PHARMACEUTICAL MONOPOLIES AND RESEARCH

502 Several new substances have been described which had not eradicated the disease. In acute, overwhelming meningitis no time can be lost; and intensive chemoappear to have a powerful action on salmonellae. The antibiotic synnematin B is active in vitro and in animals, therapy, often with multiple antibiotics, was applied. As and has yielded promising clinical results in the treatment soon as the meningitis was brought under control the of typhoid fever 9-11; but little information is available infective focus in the middle ear was eradicated; radical yet about its effect on the duration of excretion. Fura- mastoidectomy was undertaken in all cases. zolidone (N-[5-nitro-2-furfurylidene]-3-amino-2-oxazoliHara stresses the seriousness of this complication. done) has been used extensively in the treatment of Those who survived spent an average of 45 days in salmonella infections of birds. In bacillary white diar- hospital. Otitic meningitis is preventable. Every patient rhoea of chicks and in fowl typhoid (both due to Salmonella with chronic attic suppuration runs the danger of intragallinarum), not only was there a striking therapeutic cranial disaster; and it is time we realised that in such effect, but most chronic infections were eliminated; but cases no antibiotic is a substitute for a well-performed with Salm. typhimurium infections of poultry most suroperation on the temporal bone, which not only eradicates vivors became chronic carriers.12-15 Information about the infective focus but also seeks to restore the damaged the action of furazolidone on infections in man is scanty,l6 hearing by tympanoplasty. 19 though the drug is already on sale in the United States PHARMACEUTICAL MONOPOLIES AND RESEARCH and is being recommended for the treatment of diarrhceal diseases in general.. McMath and Hussain 17 have PATENT legislation was discussed by Mr. H. Treves salmonella on the treatment of infections Brown 20 in his address as chairman of the British Phamareported briefly with humycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic which is ceutical Conference at Bournemouth on Sept 21. Such administered orally but is not absorbed from the gut. legislation was originally introduced to prevent James I Their results suggest that humycin may be more useful from filling his Treasury by selling monopolies. Subsein shortening the period of fxcal excretion than other quent refinements of the law have all aimed at a balance broad-spectrum antibiotics. A carefully controlled trial between ensuring that the inventor is rewarded and on a larger scale would be valuable. enabling the public to use the invention. In 1919 Britain abandoned product patents-a monopoly on a substance OTITIC MENINGITIS IN THE ANTIBIOTIC ERA could no longer be secured, but a method of manufacture THE use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute otitis could still be protected. From 1919 to 1949, when the law media has enormously reduced the incidence of mastoidwas again changed, the chemical industry was able to itis and intracranial complications. But when such manufacture by alternative methods, where these could complications arise they are still potentially lethal. More- be devised, rather than pay royalties. Perhaps the over nowadays the signs tend to be more difficult to resultant preoccupation with process techniques may recognise, and the causal organisms are often resistant to partly explain the relatively slow progress of pharmathe usual antibiotics. An investigation by Hara 18 at the ceutical research in Britain. Los Angeles County Hospital showed that otitic meninThe failure to protect penicillin by patents was not just gitis still carries the high mortality of 47% in children an unfortunate oversight; and the experience with peniand 43% in adults. cillin suggested to some the desirability of patenting the Chronic suppurative otitis media is a different disease saleable results of research. The pharmaceutical industry astiologically, pathologically, and clinically. The benign can reasonably contend that, if it is to apply its research type, with painless mucoid discharge issuing from a large efforts at the points where the need is greatest, it should central perforation, is becoming less common as a result be assured of a reasonable return. Mr. Treves Brown of greater attention to general, nasal, and aural hygiene. supports the view that the patent law should be It very rarely leads to complications apart from diminustrengthened. tion of hearing. The second type, which now forms the A more difficult, but no less urgent, problem concerns majority of " chronic ears " seen by the otologist, is far the choice of research projects by pharmaceutical firms, from benign. It is characterised by painless, purulent, which- at present tend to concentrate on remedies for offensive discharge from an attic or high posterior tymcommon conditions. Perhaps the solution adopted for panic perforation, caused by a cholesteatoma in the the aircraft industry-of Government contracts supportepitympanic space. This narrow recess is progressively ing the cost of desirable but commercially unattractive expanded by the relentlessly enlarging ball of desquam- investigations-could be adapted to pharmaceutical ating epithelium and dead leucocytes until its bony walls research. The infection is then carried into the are breached. 19. Wullstein, H. ibid. 1956, 65, 1020. meninges and brain, either directly across the tegmen 20. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (in the press). tympani or indirectly via an infected labyrinth, and by retrograde septic venous thrombosis. Prof. JOHN KIRK, who formerly held the Courtauld chair of Hara 18 investigated a series of 28 adults with otitic at the Middlesex Hospital, died on Sept. 26 at the anatomy meningitis seen over a period of eight years. No less than of 77. age 23 of these cases were secondary to chronic suppurative otitis media, and in 10 death resulted. Of the 28 patients, INDEX TO THE LANCET 4 had undergone simple or radical mastoidectomy, which THE index and title-page to vol. I, 1959, which 9. Olson, B. H., Jenrnmgs, J. C. Antibiot. Chemother. 1954, 4, 11. 10. Olarte, J., Figueredo, G. ibid. 1955, 5, 162. was completed with the issue of June 27, is enclosed 11. Benavides, V. L., Olson, B. H., Varela, G., Holt, S. H. J. Amer. med. Ass. 1955, 157, 989. with each copy of our present issue. This practice 12. Smith, H. W. Vet. Rec. 1954, 66, 493. will be followed with future indexes; and accord13. Smith, H. W. ibid. p. 215. 14. Smith, H. W. ibid. 1955, 67, 749. ingly those who wish to receive the index need no 15. Wilson, J. E. ibid. p. 849. 16. 17.

DeLeon, E. P. Antibiot. Med. 1957, 4, 814. McMath, W. F. T., Hussain, K. K. Publ. Hlth, 1959, 73, St. Louis, 1959, 68, 305. Ann. Otol., &c.,

18. Hara, H. J.

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