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Perspectives on Smart Energy Systems from the SES4DH 2018 conference
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Editorial
Perspectives on Smart Energy Systems from the SES4DH 2018 conference a b s t r a c t Keywords: Smart energy systems District heating District cooling Sustainable energy Renewable energy
This short paper introduces the contents of selected papers from the 4th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating e SES4DH. All of the papers elaborate on or contribute to the theoretical scientific understanding on how we can design and implement a suitable and least-cost transformation into a sustainable energy future with a focus on the important role of district heating and cooling technologies. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
2. Transformation and planning studies
The 4th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating (SES4DH 2018) was held in Aalborg, Denmark, on 13e14 November 2018. The conference included more than 150 presentations with industrial and scientific inputs from 27 different countries around the world resulting in a programme of large variety and many interesting sessions. The aim of the conference was to present and discuss scientific findings and industrial experiences related to the subject of Smart Energy Systems and future 4th Generation District Heating Technologies and Systems (4GDH). The conference was organized by the 4DH Strategic Research Centre and the RE-INVEST project in collaboration with Aalborg University, Denmark. The concept of Smart Energy Systems emphasizes the importance of being coherent and cross-sectoral when the best solutions are to be found and how this also calls for the active inclusion of the heating and cooling sectors. The Smart Energy Systems concept is essential for 100% renewable energy systems to harvest storage synergies across energy sub-sectors and exploit low-value heat sources [1e3]. The development of 4th generation district heating is essential to the implementation of Smart Energy Systems to fulfil national objectives of future low-carbon strategies. With lower and more flexible distribution temperatures, 4th generation district heating can utilise renewable energy sources while meeting the requirements of low-energy buildings and energy conservation measures in the existing building stock [4,5]. Around 30 papers were selected and 18 accepted for publication in a special issue of this journal while other papers were published in the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management and the journal Energies. In the following, these papers are put into the context of the conference topic as well as previously published special issues from the same [2,6e11].
This special issue starts with five papers on the planning and transformation of current systems into future 4th generation district heating solutions with a focus on the district heating grid. These papers add to previous Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating research [12e26] within the same topic. In Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs [27], Persson et al. elaborate further the concept of physical and economic suitability for district heating in EU28 by an aggregation regarding key dimensions such as land areas, populations, heat demands, and investment volumes. In Demand side management in district heating networks: A real application [28], Guelpa et al. show the potential of demand side management in DH networks in terms of thermal peak shaving. This is done by optimally rescheduling building heating systems. The best rescheduling is evaluated by means of a simulation tool. In An automated GIS-based planning and design tool for district heating: Scenarios for a Dutch city [29], Jebamalei et al. discuss solutions to the challenges stated above provided by an automated, geographical information system (GIS) based planning tool. The tool has been developed as a plug-in to a GIS tool and includes optimized and automated network routing algorithms, including all aspects of a district heating network dimensioning as required for a feasibility study. In Heat dispatch centre e Symbiosis of heat generation units to reach cost efficient low emission heat supply [30] Kleinertz et al. show how temperature-wise series-connection allows the usage of low-temperature heat sources. 3. Operation of DH grids From looking at the transformation into 4th generation in the previous papers, the next papers take a focus on the operation of district heating grids and add to previous work with a similar focus
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[31e46]. In Lowering the pressure in district heating and cooling networks by alternating the connection of the expansion vessel [47], Sommer et al. show how lowering the pressure increases the economic viability and may thus promote the market dissemination of lowtemperature district heating and cooling networks. In Compact physical model for simulation of thermal networks [48], Guelpa and Verda present a compact model for fast simulation of thermal transients. The model preserves the reliability of a physical model because it solves the mass and energy equation. In Faults in district heating customer installations and ways to approach them: Experiences from Swedish utilities [49], Månsson et al. have focused on how utilities are currently working to keep their temperatures low; how they involve their customers in this work, and which are the most common faults today. 4. 4GDH and building systems From looking at the temperatures in the district heating grid in the previous section, this section adds to previous research [42,50e56] by taking a focus on the buildings including the radiators in the buildings. In Cost efficiency of district heating for low energy buildings of the future [57], Hansen et al. compare levelized cost of heating using district heating and individual heating solutions looking at a concrete area where both the heat demand per square meter as well as the distance between buildings vary. In Small low-temperature district heating network development prospects [58], Volkova et al. present an analysis of alternative heat supply scenarios for the newly developing city subdistrict of Kopli (Tallinn, Estonia). In Individual temperature control on demand response in a district heated office building in Finland [59], Salo et al. investigate the deployment of room-specific demand response in a districtheated office building in Southern Finland. In Trilemma of historic buildings: Smart district heating systems, bioeconomy and energy efficiency [60], Blumberga et al. assess the applicability of an innovative bio-based pine needles insulation material that is produced based on bioeconomy principles as an internal insulation material for historic massive walls. In Modelling and flexible predictive control of buildings spaceheating demand in district heating systems [61], Aoun et al. present and demonstrate, by numerical simulation, a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for space-heating demand in buildings connected to a district heating system. 5. 4GDH, renewable heat and waste heat sources Lower temperatures are key characteristics of 4GDH systems e not least due to the improved possibilities of exploiting waste heat sources. This section explores the work on the use of renewable heat and industrial excess heat in district heating grids and systems emphasising the importance of low-temperature grids as well as the use of large-scale thermal storage. The work adds to previous work of excess heat recovery [62e68] including papers with a focus on the use of solar thermal [69e71] and/or the use of Organic Rankine Cycle technologies [72,73]. In A framework for assessing the technical and economic potential of shallow geothermal energy in individual and district heating systems: A case study of Slovenia [74], Stegnar et al. propose a framework for identifying the shallow geothermal energy potential of new individual and district heating (DH) systems. In Spatial distribution of the theoretical potential of waste heat from sewage: A statistical approach [75], Pelda and Holler
statistically validate a novel methodology that quantifies, qualifies and spatially allocates the waste heat potential of sewage systems on an urban district level. Common to all cases is that real data from the sewage system does not exist or is not publicly available. 6. District heating for balancing fluctuating renewables The integration between sectors enables the utilisation of lowcost storage systems to balance fluctuating renewable electricity generation [3]. The following papers focus on the potentials for using district heating systems in the balancing of renewable energy in the electricity grid. Contributions in previous 4GDH and smart energy system work have addressed the combination of CHP and heat pumps [76] and the issue of market design and integration [77e82]. In Future district heating plant integrated with municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification for hydrogen production [83], Rudra and Tesfagaber find that integrating an indirect gasifier into preexisting MSW-fired plants can play a significant role in recovering energy from MSW in the form of energy carrier hydrogen. However, if it is necessary to construct a new waste incinerator, the study results indicate building a direct gasification system. In Solar power in district heating. P2H flexibility concept [84], Gravelsins et al. determine whether and how to integrate solar PV panels into DH systems to achieve an economically feasible, flexible energy production solution by using a power-to-heat concept. In A method for technical assessment of power-to-heat use cases to couple local district heating and electrical distribution grids [85], Leitner et al. present a method that enables a detailed technical assessment of the operation of coupled heat and power networks. It is based on a sequential coupling approach of a dynamic thermalhydraulic model for the district heating network and a quasistatic model for the electrical distribution network. In Storage influence in a combined biomass and power-to-heat district heating production plant [86], Lamaison et al. study a DH production plant composed of a biomass generator, a heat pump and a heat storage in the French energy context. Acknowledgments A main part of the work presented in this paper is the result of the research activities of the Strategic Research Centre for 4th Generation District Heating (4DH) (grant number 0603-00498B) and the RE-INVEST project (grant number 6154-00022B), which both have received funding from Innovation Fund Denmark.
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Henrik Lund* Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, Aalborg, Denmark Neven Duic Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Luciceva 5, Zagreb, Croatia Poul Alberg Østergaard Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, Aalborg, Denmark Brian Vad Mathiesen Department of Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 25, Copenhagen, Denmark * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Lund).
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Please cite this article as: Lund H et al., Perspectives on Smart Energy Systems from the SES4DH 2018 conference, Energy, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116318
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Editorial
Perspectives on Smart Energy Systems from the SES4DH 2018 conference a b s t r a c t Keywords: Smart energy systems District heating District cooling Sustainable energy Renewable energy
This short paper introduces the contents of selected papers from the 4th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating e SES4DH. All of the papers elaborate on or contribute to the theoretical scientific understanding on how we can design and implement a suitable and least-cost transformation into a sustainable energy future with a focus on the important role of district heating and cooling technologies. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
2. Transformation and planning studies
The 4th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating (SES4DH 2018) was held in Aalborg, Denmark, on 13e14 November 2018. The conference included more than 150 presentations with industrial and scientific inputs from 27 different countries around the world resulting in a programme of large variety and many interesting sessions. The aim of the conference was to present and discuss scientific findings and industrial experiences related to the subject of Smart Energy Systems and future 4th Generation District Heating Technologies and Systems (4GDH). The conference was organized by the 4DH Strategic Research Centre and the RE-INVEST project in collaboration with Aalborg University, Denmark. The concept of Smart Energy Systems emphasizes the importance of being coherent and cross-sectoral when the best solutions are to be found and how this also calls for the active inclusion of the heating and cooling sectors. The Smart Energy Systems concept is essential for 100% renewable energy systems to harvest storage synergies across energy sub-sectors and exploit low-value heat sources [1e3]. The development of 4th generation district heating is essential to the implementation of Smart Energy Systems to fulfil national objectives of future low-carbon strategies. With lower and more flexible distribution temperatures, 4th generation district heating can utilise renewable energy sources while meeting the requirements of low-energy buildings and energy conservation measures in the existing building stock [4,5]. Around 30 papers were selected and 18 accepted for publication in a special issue of this journal while other papers were published in the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management and the journal Energies. In the following, these papers are put into the context of the conference topic as well as previously published special issues from the same [2,6e11].
This special issue starts with five papers on the planning and transformation of current systems into future 4th generation district heating solutions with a focus on the district heating grid. These papers add to previous Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating research [12e26] within the same topic. In Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs [27], Persson et al. elaborate further the concept of physical and economic suitability for district heating in EU28 by an aggregation regarding key dimensions such as land areas, populations, heat demands, and investment volumes. In Demand side management in district heating networks: A real application [28], Guelpa et al. show the potential of demand side management in DH networks in terms of thermal peak shaving. This is done by optimally rescheduling building heating systems. The best rescheduling is evaluated by means of a simulation tool. In An automated GIS-based planning and design tool for district heating: Scenarios for a Dutch city [29], Jebamalei et al. discuss solutions to the challenges stated above provided by an automated, geographical information system (GIS) based planning tool. The tool has been developed as a plug-in to a GIS tool and includes optimized and automated network routing algorithms, including all aspects of a district heating network dimensioning as required for a feasibility study. In Heat dispatch centre e Symbiosis of heat generation units to reach cost efficient low emission heat supply [30] Kleinertz et al. show how temperature-wise series-connection allows the usage of low-temperature heat sources. 3. Operation of DH grids From looking at the transformation into 4th generation in the previous papers, the next papers take a focus on the operation of district heating grids and add to previous work with a similar focus
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[31e46]. In Lowering the pressure in district heating and cooling networks by alternating the connection of the expansion vessel [47], Sommer et al. show how lowering the pressure increases the economic viability and may thus promote the market dissemination of lowtemperature district heating and cooling networks. In Compact physical model for simulation of thermal networks [48], Guelpa and Verda present a compact model for fast simulation of thermal transients. The model preserves the reliability of a physical model because it solves the mass and energy equation. In Faults in district heating customer installations and ways to approach them: Experiences from Swedish utilities [49], Månsson et al. have focused on how utilities are currently working to keep their temperatures low; how they involve their customers in this work, and which are the most common faults today. 4. 4GDH and building systems From looking at the temperatures in the district heating grid in the previous section, this section adds to previous research [42,50e56] by taking a focus on the buildings including the radiators in the buildings. In Cost efficiency of district heating for low energy buildings of the future [57], Hansen et al. compare levelized cost of heating using district heating and individual heating solutions looking at a concrete area where both the heat demand per square meter as well as the distance between buildings vary. In Small low-temperature district heating network development prospects [58], Volkova et al. present an analysis of alternative heat supply scenarios for the newly developing city subdistrict of Kopli (Tallinn, Estonia). In Individual temperature control on demand response in a district heated office building in Finland [59], Salo et al. investigate the deployment of room-specific demand response in a districtheated office building in Southern Finland. In Trilemma of historic buildings: Smart district heating systems, bioeconomy and energy efficiency [60], Blumberga et al. assess the applicability of an innovative bio-based pine needles insulation material that is produced based on bioeconomy principles as an internal insulation material for historic massive walls. In Modelling and flexible predictive control of buildings spaceheating demand in district heating systems [61], Aoun et al. present and demonstrate, by numerical simulation, a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for space-heating demand in buildings connected to a district heating system. 5. 4GDH, renewable heat and waste heat sources Lower temperatures are key characteristics of 4GDH systems e not least due to the improved possibilities of exploiting waste heat sources. This section explores the work on the use of renewable heat and industrial excess heat in district heating grids and systems emphasising the importance of low-temperature grids as well as the use of large-scale thermal storage. The work adds to previous work of excess heat recovery [62e68] including papers with a focus on the use of solar thermal [69e71] and/or the use of Organic Rankine Cycle technologies [72,73]. In A framework for assessing the technical and economic potential of shallow geothermal energy in individual and district heating systems: A case study of Slovenia [74], Stegnar et al. propose a framework for identifying the shallow geothermal energy potential of new individual and district heating (DH) systems. In Spatial distribution of the theoretical potential of waste heat from sewage: A statistical approach [75], Pelda and Holler
statistically validate a novel methodology that quantifies, qualifies and spatially allocates the waste heat potential of sewage systems on an urban district level. Common to all cases is that real data from the sewage system does not exist or is not publicly available. 6. District heating for balancing fluctuating renewables The integration between sectors enables the utilisation of lowcost storage systems to balance fluctuating renewable electricity generation [3]. The following papers focus on the potentials for using district heating systems in the balancing of renewable energy in the electricity grid. Contributions in previous 4GDH and smart energy system work have addressed the combination of CHP and heat pumps [76] and the issue of market design and integration [77e82]. In Future district heating plant integrated with municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification for hydrogen production [83], Rudra and Tesfagaber find that integrating an indirect gasifier into preexisting MSW-fired plants can play a significant role in recovering energy from MSW in the form of energy carrier hydrogen. However, if it is necessary to construct a new waste incinerator, the study results indicate building a direct gasification system. In Solar power in district heating. P2H flexibility concept [84], Gravelsins et al. determine whether and how to integrate solar PV panels into DH systems to achieve an economically feasible, flexible energy production solution by using a power-to-heat concept. In A method for technical assessment of power-to-heat use cases to couple local district heating and electrical distribution grids [85], Leitner et al. present a method that enables a detailed technical assessment of the operation of coupled heat and power networks. It is based on a sequential coupling approach of a dynamic thermalhydraulic model for the district heating network and a quasistatic model for the electrical distribution network. In Storage influence in a combined biomass and power-to-heat district heating production plant [86], Lamaison et al. study a DH production plant composed of a biomass generator, a heat pump and a heat storage in the French energy context. Acknowledgments A main part of the work presented in this paper is the result of the research activities of the Strategic Research Centre for 4th Generation District Heating (4DH) (grant number 0603-00498B) and the RE-INVEST project (grant number 6154-00022B), which both have received funding from Innovation Fund Denmark.
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Henrik Lund* Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, Aalborg, Denmark Neven Duic Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Luciceva 5, Zagreb, Croatia Poul Alberg Østergaard Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, Aalborg, Denmark Brian Vad Mathiesen Department of Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 25, Copenhagen, Denmark * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Lund).
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Please cite this article as: Lund H et al., Perspectives on Smart Energy Systems from the SES4DH 2018 conference, Energy, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116318