- Email: [email protected]
Phacoemulsification using 8 flexible iris hooks in a patient with a short eye, small pupil, and phacodonesis
TECHNIQUE
Phacoemulsification using 8 flexible iris hooks in a patient with a short eye, small pupil, and phacodonesis Nikolaos Kopsachilis, MD, PhD, Gianluca Carifi, MD, PhD
We describe a technique that uses flexible iris hooks to dilate and stabilize the capsular bag in a patient with a very deep set and small eye, narrow palpebral fissure, shallow anterior chamber, and very small pupil, who was scheduled for routine phacoemulsification for a white cataract. At the time of iris hook placement, the capsular bag was noted to be markedly unstable. The patient was managed successfully with phacoemulsification of the lens using 4 iris hooks to dilate the pupil and 4 iris hooks to stabilize the capsular bag during surgery. A foldable posterior chamber 3-piece intraocular lens was fixated in the ciliary sulcus. Financial Disclosure: Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40:1408–1411 Q 2014 ASCRS and ESCRS Online Video
Phacoemulsification of white cataracts presents a challenge to all cataract surgeons and can become complicated in the presence of a small pupil, shallow anterior chamber, and phacodonesis.1 However, recent advances in equipment and instrumentation, such as pupil expanders and capsule stabilization tools, enable the surgeon to perform cataract surgery uneventfully even in the case of a compromised zonule and complicated anatomical features.2 We describe the simultaneous use of 4 flexible iris hooks for dilation of the pupil and 4 iris hooks for stabilization of the capsular bag in a patient with a very deep set and small eye, narrow palpebral fissure, very small pupil, shallow anterior chamber, mature cataract, and a compromised zonule. CASE REPORT A 60-year-old white man was referred to our cataract clinic for routine cataract extraction in the left eye. The corrected
Submitted: November 22, 2013. Final revision submitted: February 16, 2014. Accepted: February 27, 2014.
distance visual acuity was 6/9 in the right eye and hand movement in the left eye. The intraocular pressure was 12 mm Hg bilaterally. Slitlamp examination showed quiescent pseudophakia in the right eye with a well-placed anterior chamber intraocular lens (AC IOL) and a small pupil. The IOL was implanted in a secondary procedure following a complicated cataract extraction. Biomicroscopy of the left eye showed a white cataract and a very small pupil with a shallow anterior chamber. No phacodonesis was noted preoperatively, possibly due to the poor mydriasis. Fundoscopy in the right eye was unremarkable; B-scan ultrasound in the left eye showed a flat retina. The patient was scheduled for left eye phacoemulsification and foldable posterior chamber IOL implantation using anterior capsule staining to facilitate a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) and iris hooks to secure pupil dilation during surgery. The preferred method of anesthesia was topical tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5% and proxymetacaine hydrochloride 0.5% eyedrops. The preoperative optical coherence biometry (IOLMaster, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) was precluded by a remarkable lens density. A-scan ultrasonography (820 ultrasonic biometer, Humphrey Division, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of a shallow anterior chamber and a short eye with an axial length of 21.50 mm, an anterior chamber depth of 2.10 mm, and a lens thickness of 4.47 mm. Because of the risk factors for intraoperative capsule complications, the case was assigned to a highvolume cataract surgeon (G.C.).
From Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Corresponding author: Nikolaos Kopsachilis, MD, PhD, Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, EC1V 2PD London, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected].
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Q 2014 ASCRS and ESCRS Published by Elsevier Inc.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Surgery was started by creating the main 2.75 mm clear corneal incision and 2 side ports. Four iris hooks 0886-3350/$ - see front matter http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.07.009
TECHNIQUE: PHACOEMULSIFICATION USING 8 IRIS HOOKS
(Synergetics, Inc.) were used as planned to secure maximum pupil dilation. During insertion of the hooks, the surgeon noted a marked dehiscence of the lens zonular fibers that could be triggered by the slightest lens touch (Video 1, available at: http:// jcrsjournal.org). Trypan blue (Visionblue staining solution, Dutch Ophthalmic USA) was used to stain the anterior capsule, and the anterior chamber was filled with a cohesive ophthalmic viscosurgical device (Healon GV). The CCC was performed through the main corneal incision using a bent 30-gauge needle. To facilitate an anterior approach to lens removal, the capsular bag was stabilized using 4 additional iris hooks applied to the capsulorhexis edge prior to hydrodissection. The distal end of the iris hook was slightly bent by the surgeon to increase the hook's angle and enable easier access to the capsule's margin. Slight tension was applied carefully to the capsulorhexis margin by the iris hooks, pulling the capsule and lens complex. Because of the marked brunescence of the nucleus and thick leathery posterior plaque, phacoemulsification was performed with the highest vacuum available (650 mm Hg) (Infinity, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) to stabilize the lens during aspiration and enable the primary chop lens disassembling technique. Bottle height and aspiration rate were modified accordingly. To remove the last fragment, the phaco fluidics settings were lowered, given the increased risk for engaging the mobile and fragile posterior capsule. A 3-piece foldable acrylic IOL (MA60AC, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) was implanted in the ciliary sulcus (Figure 1). The surgical procedure was concluded with an intracameral administration of acetylcholine (acetylcholine chloride intraocular solution 1:100 with electrolyte diluent) to induce miosis and 0.1 mL of cefuroxime 10 mg/mL for pseudophakic
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endophthalmitis prophylaxis in accordance to the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons study recommendations. Postoperatively, the patient was started on topical prednisolone 1.0% and ketorolac 0.5% for 4 weeks; topical levofloxacin 0.3% 4 times daily for the first 2 weeks was used as postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis. The postoperative course was satisfactory with mild to moderate corneal edema lasting for the first 2 weeks. At the patient's final follow-up appointment 6 weeks after surgery, the uncorrected distance visual acuity was 6/9 and the IOL was well-centered. DISCUSSION Several techniques for the removal of complicated cataracts with a compromised zonule have been described. These include intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction; anterior phacoemulsification with the use of a capsular tension ring (CTR)3; endocapsular lensectomy with vitrectomy and lens removal via the pars plana4; or the use of modified endocapsular rings such as the Cionni ring,5,6 MalyuginCionni ring, Ahmed segment (Morcher GmbH),7 capsular anchor,8 (Hanita Lenses), and Mackool capsule retractors (Microsurgical Technology). The use of iris hooks to stabilize the anterior capsule was originally performed in patients with lens instability due to pseudoexfoliation syndrome.9 Also, phacoemulsification using iris hooks for the capsular bag is reported to be a good and safe method for removing subluxated cataractous lenses.10 A CTR can also be used to stabilize the capsular bag and facilitate in-the-bag implantation and optical centering in cases with partial zonular dialysis.11 However, a major disadvantage of inserting a CTR before
Figure 1. Phacoemulsification using 8 flexible iris hooks in a patient with a small pupil, shallow anterior chamber, and phacodonesis. A: Positioning the first 4 iris hooks to facilitate maximal pupil dilation. B: Applying 4 additional iris hooks to the capsulorhexis edge to stabilize the lens during phacoemulsification. C: Performing phacoemulsification. D: Removing the iris hook following implantation of a posterior chamber IOL.
J CATARACT REFRACT SURG - VOL 40, SEPTEMBER 2014
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TECHNIQUE: PHACOEMULSIFICATION USING 8 IRIS HOOKS
phacoemulsification is that it subjects the capsular bag to radial stress forces that can cause the zonular dehiscence to extend; therefore, surgeons prefer to use CTRs for localized zonular dialysis. Because the etiology of lens dislocation was unknown in our case, concern arose about possible progressive zonular dialysis after the in-the-bag implantation of a CTR and subsequent in-the-bag IOL dislocation.12 Moreover, a fishtail CTR insertion technique can be used and has been described.13 Alternatively, one could have used capsule retractors (eg, MacKool)14; however, those were not available in our operating room at the time of surgery. One advantage of using iris hooks is that most surgeons are familiar with their use for small pupils. Furthermore, capsule hooks in a shallow anterior chamber are much easier to use than a capsule anchor and other capsule stabilizing tools. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which the use of 4 iris hooks for pupil dilation was followed by simultaneous use of 4 hooks for capsular bag stabilization. Of course, extra care must be taken when placing the iris hooks as they can occasionally tear the margins of the capsulorhexis if placed carelessly. Also, the surgeon in our case chose not to grab the iris and capsule with the same hook because that would have affected his view and intraoperative intracapsular maneuvering. The surgeon chose to perform cataract surgery under topical anesthesia because a local regional block in a small eye with a very shallow anterior chamber would have led to an even shallower anterior chamber from the increased retroocular pressure.15 We acknowledge that the choice of peribulbar anesthesia with meticulous preoperative ocular compression would also have been correct as it can result in a deeper anterior chamber for surgery. Using topical anesthesia inevitably had an impact on the choice of IOL implantation. The surgeon had decided against implantation in the bag with a Cionni segment16 or a capsule anchor8 because that would have required transscleral fixation in a scleral pocket, which can be difficult under topical anesthesia. Furthermore, transscleral fixation can often induce IOL tilting, especially when there is no capsule support, and given the relatively young age of the patient, there was a higher risk for long-term suture hydrolysis. Transscleral fixation is more complex and time consuming. As a result of these factors, the surgeon chose to implant the IOL in the sulcus. An AC IOL was not used as it would have narrowed the already narrow anterior chamber angle. Finally, the use of phacoemulsification in contrast to extracapsular cataract extraction was justified in our case because microinvasive techniques in
subluxated cataract surgery can result in a significant reduction in the complication rate and improved functional results. We think phacoemulsification with the aid of 4 iris hooks for pupil dilation and simultaneous use of 4 iris hooks for capsular bag stabilization is a safe and relatively easy technique for patients with a small pupil and a compromised zonule and can be considered an alternative to the use of a CTR. WHAT WAS KNOWN Complicated cataracts with a compromised zonule can be extracted with the help of special ophthalmic devices such as pupil expanders and capsule stabilization tools. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS We describe the use of 4 iris hooks for pupil dilation and simultaneous use of 4 iris hooks for capsular bag stabilization in a patient with a small pupil and a compromised zonule. REFERENCES 1. Shingleton BJ, Marvin AC, Heier JS, O’Donoghue MW, Laul A, Wolff B, Rowland A. Pseudoexfoliation: high risk factors for zonule weakness and concurrent vitrectomy during phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36:1261–1269 2. Wilczynski M, Wierzchowski T, Synder A, Omulecki W. Results of phacoemulsification with Malyugin Ring in comparison with manual iris stretching with hooks in eyes with narrow pupil. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013; 23:196–201 3. Werner L, Zaugg B, Neuhann T, Burrow M, Tetz M. In-the-bag capsular tension ring and intraocular lens subluxation or dislocation; a series of 23 cases. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:266–271 4. Friedman Z, Feiner M. A simplified technique for extraction of subluxated lenses in young patients. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998; 29:949–950 5. Cionni RJ, Osher RH, Marques DMV, Marques FF, Snyder ME, Shapiro S. Modified capsular tension ring for patients with congenital loss of zonular support. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29:1668–1673 6. Bahar I, Kaiserman I, Rootman D. Cionni endocapsular ring implantation in Marfan’s syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1477–1480. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2095444/pdf/1477.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2014 7. Hasanee K, Butler M, Ahmed K II. Capsular tension rings and related devices: current concepts. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006; 17:31–41 8. Assia EI, Ton Y, Michaeli A. Capsule anchor to manage subluxated lenses: initial clinical experience. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:1372–1379 9. Lee V, Bloom P. Microhook capsule stabilization for phacoemulsification in eyes with pseudoexfoliation-syndrome-induced lens instability. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25:1567–1570 10. Santoro S, Sannace C, Cascella MC, Lavermicocca N. Subluxated lens: phacoemulsification with iris hooks. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29:2269–2273
J CATARACT REFRACT SURG - VOL 40, SEPTEMBER 2014
TECHNIQUE: PHACOEMULSIFICATION USING 8 IRIS HOOKS
11. Lim MCC, Jap AHE, Wong EYM. Surgical management of late dislocated lens capsular bag with intraocular lens and endocapsular tension ring. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:533–535 12. Gimbel HV, Condon GP, Kohnen T, Olson RJ, Halkiadakis I. Late in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocation: incidence, prevention, and management. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:2193–2204 13. Angunawela RI, Little B. Fish-tail technique for capsular tension ring insertion. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:767–769 14. Mackool RJ. Capsule stabilization for phacoemulsification [letter]. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26:629; reply by P Bloom, V Lee, 629 15. Carifi G. Cataract surgery in eyes with nanophthalmos and relative anterior microphthalmos [letter]. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154:1005; reply by KI Jung, JW Yang, YC Lee, S-Y Kim, 1005–1006
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16. Cionni RJ, Osher RH. Endocapsular ring approach to the subluxed cataractous lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995; 21:245–249
J CATARACT REFRACT SURG - VOL 40, SEPTEMBER 2014
First author: Nikolaos Kopsachilis, MD, PhD Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Phacoemulsification using 8 flexible iris hooks in a patient with a short eye, small pupil, and phacodonesis Nikolaos Kopsachilis, MD, PhD, Gianluca Carifi, MD, PhD
We describe a technique that uses flexible iris hooks to dilate and stabilize the capsular bag in a patient with a very deep set and small eye, narrow palpebral fissure, shallow anterior chamber, and very small pupil, who was scheduled for routine phacoemulsification for a white cataract. At the time of iris hook placement, the capsular bag was noted to be markedly unstable. The patient was managed successfully with phacoemulsification of the lens using 4 iris hooks to dilate the pupil and 4 iris hooks to stabilize the capsular bag during surgery. A foldable posterior chamber 3-piece intraocular lens was fixated in the ciliary sulcus. Financial Disclosure: Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40:1408–1411 Q 2014 ASCRS and ESCRS Online Video
Phacoemulsification of white cataracts presents a challenge to all cataract surgeons and can become complicated in the presence of a small pupil, shallow anterior chamber, and phacodonesis.1 However, recent advances in equipment and instrumentation, such as pupil expanders and capsule stabilization tools, enable the surgeon to perform cataract surgery uneventfully even in the case of a compromised zonule and complicated anatomical features.2 We describe the simultaneous use of 4 flexible iris hooks for dilation of the pupil and 4 iris hooks for stabilization of the capsular bag in a patient with a very deep set and small eye, narrow palpebral fissure, very small pupil, shallow anterior chamber, mature cataract, and a compromised zonule. CASE REPORT A 60-year-old white man was referred to our cataract clinic for routine cataract extraction in the left eye. The corrected
Submitted: November 22, 2013. Final revision submitted: February 16, 2014. Accepted: February 27, 2014.
distance visual acuity was 6/9 in the right eye and hand movement in the left eye. The intraocular pressure was 12 mm Hg bilaterally. Slitlamp examination showed quiescent pseudophakia in the right eye with a well-placed anterior chamber intraocular lens (AC IOL) and a small pupil. The IOL was implanted in a secondary procedure following a complicated cataract extraction. Biomicroscopy of the left eye showed a white cataract and a very small pupil with a shallow anterior chamber. No phacodonesis was noted preoperatively, possibly due to the poor mydriasis. Fundoscopy in the right eye was unremarkable; B-scan ultrasound in the left eye showed a flat retina. The patient was scheduled for left eye phacoemulsification and foldable posterior chamber IOL implantation using anterior capsule staining to facilitate a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) and iris hooks to secure pupil dilation during surgery. The preferred method of anesthesia was topical tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5% and proxymetacaine hydrochloride 0.5% eyedrops. The preoperative optical coherence biometry (IOLMaster, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) was precluded by a remarkable lens density. A-scan ultrasonography (820 ultrasonic biometer, Humphrey Division, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of a shallow anterior chamber and a short eye with an axial length of 21.50 mm, an anterior chamber depth of 2.10 mm, and a lens thickness of 4.47 mm. Because of the risk factors for intraoperative capsule complications, the case was assigned to a highvolume cataract surgeon (G.C.).
From Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Corresponding author: Nikolaos Kopsachilis, MD, PhD, Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, EC1V 2PD London, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected].
1408
Q 2014 ASCRS and ESCRS Published by Elsevier Inc.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Surgery was started by creating the main 2.75 mm clear corneal incision and 2 side ports. Four iris hooks 0886-3350/$ - see front matter http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.07.009
TECHNIQUE: PHACOEMULSIFICATION USING 8 IRIS HOOKS
(Synergetics, Inc.) were used as planned to secure maximum pupil dilation. During insertion of the hooks, the surgeon noted a marked dehiscence of the lens zonular fibers that could be triggered by the slightest lens touch (Video 1, available at: http:// jcrsjournal.org). Trypan blue (Visionblue staining solution, Dutch Ophthalmic USA) was used to stain the anterior capsule, and the anterior chamber was filled with a cohesive ophthalmic viscosurgical device (Healon GV). The CCC was performed through the main corneal incision using a bent 30-gauge needle. To facilitate an anterior approach to lens removal, the capsular bag was stabilized using 4 additional iris hooks applied to the capsulorhexis edge prior to hydrodissection. The distal end of the iris hook was slightly bent by the surgeon to increase the hook's angle and enable easier access to the capsule's margin. Slight tension was applied carefully to the capsulorhexis margin by the iris hooks, pulling the capsule and lens complex. Because of the marked brunescence of the nucleus and thick leathery posterior plaque, phacoemulsification was performed with the highest vacuum available (650 mm Hg) (Infinity, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) to stabilize the lens during aspiration and enable the primary chop lens disassembling technique. Bottle height and aspiration rate were modified accordingly. To remove the last fragment, the phaco fluidics settings were lowered, given the increased risk for engaging the mobile and fragile posterior capsule. A 3-piece foldable acrylic IOL (MA60AC, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) was implanted in the ciliary sulcus (Figure 1). The surgical procedure was concluded with an intracameral administration of acetylcholine (acetylcholine chloride intraocular solution 1:100 with electrolyte diluent) to induce miosis and 0.1 mL of cefuroxime 10 mg/mL for pseudophakic
1409
endophthalmitis prophylaxis in accordance to the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons study recommendations. Postoperatively, the patient was started on topical prednisolone 1.0% and ketorolac 0.5% for 4 weeks; topical levofloxacin 0.3% 4 times daily for the first 2 weeks was used as postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis. The postoperative course was satisfactory with mild to moderate corneal edema lasting for the first 2 weeks. At the patient's final follow-up appointment 6 weeks after surgery, the uncorrected distance visual acuity was 6/9 and the IOL was well-centered. DISCUSSION Several techniques for the removal of complicated cataracts with a compromised zonule have been described. These include intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction; anterior phacoemulsification with the use of a capsular tension ring (CTR)3; endocapsular lensectomy with vitrectomy and lens removal via the pars plana4; or the use of modified endocapsular rings such as the Cionni ring,5,6 MalyuginCionni ring, Ahmed segment (Morcher GmbH),7 capsular anchor,8 (Hanita Lenses), and Mackool capsule retractors (Microsurgical Technology). The use of iris hooks to stabilize the anterior capsule was originally performed in patients with lens instability due to pseudoexfoliation syndrome.9 Also, phacoemulsification using iris hooks for the capsular bag is reported to be a good and safe method for removing subluxated cataractous lenses.10 A CTR can also be used to stabilize the capsular bag and facilitate in-the-bag implantation and optical centering in cases with partial zonular dialysis.11 However, a major disadvantage of inserting a CTR before
Figure 1. Phacoemulsification using 8 flexible iris hooks in a patient with a small pupil, shallow anterior chamber, and phacodonesis. A: Positioning the first 4 iris hooks to facilitate maximal pupil dilation. B: Applying 4 additional iris hooks to the capsulorhexis edge to stabilize the lens during phacoemulsification. C: Performing phacoemulsification. D: Removing the iris hook following implantation of a posterior chamber IOL.
J CATARACT REFRACT SURG - VOL 40, SEPTEMBER 2014
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TECHNIQUE: PHACOEMULSIFICATION USING 8 IRIS HOOKS
phacoemulsification is that it subjects the capsular bag to radial stress forces that can cause the zonular dehiscence to extend; therefore, surgeons prefer to use CTRs for localized zonular dialysis. Because the etiology of lens dislocation was unknown in our case, concern arose about possible progressive zonular dialysis after the in-the-bag implantation of a CTR and subsequent in-the-bag IOL dislocation.12 Moreover, a fishtail CTR insertion technique can be used and has been described.13 Alternatively, one could have used capsule retractors (eg, MacKool)14; however, those were not available in our operating room at the time of surgery. One advantage of using iris hooks is that most surgeons are familiar with their use for small pupils. Furthermore, capsule hooks in a shallow anterior chamber are much easier to use than a capsule anchor and other capsule stabilizing tools. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which the use of 4 iris hooks for pupil dilation was followed by simultaneous use of 4 hooks for capsular bag stabilization. Of course, extra care must be taken when placing the iris hooks as they can occasionally tear the margins of the capsulorhexis if placed carelessly. Also, the surgeon in our case chose not to grab the iris and capsule with the same hook because that would have affected his view and intraoperative intracapsular maneuvering. The surgeon chose to perform cataract surgery under topical anesthesia because a local regional block in a small eye with a very shallow anterior chamber would have led to an even shallower anterior chamber from the increased retroocular pressure.15 We acknowledge that the choice of peribulbar anesthesia with meticulous preoperative ocular compression would also have been correct as it can result in a deeper anterior chamber for surgery. Using topical anesthesia inevitably had an impact on the choice of IOL implantation. The surgeon had decided against implantation in the bag with a Cionni segment16 or a capsule anchor8 because that would have required transscleral fixation in a scleral pocket, which can be difficult under topical anesthesia. Furthermore, transscleral fixation can often induce IOL tilting, especially when there is no capsule support, and given the relatively young age of the patient, there was a higher risk for long-term suture hydrolysis. Transscleral fixation is more complex and time consuming. As a result of these factors, the surgeon chose to implant the IOL in the sulcus. An AC IOL was not used as it would have narrowed the already narrow anterior chamber angle. Finally, the use of phacoemulsification in contrast to extracapsular cataract extraction was justified in our case because microinvasive techniques in
subluxated cataract surgery can result in a significant reduction in the complication rate and improved functional results. We think phacoemulsification with the aid of 4 iris hooks for pupil dilation and simultaneous use of 4 iris hooks for capsular bag stabilization is a safe and relatively easy technique for patients with a small pupil and a compromised zonule and can be considered an alternative to the use of a CTR. WHAT WAS KNOWN Complicated cataracts with a compromised zonule can be extracted with the help of special ophthalmic devices such as pupil expanders and capsule stabilization tools. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS We describe the use of 4 iris hooks for pupil dilation and simultaneous use of 4 iris hooks for capsular bag stabilization in a patient with a small pupil and a compromised zonule. REFERENCES 1. Shingleton BJ, Marvin AC, Heier JS, O’Donoghue MW, Laul A, Wolff B, Rowland A. Pseudoexfoliation: high risk factors for zonule weakness and concurrent vitrectomy during phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36:1261–1269 2. Wilczynski M, Wierzchowski T, Synder A, Omulecki W. Results of phacoemulsification with Malyugin Ring in comparison with manual iris stretching with hooks in eyes with narrow pupil. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013; 23:196–201 3. Werner L, Zaugg B, Neuhann T, Burrow M, Tetz M. In-the-bag capsular tension ring and intraocular lens subluxation or dislocation; a series of 23 cases. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:266–271 4. Friedman Z, Feiner M. A simplified technique for extraction of subluxated lenses in young patients. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998; 29:949–950 5. Cionni RJ, Osher RH, Marques DMV, Marques FF, Snyder ME, Shapiro S. Modified capsular tension ring for patients with congenital loss of zonular support. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29:1668–1673 6. Bahar I, Kaiserman I, Rootman D. Cionni endocapsular ring implantation in Marfan’s syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1477–1480. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2095444/pdf/1477.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2014 7. Hasanee K, Butler M, Ahmed K II. Capsular tension rings and related devices: current concepts. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006; 17:31–41 8. Assia EI, Ton Y, Michaeli A. Capsule anchor to manage subluxated lenses: initial clinical experience. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:1372–1379 9. Lee V, Bloom P. Microhook capsule stabilization for phacoemulsification in eyes with pseudoexfoliation-syndrome-induced lens instability. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25:1567–1570 10. Santoro S, Sannace C, Cascella MC, Lavermicocca N. Subluxated lens: phacoemulsification with iris hooks. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29:2269–2273
J CATARACT REFRACT SURG - VOL 40, SEPTEMBER 2014
TECHNIQUE: PHACOEMULSIFICATION USING 8 IRIS HOOKS
11. Lim MCC, Jap AHE, Wong EYM. Surgical management of late dislocated lens capsular bag with intraocular lens and endocapsular tension ring. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32:533–535 12. Gimbel HV, Condon GP, Kohnen T, Olson RJ, Halkiadakis I. Late in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocation: incidence, prevention, and management. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31:2193–2204 13. Angunawela RI, Little B. Fish-tail technique for capsular tension ring insertion. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:767–769 14. Mackool RJ. Capsule stabilization for phacoemulsification [letter]. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26:629; reply by P Bloom, V Lee, 629 15. Carifi G. Cataract surgery in eyes with nanophthalmos and relative anterior microphthalmos [letter]. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154:1005; reply by KI Jung, JW Yang, YC Lee, S-Y Kim, 1005–1006
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16. Cionni RJ, Osher RH. Endocapsular ring approach to the subluxed cataractous lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995; 21:245–249
J CATARACT REFRACT SURG - VOL 40, SEPTEMBER 2014
First author: Nikolaos Kopsachilis, MD, PhD Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom