- Email: [email protected]
Personality trait relationships in a student population sample in the middle east and united states
CARACTI~RI$'rIQUES NATIONALES El" STI~Pd~O'I~'PES
543
aad whose fathers were born abroad, tended t o be similar in psychological adjustment to second generation students. However, when the mothers were ConservatiYe or Reform, the children w¢l'e closer :o the third gen~.~ration group. The experimenter attributes these differences to the factor of social or r.ultural identification. It is believed that within the Orthodox family of mixed parentage, a boy is likely to have stronger identification vAth his Fareign born faaher, because of the mother's retire subservient role; while, c,n the on ther other hand, if she is Reform or Conservative, a boy :.s likely ~o feel closer identification with the American culture through the mother's ~nore culturally active influence. ,~)cio-economic status and religious affiliation (Orthodox, Conservative ar Reform) did not materially affect the scores. The quest iota aire "evealed that the first and second generation Jewish boys and grls '.rove a closer identification or feeling of belongingness with their minority group than the third generation. All however recognize to the same degree the ~:xistence of anti-semitism and non-acceptance. The interpretation presented is r.hat the third generation group, thr3ugh acculturation, appears to have adopted dominant group values si~ace their score on the Thurstone Personality Schedule does not differ much from the long established Protestant Americans. However results reveal that they have I~s identity with their Jewish ethnic group and more a,~xiety as evidenced by a high maladjustment score on the Rarsct~ach Multiple Choice Te~t. Conflicts resulting from weaker identification with the minority group combined with the uncertainty of acceptance by the dominant group produce this greater degree of anxiety in th,: third generation grot~p.
PERSONALITY TRAIT RELATIONSHIPS IN A STUDENT POPULATION SAMPLE, IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND UNITED STATES BY
BRADFORD B. ,HUDSO:~
(The Rice Institute, t.!ouston, Texas) The following is a report upon an aspecz of a comparativ,~ stud)' of youth in the East and West undertake:~ by the Cross Cultural Research Group, an organization of Social Scientists from Univer.,.ities in f o u r / , r a b countries and the United States. The sample in this study is composed of
544
I
22
approximately 4000 cotlege and secondary school students, and drawn from 54 Colleges and Universities:in Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and the United States, and from 86 secondary schools from these countries and Jordan. Questionnaires were used primarily among the school populations and in~rviews among an illiterate sample not included in this report. Among the measures incorl~)rated in the questionnaire were scales focused upon personality and attitudes. In the personality dimension were a Family Adjustment Scale, Neuroticism, Sell-Acceptance, and a short version o't the personality~)ntered '~.uthoritarian Scale. In the attitude dimension were Liberalism ~.nd items from the Authoritarian F Scale. In this study the sample was subdivided into Midd/e East students and U.S. students and further subdivided by sex and religion (Moslem and Christian East) and Christian West, 3v'~eldinga total of six groups. Intercorrelations of scale scores indicated similar intertrait relationships both among the personality variables and between the ,.wo attitude variables for these six groups. Divergences in the magnitudes of the correlation coefficients were non-systematic between cultures and subcultures. In other words, the conservative individual in the East and West tends t3 be authoribrian, as measured by the F Scale. Among the pel~onality variables for all groups, those scoring high on Self-Rejection, for example, tend to score high on Neuroticism, low on Family Adjustment, but show little relationship to the Authoritarian Personality variable. Intercorrelations betwee~ personality centered variables and the culturally determined attitude scales, however, sho~~- systematic cross cultural variat~.ons. Neuroticism, for example, is unrelated to Conservatism among Moslems in the East, but is positively correlated among Christians East and West, sindlarly Neuroticism is negatively correlated with the F Scale for Moslems, uncorrelated for Eastern Christiatls, and positively correlated for Western Christians. The correlation patterns in these instances seem ~o differentiate what Kluckhohn and Murray have called "the public vs. tile private personality", the lattcl, which w0)uld include the personality va~-iables above, being determined by constitutional factors, unive.,'salities in human life, and the moulding effects of eat'ly childhood training; the public personality, on tl~e other hand, ,~,hich would itlclude the attitude vtriables in this study, bein~ a function of role, situational and cultural norms that exert their inflt~ences primarily after that period of basic personality formation. This interpretation is consistent with responses to questions on intrafamily relations.
CARACTI~ISTIQLIE$ NATIONALES ET STI~REOTYPES
545
CROSS-CULTURAL P,ESEARCH GROUPS EGYPT
LEBANON
Dr. Mohamed K. Barakat Mr. George Gardner Dr. Mohamed O. Nagaty
Dr. Levon Melikian Dr. Pergrouhi Najarmn
IRAQ
UNITED STATE~,
Dr. lbrahim A. Muhyi
Dr. Bradford B. Hudson Dr. Robert B. MacLeod
SYRIA Mr. George Miller
UNE RECHERCHE SUR LES PROBL~MES D'ADAI~I'ATION DES IMMIGRANTS A SAO PAULO PAR AN1ELA G:NSBERG
(Instituto de P,icologia Experimenta/ da Pontificia Universidade Catdiica de" S. Paulo, Brasil) 1. PROBL~MES Notre recherche comporte les probl6mes suivants: raisons de l'immigration intentionnelle ou seulement eccasio ~,nelle, d6sir de retc.ur ou de revoir son pays natal, premi6re impression au Br6sii, adaptation /t ia nourriture et au climat, adaptation /i la Jangue, adaptation au travail, probl6mes de non-reconnaissance des dipl6mes, changement de profession, comparaison de position sociale et ~onomiique, actuelle et ancienne. Adaptation sociale, relations entre coll6gue!;., sup6rieurs et subalternesBr6siliens, 6migr~s des autres groupes nationaux, de son groupc, associ~s des clubs et soci6t6s, groupes d'amis intitne:s, mariage, nationalit6 de I'dpoux. Probl6me c',e l'education et des 6tude:; des enfants, natic,nalitd des amis des enfants, t~'ansmission des traditions culturelles de sa patrie aux enfants n6s au Br6sil, adaptation ~ la vie politique et culturelle br6silienne. II.
M~rRODF,S
3.000 personnes seront soumis h une enqu~te personnelle bas6e su: un questionnaire, un groupe r6duit de personnes sp6eialement bien e~ real
543
aad whose fathers were born abroad, tended t o be similar in psychological adjustment to second generation students. However, when the mothers were ConservatiYe or Reform, the children w¢l'e closer :o the third gen~.~ration group. The experimenter attributes these differences to the factor of social or r.ultural identification. It is believed that within the Orthodox family of mixed parentage, a boy is likely to have stronger identification vAth his Fareign born faaher, because of the mother's retire subservient role; while, c,n the on ther other hand, if she is Reform or Conservative, a boy :.s likely ~o feel closer identification with the American culture through the mother's ~nore culturally active influence. ,~)cio-economic status and religious affiliation (Orthodox, Conservative ar Reform) did not materially affect the scores. The quest iota aire "evealed that the first and second generation Jewish boys and grls '.rove a closer identification or feeling of belongingness with their minority group than the third generation. All however recognize to the same degree the ~:xistence of anti-semitism and non-acceptance. The interpretation presented is r.hat the third generation group, thr3ugh acculturation, appears to have adopted dominant group values si~ace their score on the Thurstone Personality Schedule does not differ much from the long established Protestant Americans. However results reveal that they have I~s identity with their Jewish ethnic group and more a,~xiety as evidenced by a high maladjustment score on the Rarsct~ach Multiple Choice Te~t. Conflicts resulting from weaker identification with the minority group combined with the uncertainty of acceptance by the dominant group produce this greater degree of anxiety in th,: third generation grot~p.
PERSONALITY TRAIT RELATIONSHIPS IN A STUDENT POPULATION SAMPLE, IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND UNITED STATES BY
BRADFORD B. ,HUDSO:~
(The Rice Institute, t.!ouston, Texas) The following is a report upon an aspecz of a comparativ,~ stud)' of youth in the East and West undertake:~ by the Cross Cultural Research Group, an organization of Social Scientists from Univer.,.ities in f o u r / , r a b countries and the United States. The sample in this study is composed of
544
I
22
approximately 4000 cotlege and secondary school students, and drawn from 54 Colleges and Universities:in Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and the United States, and from 86 secondary schools from these countries and Jordan. Questionnaires were used primarily among the school populations and in~rviews among an illiterate sample not included in this report. Among the measures incorl~)rated in the questionnaire were scales focused upon personality and attitudes. In the personality dimension were a Family Adjustment Scale, Neuroticism, Sell-Acceptance, and a short version o't the personality~)ntered '~.uthoritarian Scale. In the attitude dimension were Liberalism ~.nd items from the Authoritarian F Scale. In this study the sample was subdivided into Midd/e East students and U.S. students and further subdivided by sex and religion (Moslem and Christian East) and Christian West, 3v'~eldinga total of six groups. Intercorrelations of scale scores indicated similar intertrait relationships both among the personality variables and between the ,.wo attitude variables for these six groups. Divergences in the magnitudes of the correlation coefficients were non-systematic between cultures and subcultures. In other words, the conservative individual in the East and West tends t3 be authoribrian, as measured by the F Scale. Among the pel~onality variables for all groups, those scoring high on Self-Rejection, for example, tend to score high on Neuroticism, low on Family Adjustment, but show little relationship to the Authoritarian Personality variable. Intercorrelations betwee~ personality centered variables and the culturally determined attitude scales, however, sho~~- systematic cross cultural variat~.ons. Neuroticism, for example, is unrelated to Conservatism among Moslems in the East, but is positively correlated among Christians East and West, sindlarly Neuroticism is negatively correlated with the F Scale for Moslems, uncorrelated for Eastern Christiatls, and positively correlated for Western Christians. The correlation patterns in these instances seem ~o differentiate what Kluckhohn and Murray have called "the public vs. tile private personality", the lattcl, which w0)uld include the personality va~-iables above, being determined by constitutional factors, unive.,'salities in human life, and the moulding effects of eat'ly childhood training; the public personality, on tl~e other hand, ,~,hich would itlclude the attitude vtriables in this study, bein~ a function of role, situational and cultural norms that exert their inflt~ences primarily after that period of basic personality formation. This interpretation is consistent with responses to questions on intrafamily relations.
CARACTI~ISTIQLIE$ NATIONALES ET STI~REOTYPES
545
CROSS-CULTURAL P,ESEARCH GROUPS EGYPT
LEBANON
Dr. Mohamed K. Barakat Mr. George Gardner Dr. Mohamed O. Nagaty
Dr. Levon Melikian Dr. Pergrouhi Najarmn
IRAQ
UNITED STATE~,
Dr. lbrahim A. Muhyi
Dr. Bradford B. Hudson Dr. Robert B. MacLeod
SYRIA Mr. George Miller
UNE RECHERCHE SUR LES PROBL~MES D'ADAI~I'ATION DES IMMIGRANTS A SAO PAULO PAR AN1ELA G:NSBERG
(Instituto de P,icologia Experimenta/ da Pontificia Universidade Catdiica de" S. Paulo, Brasil) 1. PROBL~MES Notre recherche comporte les probl6mes suivants: raisons de l'immigration intentionnelle ou seulement eccasio ~,nelle, d6sir de retc.ur ou de revoir son pays natal, premi6re impression au Br6sii, adaptation /t ia nourriture et au climat, adaptation /i la Jangue, adaptation au travail, probl6mes de non-reconnaissance des dipl6mes, changement de profession, comparaison de position sociale et ~onomiique, actuelle et ancienne. Adaptation sociale, relations entre coll6gue!;., sup6rieurs et subalternesBr6siliens, 6migr~s des autres groupes nationaux, de son groupc, associ~s des clubs et soci6t6s, groupes d'amis intitne:s, mariage, nationalit6 de I'dpoux. Probl6me c',e l'education et des 6tude:; des enfants, natic,nalitd des amis des enfants, t~'ansmission des traditions culturelles de sa patrie aux enfants n6s au Br6sil, adaptation ~ la vie politique et culturelle br6silienne. II.
M~rRODF,S
3.000 personnes seront soumis h une enqu~te personnelle bas6e su: un questionnaire, un groupe r6duit de personnes sp6eialement bien e~ real