PF phenol-formaldehyde resin

PF phenol-formaldehyde resin PARAMETER

UNIT

VALUE

REFERENCES

Common name

-

phenol-formaldehyde resin

CAS name

-

phenol, polymer with formaldehyde

Acronym

-

PF

CAS number

-

9003-35-4; 25104-55-6

GENERAL

HISTORY Person to discover

-

Leo Baekeland

Date

-

1907

Details

-

invention of thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin called Bakelite

SYNTHESIS Monomer(s) structure

-

OH

H2C O

Monomer(s) CAS number(s)

-

Monomer(s) molecular weight(s)

dalton, g/ 94.11; 30.03 mol, amu

108-95-2; 50-00-0

Monomer(s) expected purity(ies)

%

90-99; 98

Monomer ratio

-

1.5 (resols) to <1 (novolacs)

Method of synthesis

-

step-growth polymerization

Temperature of polymerization

o

Catalyst

-

Mass average molecular weight, Mw

dalton, g/ 620-6,600 mol, amu

Polydispersity, Mw/Mn

-

1.41-1.72

Molecular cross-sectional area, calculated

cm2 x 10-16

19.2

g cm-3

1.24-1.32

g cm-3

0.58-0.88

C

Gogotov, A F; Varfolomeev, A A; Sinegibskaya, A D; Kanitskaya, L V; Rokhin, A V, Russ, J. Appl. Chem., 82, 6, 1002-5, 2009.

90 NaOH; acid in novolacs

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Density at 20oC Bulk density at 20oC Refractive index, 20 C

-

1.7000

Melting temperature, DSC

o

C

90-107

Decomposition temperature

o

C

420 (hollow microspheres)

Thermal expansion coefficient, 23-80oC

10-4 oC-1

0.17-0.22

Glass transition temperature

o

C

200 (hollow microspheres)

Heat deflection temperature at 1.8 MPa

o

C

204

Dielectric constant at 100 Hz/1 MHz

-

Relative permittivity at 100 Hz

-

12

Volume resistivity

ohm-m

1E9-1E10

o

Liu, X; Li, H; Ma, T; Li, K, Polym. Int., 58, 465-68, 2009.

Liu, X; Li, H; Ma, T; Li, K, Polym. Int., 58, 465-68, 2009.

3.5-5.0

HANDBOOK OF POLYMERS / Copyrights 2016; ChemTec Publishing

407

PF phenol-formaldehyde resin PARAMETER

UNIT

Surface resistivity

ohm

VALUE

REFERENCES

1E10-1E11

Electric strength K20/P50, d=0.60.8 mm

kV mm

Speed of sound

m s-1

26.5

Acoustic impedance

-

3.63

-1

16

MECHANICAL & RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength

MPa

34.4-62

Tensile modulus

MPa

7,580

Tensile stress at yield

MPa

110

Elongation

%

1.5-2.2

Tensile yield strain

%

1.1

Flexural strength

MPa

75-120

Flexural modulus

MPa

6,500-9,100

Compressive strength

MPa

69-200

Charpy impact strength, unnotched, 23oC

kJ m

Charpy impact strength, notched, 23oC

kJ m-2

1.3-1.5

Izod impact strength, notched, 23oC

J m-1

870

Poisson’s ratio

-

0.402

Rockwell hardness

-

M93-128

-2

6-7

Shrinkage

%

0.35-0.9

Water absorption, 24h at 23oC

%

0.1-0.4

Acid dilute/concentrated

-

good

Alcohols

-

very good

Alkalis

-

good

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

-

very good

Aromatic hydrocarbons

-

good

Esters

-

good

Greases & oils

-

good

Halogenated hydrocarbons

-

very good

Ketones

-

good

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

FLAMMABILITY Ignition temperature

o

C

520

Autoignition temperature

o

C

570

Limiting oxygen index

% O2

29-66

Volatile products of combustion

-

phenol, formaldehyde, CO, CO2, and more

BIODEGRADATION Colonized products

408

ceiling tiles, composites, fireboard

HANDBOOK OF POLYMERS / Copyrights 2016; ChemTec Publishing

Wang, J; Jiang, H; Jiang, N, Thermochim. Acta, 496, 136-42, 2009.

PF phenol-formaldehyde resin PARAMETER

UNIT

VALUE

REFERENCES

Typical biodegradants

-

fungal growth occurs when materials are wet; Pseudomonas cepacia and Bacillus brevis are capable of utilizing phenols

Arutchelvan, V; Kanakasabai, V; Nagarajan, S; Muralikrishnan, V, J. Hazardous Mater., B127, 238-443, 2005.

Stabilizers

-

4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone

NFPA: Health, Flammability, Reactivity rating

-

0/0/0

Carcinogenic effect

-

not listed by ACGIH, NIOSH, NTP (it may contain small amount of formaldehyde which is carcinogenic)

Oral rat, LD50

mg kg-1

8,394

Typical processing methods

-

casting, compounding, molding, reactive processing

Applications

-

abrasive products, adhesives, binder, electrodes, membranes, microspheres, particle boards, thermal insulation

-

PA-6

cm-1/-

OH  3389-3400, 1370; C=C aromatic ring  1633, 1552, 1513; C-C-OH  1235; C-O  1154, 1058

TOXICITY

PROCESSING

BLENDS Suitable polymers ANALYSIS FTIR (wavenumber-assignment)

HANDBOOK OF POLYMERS / Copyrights 2016; ChemTec Publishing

Poljansek, I; Krajnc, M, Acta Chim. Slov., 52, 238-44, 2005.

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