13, external mould of ventral valve (× 1.8). 15-16, Rentimarginifera perforata Waterhouse, Zones 10 and 11, dorsal interior and ventral posterior views ( x 1.5). 17-19, Globiellafoordi (Etheridge), Zone 3, specimens in posterior, dorsal and ventral views ( x 1). 20-21, Callytharrella callytharrensis (Prendergast), Zones 3 and 5, ventral and lateral views ( x 1). 22, Waagenoconcha (Wimanoconcha) imperfecta (Prendergast), Zone 17, dorsal view of internal mould ( x 1.5). 23, 26 Costiferina wadei (Prendergast), Zone 6?, dorsal interior and ventral views ( x 1). 24, Spiriferella australasica (Etheridge), Zone 11, ventral view ( × 1). 25, Spiriferella cundlegoensis Archbold and Thomas, Zone 10, dorsal view ( x 1). 27-28, Spirelythafredericksi Archbold and Thomas, Zone 3, ventral views (x I). 29-30, Elivina hoskingae Archbold and Thomas, Zone 3, dorsal and ventral views ( x 1).

PERMIAN BRACHIOPOD FAUNAS, GONDWANAN-ASIAN RELATIONSHIPS

F

•

211

•

i ~i:i~~ ;

k y

•

1

5

o

7

8

11

14 10

16 Fig. 3

212

N . W . A R C H B O L D and G. R. SHI

Fig. 4

PERMIAN BRACHIOPOD FAUNAS, GONDWANAN-ASIAN RELATIONSHIPS

213

6

3 2

:?

"1"!

14 3

P17 "10

12

18

20 19

21 23

2~4

28 Fig. 5

25

214

N . W . ARCHBOLD and G. R. SHI

C. G. Winkler Prins, Rijksmuseum van Geologie and Mineralogie, Leiden). Neochonetes (Sommeriella) afanasyevae Zone (Zone 14). Diversity again increases with the better known fauna of this zone which includes representatives of

Derbyia?, Chonetinella?, Dyschrestia, Retimarginifera, Spiriferella and Spirelytha in addition to typical Western Australian genera such as Permorthotetes and Fusispirifer as well as the youngest Western Australian species of Imperiospira. Cool to warm temperate water temperatures are indicated for the assemblage. Fusispirifer cookilyaensis Zone (Zone 15). This zone is the youngest zone ascribed to the Early Permian in Western Australia. It is characterized by an impoverished assemblage of Fusispirifer and Taeniothaerus, which probably reflects ecological constraints rather than dramatic fluctuations in water temperature.

2. The open potential for migration of Asian (Tethyan) brachiopods into the intracratonic basins of Western Australia appears to have existed in a physical (geographical) sense through the Early Permian and for some of the Late Permian. 3. Whether or not that migration potential was utilised was related to temperature, and hence climate fluctuations during the Permian. 4. The combination of generic presence/absence data and diversity data do produce consistent results in terms of interpretations of palaeo-water temperatures. 5. A tentative temperature curve model can be proposed for Western Australian (Fig. 2) on the basis of detailed analysis of the Permian brachiopod zones. A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s - - O u r work o n P e r m i a n b r a c h i o p o d faunas is supported financially by the Australian Research Council ( N W A grant A39132112).

Late Permian Zones A significant time gap, probably representing most of the Ufimian, the Kazanian and most of the Midian, is apparent in terms of marine intervals in the Permian of Western Australia. Two Late Permian zones spanning the Late Midian and Dzhulfian are known from the Canning and Bonaparte Gulf Basins (Archbold, 1988). Liveringia magnifica Zone (Zone 16). This zone includes species of Streptorhynchus, Waagenites (particularly close to a western Yunnan-Shan-Thai species; Fang, 1983; Shi and Archbold, this volume), the endemic strophalosiids Echinalosia (Notolosia) and Liveringia, probably Megasteges--a Himalayan genus (see Waterhouse, 1978), gigantic Neospirifer (cf. Timor and Himalayan species; see Archbold and Thomas, 1986a). A warm temperate to subtropical temperature range is indicated for this fauna but, as understood at present, the diversity of this zone is considerably lower than that of the overlying zone, perhaps reflecting the need for more collecting. Waagenoconcha (Wimanoconcha) imperfecta Zone (Zone 17). A diverse assemblage including Streptorhyn-

chus, Derbyia, Neochonetes, Waagenites, Echinalosia (Notolosia), Aulosteges, Megasteges, Taeniothaerus, Waagenoconcha (Wimanoconcha), Costiferina, Leptodus, Neospirifer, Latispirifer, Tomiopsis, Hustedia, Cleiothyridina and Hoskingia shows a wide range of links with coeval faunas of the Himalaya [e.g. faunas documented by Diener (1903), Waterhouse (1978), Yang and Zhang (1982), Zhang and Jin (1976), and Jin (1985)] as demonstrated by more recent studies on the Late Permian faunas of Western Australia (Thomas, 1957; Archbold and Thomas, 1985b, 1986a, b; Archbold, 1985, 1993b). Strong links are also evident with the Salt Range and Timor. Water temperatures from warm temperate to subtropical are indicated by the genera present and the diversity data (Dickins, 1978).

Conclusions A detailed zone by zone analysis of the Western Australian Permian brachiopod faunas reveals the following. 1. Links with Asian coeval faunas fluctuate from zone to zone.

References Archbold N. W. (1981) Quinquenella magnifica sp. nov. (Chonetidina, Brachiopoda) from the Permian of Irian Jaya, Indonesia: a study of the ontogeny of a chonetid brachiopod. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Paleont. Ser. 2, 27 34. Archbold N. W. (1983) Permian marine invertebrate provinces of the Gondwana Realm. Alcheringa 7, 59-73. Archbold N. W. (1985) Studies on Western Australian Permian brachiopods. 5. The family Dictyoclostidae Stehli 1954. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 97, 19-30. Archbold N. W. (1987) Southwestern Pacific Permian and Triassic marine faunas: their distribution and implications for terrane identification. In Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts (edited by Leitch E. C. and Scheibner E.), Am. Geophys. Union Geodynam. Set. 19, 119 127. Archbold N. W. (1988) Studies on Western Australian Permian brachiopods 8. The Late Permian brachiopod fauna of the Kirkby Range Member, Canning Basin. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 100, 21-32. Archbold N. W. (1993a) A zonation of the Permian brachiopod faunas of western Australia. In Gondwana Eight: Assembly, Evolution and Dispersal (edited by Findlay R. H., Unrug R., Banks M. R. and Veevers J. J.), pp. 313 321. Balkema, Rotterdam. Archbold N. W. (1993b) Studies of Western Australian Permian brachiopods 11. New genera, species and records. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 105, 1-29. Archbold N. W. and Barkham S. T. (1989) Permian Brachiopoda from near Bisnain Village, West Timor. Alcheringa 13, 125-140. Archbold N. W. and Dickins J. M. (1991) Australian Phanerozoic Timescales 6. Permian. Bur. Min. Res. Geol. Geophys. Rec. 1989]36, 1 17. Archbold N. W. and Shi G. R. (1993) Aktastinian (Early Artinskian, early Permian) brachiopods from the Jimba Jimba Calcarenite, Wooramel Group, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 105, 187 202. Archbold N. W. and Thomas G. A. (1985a) Permian Brachiopoda from Western Australia: a review in space and time. Biostratig. Paleoz. 4, 431-438. Archbold N. W. and Thomas G. A. (1985b) New genera of Western Australian Permian Spiriferidae (Brachiopoda). Alcheringa 9, 269 292. Archbold N. W. and Thomas G. A. (1986a) Neospirifer and Trigonotreta (Spiriferida, Brachiopoda) from the Permian of Western Australia. Alcheringa 10, 125 161. Archbold N. W. and Thomas G. A. (1986b) Permian Ingelarellidae (Brachiopoda) from Western Australia and Argentina. J. Paleont. 60, 581-605. Archbold N. W. and Thomas G. A. (1993) lrnperiospira, a new genus

PERMIAN BRACHIOPOD FAUNAS, G O N D W A N A N - A S I A N RELATIONSHIPS of Western Australian Permian Spiriferidae (Brachiopoda). Mem. Ass. Australas. Palaeontol. 15, 313 328. Archbold N. W., Thomas G. A. and Skwarko S. K. (1993) Brachiopods. In Palaeontology of the Permian of Western Australia (edited by Skwarko S. K.) Geol. Surt~. Western Aust. Bull. 136, 45 51. 196-264 (microfiche suppl. 1 128). Bamber J. W. and Waterhouse J. B. (1971) Carboniferous and Permian stratigraphy and paleontology, northern Yukon Territory, Canada. Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol. 19, 29-250. Briggs D. J. C. (1991) Stratigraphical distribution and biostratigraphical significance of the Permian Productidina and Strophalosiidina (Order Productida) of eastern Australia. In Brachiopods Through Time (edited by MacKinnon D. I., Lee D. E. and Campbell J. D.) pp. 367-375. Balkema, Rotterdam. Broili F. (1915) Pen'nische Brachiopoden der Insel Letti. ,lb. M(jnw. Ned. Ind. 43(1), 187--.207. Clarke M. J. (1992) Hellyerian and Tamarian (Late CarboniferousLower Permian) invertebrate faunas from Tasmania. Geol. Sun,. Tasmania, Bull. 69, 1 52. Compston W. (1960) The carbon isotopic composition of certain marine invertebrates and coals from the Australian Permian. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 18, 1 22. Cooper G. A. and Grant R. E. (1977) Permian brachiopods of Wes! Texas, VI. Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiol. 32, 3161-3376. Dickins J. M. (1978) Climate of the Permian in Australia: the invertebrate faunas. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoeeol. 23, 33~16. Dickins J. M. (1985) Late Palaeozoic glaciation. BMR J. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 9, 163 169. Dickins J. M. (1993) Climate of the Late Devonian to Triassic. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 100, 89-94. Dickins J. M., Roberts J. and Veevers J. J. (1972) Permian and Mesozoic geology of the northeastern part of the Bonaparte Gull" Basin. Bull. Bur. Miner. Resour., Geol. Geophys. 125, 75-102. Diener C. (1903) Permian fossils of the central Himalayas. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, Palaeont. Ind., Ser. 15, 1(5), 1 204. Fang R. S. (1983) The Early Permian Brachiopoda from Xiaoxinzhai of Gengma, Yunnan and its geological significance. Contrib. Geol. Qinghai, Xizang (Tibet) Plateau 11, 93-120. Glenister B. F., Baker C., Furnish W. M. and Thomas G. A. (1990a). Additional Early Permian ammonoid cephalopods from Western Australia. J. Paleont. 64, 4 9 2 399. Glenister B. F., Baker C., Furnish W. M. and Dickins J. M. (1990b) Late Permian ammonoid cephalopod Cyclolobus from Western Australia. J. Paleont. 64, 399-402. Grant R. E. (1976) Permian brachiopods from souther Thailand. Paleont. Soc. ~em. 9, 1 169. Hocking R. M., Moors H. T. and van der Graaff W. J. E. (1987) Geology of the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Geol. Surv. Western Australia, Bull. 133, l 289. Jin Y. G. (1985) Permian brachiopods and paleoecology of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Palaeont. Cathayana 2, 19-71. Lowenstam H. A. (1961) Mineralogy, O~8/O~6ratios and strontium and magnesium contents of recent and fossil brachiopods and their bearing on the history of the oceans. J. Geol. 69, 241 260. Lowenstam H. A. (1964) Palaeotemperatures of the Permian and Cretaceous Periods. In Problems in Palaeoclimatology (Edited by Nairn A. E. M.), pp. 227 248. lnterscience, London. Nicoll R. S. (1976) The effect of Late Carboniferou~Early Permian glaciation on the distribution of conodonts in Australia. Geol. Ass. Can. Spe~. Pap. lS, 273 278. Nicoll R. S. (1984) Conodont studies in the Canning Basin--A review and update. In Canning Basin, W.A.: Proceedings of Geol. Soc. Aust./Pet. Expl. Soc. Aust. Symposium (edited by Purcell P. G.) pp. 439 433. Perth, 1984. Playford P. E., Cockbain A. E. and Low G. H. (1976) Geology of the Perth Basin. Geol. Surv. Western Australia, Bull. 124, 1-311.

215

Schuchert C. (1935) Correlation of the more important marine Permian sequences. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 46, 1~46. Shi G. R. and Archbold N. W. (1995). Permian brachiopod faunal sequence of the Shan Thai terrane: biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeographical affinities and plate tectonic/palaeoctimatic implications. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 11, 175-185. Shi G. R. and Waterhouse J. B. (1991) Early Permian brachiopods from Perak, West Malaysia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, 25 39. Stehli F. G. (1957) Possible Permian climatic zonation and its implications. Am. J. Sci. 255, 607~518. Stehli F. G. (1964) Permian zoogeography and its bearing on climate. In Problems in Palaeoclimatology (edited by Nairn A. E. M.) pp. 537 549. lnterscience, London. Stehli F. G. (1970) A test of the Earth's magnetic field during Permian Time. J. Geophys Res. 75, 3325 3342. Teichert C. (1950) Climate of Australia during the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic. Eighteenth Inter. Geol. Congr., London, Report, Part 1, General Proceedings, 206 208. Teichert C. (1951) The marine Permian faunas of Western Australia (an interim review). Paliiont. Z. 24(1 2), 76 90. Thomas G. A (1954) Correlation and faunal affinities of the marine Permian of Western Australia. Proceedings ~?/the Pan-Indian Ocean Science Congress, Section C, Geology, 5 6. Thomas G. A. (1957) Oldhaminid brachiopods in the Permian of northern Australian. J. Palaeont. Soe. India 2, 174-182. Thomas G. A. (1969) The Permian brachiopod faunas of Western Australia. In Gondwana Stratigraphy (International Union c!f Geological Sciences Symposium), pp. 217 234. UNESCO, Paris. Thomas G. A (1976) Faunal evidence of climatic change in the early Permian of the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Twenty-l~[th Inter. Geol. Congr., Sydney, Abstracts 1, 318 319. Towner R. R. and Gibson D. L. (1983) Geology of the onshore Canning Basin. Bull. Bur. Miner. Resour.~ Geol. Geophys. 215, 151. Waterhouse J. B. (1976) World correlations for Permian marine faunas. Pap. Dept. Geol. Unit'. Qd 7(2), 1 232, Waterhouse J. B. (1978) Permian Brachiopoda and Mollusca from north-west Nepal. Palaeontographica Abt.A. 160, I 175. Waterhouse J. B. (1982) An Early Permian cool-water fauna from pebbly mudstones in south Thailand. Geol. Mag. 119, 337 354. Waterhouse J. B., Pitakpaivan K. and Mantajit N. (1981) Early Permian brachiopods from Ko Yao Noi and near Krabi. southern Thailand. Geol. Surf;. Thailand Mem. 4, 43 146. Waterhouse J. B., Waddington J. and Archbold N. W. (1978) The evolution of the Middle Carboniferous to Late Permian brachiopod subfamily Spiriferellinae Waterhouse. Geol. Ass. Canada Spec. Pap. 18, 415~,43. Wu S. Z. (1987) Characteristics of assemblages of major fossil groups. In The Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy and Biota in Kalpin Region, Xinjiang, pp. 32 51. Institute of Geology, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang and Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Oceanographical Publishing House, Beijing, China. Yang Z. Y. and Zhang K. F. (1982) Lower Permian animal fossils from Mount Su Re, Ding Re, Tibet. In Monograph on Mount Xixia Bangma Scienti[ie Expedition, pp. 310 320. Science Press, Beijing, China. Zavodovskiy V. M. and Stepanov D. L. (1971) Typ Brachiopoda. (Phylum Brachiopoda). In Polevoi Atlas Permskoi Faun), Flory Severo-Vostoka SSSR (Filed Atlas of the Permian Fauna and Flora from Northeast USSR) (edited by Kulkov M. V.). pp. 70 182. Magadanskoe knizhnoe Izd-vo, Magadan. Zhang S.-X. and Jin Y. G. (1976) Upper Palaeozoic Brachiopoda from the Mount Jolmolungma region. In ,4 Report of Scientific Expedition in the Mount Jolmolungma Region (1966 1968), Paleontology, fasc. 2, pp. 159 242. Science Press, Beijing.