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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children: A biomonitoring study in contaminated sites in Mexico
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 259S (2016) S73–S247
owing to less respiratory tract symptom. We often have the opportunity to treat smokers with mild asthma, however little is available on the harmful effect of relatively short-term smoking on lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) particularly in young adult smokers with mild asthma. Objective: To clarify the effect of short-term smoking on lung function and BHR in young adult smokers with mild asthma. Materials and methods: We examined mild asthma patients aged 20–34 and who visited Sagamihara National Hospital for the first time from January 2004 to March 2011. We excluded the patients with childhood-onset asthma. Two hundreds ninety two patients underwent a test on bronchodilator change in FEV1 and two hundreds twenty one patients underwent a test of BHR to histamine. These patients were classified as current smokers and never smokers. Moreover, we divided the current smokers into three groups on the basis of their smoking history (pack-years: p-y, 0 < p-y < 3, 3 ≤ p-y ≤6, and 6 < p-y ≤10). Results: A negative correlation was observed between pack years and pulmonary function. 3 ≤ p-y ≤6 group and 6 < p-y ≤10 group had significant lower FEV1%, compared with asthmatic never smokers. A negative correlation was observed between pack years and BHR to histamine, but no significant differences were found in BHR between never smokers and 3 smoker groups. Conclusion: Short-term smoking (<10 pack years) is associated with the lower lung function even in the mild asthma patients. Our findings provide the evidence for all patients with asthma to discontinue smoking. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.305 PP9.2 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children: A biomonitoring study in contaminated sites in Mexico M. Rodríguez-Aguilar 1 , F.J. Pérez-Vázquez 2 , L. Díaz de León 1 , L. ˜ 1 , F. Díaz-Barriga 1 , L. Batres-Esquivel 1 , R. Carrizales-Yánez Flores-Ramírez 1,3 1
Laboratorio de Salud Total, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico 2 Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA 3 Catedrático CONACYT, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico In developing countries, exposure to POPs in contaminated sites is a public health concern. Children are exposed to high levels of contaminants and are one of the most susceptible populations in which health hazards are found. The aim of this study was to conduct a POP biomonitoring program in highrisk areas. We evaluated 247 children aged between 6 and 12 years from nine communities in Mexico. Exposure to HCB (84.5%),  endosulfan (76.8%), ␣ endosulfan (76.5%), endosulfan sulfate (76.5%) and DDE (70%) were most frequently found. Additionally, our results showed that ␣ endosulfan was similar to CUA, TOC, SAM, TC and MN (178.6–306.9 ng/glipids).  endosulfan levels were higher in ALP (901.5 ng/g lipid) followed by CUA (139.9 ng/glipid) and TOC, SAM, TC and MN which had similar levels (55.4–64.5 ng/glipid). For endosulfan sulfate, ALP concentration levels were higher in the communities (1096.4 ng/glipid) and CUA, TOC (212.3 and 289 ng/glipid respectively) had similar concentrations as SAM and TC (99.5, 119.1 ng/glipids respectively). DDE levels were found in malaria endemic areas SAM, CUA and TOC (1782.2, 1358.3 and 57.0 ng/glipid), followed by MN (35.1 ng/g lipid). For HCB, concentration levels were found higher in MN
S119
and SJR (691.8, 575.4 ng/glipid) followed by CUA and TC (363.9, 269.1 ng/glipid respectively), with similar levels, as TOC and SAM (191.8, 181.9 ng/glipid respectively). Finally, PCB 101 concentration levels were found higher in ALP (1032.7 ng/glipid) followed with similar levels of SJR, IND (567.5, 327.3 ng/glipid) and TC, MN with 109.1 and 144.5 ng/glipid. The evidence found in this study could be used as a trigger for generating public policy on environmental exposure to POPs in Mexico. Financial support: Fondo Sectorial de Investigación en Salud y Seguridad Social. No. 234111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.306 PP9.3 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), emerging environmental pollutants, are detected on sediment samples of a water recharge point of Guarani Aquifer in Brazil A.O. Souza 1,3 , R.S. Ferrari 1 , D. Annunciac¸ão 2 , F.F. Sodré 2 , D.J. Dorta 1 1 Department of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 2 Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil 3 Department of Research, Innovation and Postgraduation, Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil
Introduction: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are considered emerging contaminants and they are present in biotic and abiotic samples around the world. These compounds are worrying due to its increasing levels of contamination and the several toxic evidences to different organisms. Brazil is one of biggest consumer countries of PBDEs around the world, and studies about their release to the environment and the level of contamination in most environmental compartments are poorly explored. Brazil also has an enormous amount of underground water, from where hundreds of cities get their water supply. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the presence of PBDEs on sediments from a recharge point of Guarani Aquifer, an important underground water reservoir, located in Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Materials and methods: Samples of sediments of the Saibro Lagoon, located in Ribeirao Preto, SP were collected from three different points, packaged in clear glass amber bottles and stored in a refrigerator at temperatures below 4 ◦ C. Initially, samples were dried by lyophilization followed by the solvent extraction (pentane: acetone (1:1)) of the compounds using an ultrasonic bath. The clean-up step of the obtained extract was realized with a tri-AD column (acidic silica, basic silica, silica and anhydrous neutral sodium sulfate as drying agent) using pentane as eluent. Quantification of PBDEs was performed by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The peaks on the chromatogram were compared to the standard solution “PBDE Lake Michigan” (Accustandard). Results: In two of the points, BDEs -28, -47, -66, -85, -99 and -100 were detected in concentration values ranging from 0.16 to 2.7 ng g−1 , being BDE-47 present in the higher concentration. Conclusions: Our results showed that different PBDEs are already found in an important recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer in Brazil. This finding is relevant when we consider the possibility of the Aquifer contamination; from where millions of people receive their water supply. It is also needed to point out that this is a class of compound with bioaccumulation potential on environment and organisms. In addition, BDE-47 which was found in higher concen-
owing to less respiratory tract symptom. We often have the opportunity to treat smokers with mild asthma, however little is available on the harmful effect of relatively short-term smoking on lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) particularly in young adult smokers with mild asthma. Objective: To clarify the effect of short-term smoking on lung function and BHR in young adult smokers with mild asthma. Materials and methods: We examined mild asthma patients aged 20–34 and who visited Sagamihara National Hospital for the first time from January 2004 to March 2011. We excluded the patients with childhood-onset asthma. Two hundreds ninety two patients underwent a test on bronchodilator change in FEV1 and two hundreds twenty one patients underwent a test of BHR to histamine. These patients were classified as current smokers and never smokers. Moreover, we divided the current smokers into three groups on the basis of their smoking history (pack-years: p-y, 0 < p-y < 3, 3 ≤ p-y ≤6, and 6 < p-y ≤10). Results: A negative correlation was observed between pack years and pulmonary function. 3 ≤ p-y ≤6 group and 6 < p-y ≤10 group had significant lower FEV1%, compared with asthmatic never smokers. A negative correlation was observed between pack years and BHR to histamine, but no significant differences were found in BHR between never smokers and 3 smoker groups. Conclusion: Short-term smoking (<10 pack years) is associated with the lower lung function even in the mild asthma patients. Our findings provide the evidence for all patients with asthma to discontinue smoking. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.305 PP9.2 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children: A biomonitoring study in contaminated sites in Mexico M. Rodríguez-Aguilar 1 , F.J. Pérez-Vázquez 2 , L. Díaz de León 1 , L. ˜ 1 , F. Díaz-Barriga 1 , L. Batres-Esquivel 1 , R. Carrizales-Yánez Flores-Ramírez 1,3 1
Laboratorio de Salud Total, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico 2 Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA 3 Catedrático CONACYT, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico In developing countries, exposure to POPs in contaminated sites is a public health concern. Children are exposed to high levels of contaminants and are one of the most susceptible populations in which health hazards are found. The aim of this study was to conduct a POP biomonitoring program in highrisk areas. We evaluated 247 children aged between 6 and 12 years from nine communities in Mexico. Exposure to HCB (84.5%),  endosulfan (76.8%), ␣ endosulfan (76.5%), endosulfan sulfate (76.5%) and DDE (70%) were most frequently found. Additionally, our results showed that ␣ endosulfan was similar to CUA, TOC, SAM, TC and MN (178.6–306.9 ng/glipids).  endosulfan levels were higher in ALP (901.5 ng/g lipid) followed by CUA (139.9 ng/glipid) and TOC, SAM, TC and MN which had similar levels (55.4–64.5 ng/glipid). For endosulfan sulfate, ALP concentration levels were higher in the communities (1096.4 ng/glipid) and CUA, TOC (212.3 and 289 ng/glipid respectively) had similar concentrations as SAM and TC (99.5, 119.1 ng/glipids respectively). DDE levels were found in malaria endemic areas SAM, CUA and TOC (1782.2, 1358.3 and 57.0 ng/glipid), followed by MN (35.1 ng/g lipid). For HCB, concentration levels were found higher in MN
S119
and SJR (691.8, 575.4 ng/glipid) followed by CUA and TC (363.9, 269.1 ng/glipid respectively), with similar levels, as TOC and SAM (191.8, 181.9 ng/glipid respectively). Finally, PCB 101 concentration levels were found higher in ALP (1032.7 ng/glipid) followed with similar levels of SJR, IND (567.5, 327.3 ng/glipid) and TC, MN with 109.1 and 144.5 ng/glipid. The evidence found in this study could be used as a trigger for generating public policy on environmental exposure to POPs in Mexico. Financial support: Fondo Sectorial de Investigación en Salud y Seguridad Social. No. 234111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.306 PP9.3 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), emerging environmental pollutants, are detected on sediment samples of a water recharge point of Guarani Aquifer in Brazil A.O. Souza 1,3 , R.S. Ferrari 1 , D. Annunciac¸ão 2 , F.F. Sodré 2 , D.J. Dorta 1 1 Department of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 2 Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil 3 Department of Research, Innovation and Postgraduation, Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil
Introduction: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are considered emerging contaminants and they are present in biotic and abiotic samples around the world. These compounds are worrying due to its increasing levels of contamination and the several toxic evidences to different organisms. Brazil is one of biggest consumer countries of PBDEs around the world, and studies about their release to the environment and the level of contamination in most environmental compartments are poorly explored. Brazil also has an enormous amount of underground water, from where hundreds of cities get their water supply. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the presence of PBDEs on sediments from a recharge point of Guarani Aquifer, an important underground water reservoir, located in Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil. Materials and methods: Samples of sediments of the Saibro Lagoon, located in Ribeirao Preto, SP were collected from three different points, packaged in clear glass amber bottles and stored in a refrigerator at temperatures below 4 ◦ C. Initially, samples were dried by lyophilization followed by the solvent extraction (pentane: acetone (1:1)) of the compounds using an ultrasonic bath. The clean-up step of the obtained extract was realized with a tri-AD column (acidic silica, basic silica, silica and anhydrous neutral sodium sulfate as drying agent) using pentane as eluent. Quantification of PBDEs was performed by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The peaks on the chromatogram were compared to the standard solution “PBDE Lake Michigan” (Accustandard). Results: In two of the points, BDEs -28, -47, -66, -85, -99 and -100 were detected in concentration values ranging from 0.16 to 2.7 ng g−1 , being BDE-47 present in the higher concentration. Conclusions: Our results showed that different PBDEs are already found in an important recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer in Brazil. This finding is relevant when we consider the possibility of the Aquifer contamination; from where millions of people receive their water supply. It is also needed to point out that this is a class of compound with bioaccumulation potential on environment and organisms. In addition, BDE-47 which was found in higher concen-