- Email: [email protected]
Pharmacy-Veterinary Medicine Relations
Pharmacy-Veterinary Medicine Relations By Louis C. Zopf*
Louis C. Zopf is dean of University of Iowa college of pharmacy and director of its pharmaceutical laboratories. A contributor to Remington's Practice of Pharmacy and American Pharmacy series, he has been a member of the APhA Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine since 1965. In 1965 Zopf won the APhA Research Achievement Award and is the recipient of two honorary doctor of science degrees. He is a member of APhA, ASHP, ACA, ASP, ABDP, Iowa Pharmaceutical Association and Iowa Society of Hospital Pharmacists.
T
he APhA Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine was established in 1965 for the purpose of developing a better rapport and understanding between pharmacy and veterinary medicine. Topics of discussion inoluded academic programs, continuing education programs, Code of Interprofessional Relations, and abuse and distribution in use of drugs. Ways and means were considered for stimulating both professions toward a more unified, cooperative approach toward a solution of the problems confronting the health professions. The socio-economic aspects of pharmacy and veterinary medical relations and the violations of the Code of Ethics on the part of both professions were exposed for consideration, with the hope that methods could be devised to avoid repetitious acts and to attempt to set guidelines by which both professions could serve in the capacity for which they are eminently qualified. Topics which were discussed at some length were the impact of "over-simplification" of animal medicine in the minds of the general public, the problem associated with the public "do-ityourself" diagnosis and treatment trends and the impact which the food and drug regulations impose through unavailability of certain drugs without a prescription order. Open discussion prevailed regarding diagnosis of animal diseases by a few pharmacists and the dispensing of drugs by certain veterinarians and ways and means to explore methods of eliminating both of these practices.
0 Adapted from paper presented at the APhA annual meeting in Las Vegas on Aprill0,-1967.
168
The pharmacist can perhaps best understand the veterinarian's professional position if the areas of responsibility for a veterinarian are reviewed. In a talk to the University of Iowa senior pharmacy students, Ralph Kitchell, dean of the college of veterinary medicine of Iowa State University, listed the following as important areas of responsibility for those in the veterinary medical professions( 1) Protection and improvement of food producing resources. The veterinary medical profession safeguards the health and productivity of our $50 billion-dollar livestock industry. James H. Steele, chief, veterinary public health section, Communicable Disease Center, stated in his article of July 1964-"It has been estimated that the present world population is about three billion people and that the domestic animal population is about one animal and one fowl for every individual. This ratio hardly provides sufficient sustenance for each child, woman or man, especially on a per annum basis. But these statistics become more staggering or frightening when one hears that the human population will double by the end of the century. Can we double or triple or quadruple our livestock in the same period?" Animals continue to be very vital as a source of nutrition. (2) Protection and improvement of public health research in comparative medicine. The animal is used as an experimental material in studying diseases or syndromes in man as the human counterpart and obtaining an insight into the human diseases by studying a similar type in the animal. The practitioner of veterinary medicine co-
Journal of the AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
operates with the state and federal veterinarians in the irradication or control of major livestock diseases, ·m any of which are communicable to man such as tuberculosis and brucellosis. ( 3) Protection and improvement of laboratory animals. The expanded use of animals for screening tests for human drug consumption has placed emphasis upon the needs for quality con. trol animals for such purposes. For example, it would be unfortunate to have control animals infected with certain parasites and then have such animals used for the screening of therapeutic agents. ( 4) Protection and improvement of companion animals. The veterinarian who concerns himself with the diseases of pets and pleasure-animals enhances the emotional well-being of their owners. Moreover, he protects man against diseases transmissible from pet animals, such as rabies, leptospirosis, bacterial diarrhea, ringworm, staphylococcosis and psittacosis. The steadily increasing number of pet animals attests to their popularity and to the pleasure they provide to their owners. The maintenance of their health is a vital part of the profession's contribution to society. An example of disease transmitted from pet turtles as a cause of human salmonellosis is a very recent dramatic example of · zoonosis, a disease transmitted from animal to man. (5) Protection and improvement of power-producing animals. Draft and farm animals are important from a standpoint of worldwide health problems because of the overall food shortage in the world and because most of the world is agrarian. These animals include horses, oxen, cows and water buffaloes which are still used in some areas throughout the world as a source of power. Thus the control of disease from food is of major importance. There are many factors which affect the practice of veterinary medicine and it is understandable that we as pharmacists overlook certain of these aspects simply because they are not in the realm of our responsibility. William McCulloch, DVM, director of continu-
ing education, college of veterinary medicine, University of Missouri, in an article prepared for the Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association (December 1966) mentions
among other things the "impact of industrialization of agriculture with developing methods for mass-producing poultry and livestock and their products." He also refers to the increased urbanization of the American population which is pushing man into the countryside and thus potentially exposing him to an array of biological , chemical and physical agents. The problems of the fringe areas between the rapidly expanding metropolitan areas and farming areas have caused numerous public health problems because of the rapidity of these changes. Dr. McCulloch further directs attention to the impact of increased amount of leisure time available for the majority of the American public. Their search for recreation in the form of hunting, fishing, camping and swimming offers man a greater exposure potential to subhuman species both directly and indirectly. As one looks at the fields of specialization iri which the veterinarian is needed, the pharmacist may come up with two thoughts ; one, the veterinarian's professional services are iri such great demand that he should not need or desire to dispense his own medications and, two, the pharmacist should understand the rationale which makes it imperative that every veterinarian have available certain drugs for farm "on call" treatment. It is impractical to expect a farmer to return to a pharmacy with a prescription order for a drug to be administered by the veterinarian at the time of his profession al call. There are occasions when this is reasonable, particularly when he has diag nosed a disease within a flock or herd of animals. It is incumbent upon pharmacists to recognize that the immunization of animals by the farmer upon his own diagnosis is not always as simple a procedure as reading of the label or the availability of the instruments required for such immunization. Self-diagnosis, then, for animals is not only an economic factor but a public health factor as well . For example, without an accurate diagnosis on the part of a veterinarian, the vaccines and/ or therapeutic drugs purchased by an individual animal owner may not be the correct ones because of the lack of professional advice. This is especially important from the human health standpoint. The World Health Organization indicates there are more than 100 diseases that people can contract from animals and, therefore, economics and public health are important in this relationship. The pharmacy-veterinary medical relationship is more
than a man-to-man relationship, more than an interprofessional rapport, because there is involvement of community or public health. In this regard, our association with veterinary medicine is not unlike that which we share with our medical and dental associates. Dean L. Meyer Jones of the University of Illinois, in an article in the Journal of the American Veterinary M edicine Association (1966) , made the
statement that the interchange of information between pharmacy and veterinary medical profession must take place at all levels of education from the undergraduate to the postgraduate years. This includes private practice, local, state and federal government, industry and universities where pharmacists and veterinarians can communicate and cooperate for the benefit of the community. The Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine has agreed that this is essential and for this reason I would like to relate what has been done at the University of Iowa college of pharmacy. For a number of years, I was interested in presenting material on agricultural pharmacy to our senior students. In 1962 , Dr. William McCulloch presented two lectures on veterinary pharmaceuticals to our senior pharmacy students. These lectures were enthusiastically received and the following year we expanded our presentations to four lecture periods. As our new pharmacy curriculum unfolded, the curriculum committee of the college of pharmacy saw the desirability and need to expand the four lecture series into an organized course which we chose to call Agricultural Pharmacy. Through the cooperation of the Institute of Agricultural Medicine of our college of medicine and the personal help of Dean George Christenson and more recently his successor, Dean Ralph Kitchell of the college of veterinary medicine at Iowa State University and its faculty, together with the support of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Association and the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association, in 1964 we officially listed Pharmacy: Agricultural, two semester hours, as a required course in our pharmacy curriculum. Cooperation is given us by the department of agricultural medicine at the University of Iowa and 11 of the lect~res are given by faculty members of the college of veterinary medicine at Iowa State University. This series of lectures is climaxed by a panel discussion in which the executive secretaries of the pharmaceutical and veterinary associations in Iowa, Pharmacist Robert Gibbs and Dr. F .D. Wertman, respectively, present current issues regarding animal health problems. The
balance of the course is conducted by Dr. Carew and Dr. Cannon of the college of pharmacy faculty. Subjects discussed and a summary of the lecture content followsHistory and Scope of Veterinary Medicine-{)rigin of veterinary medical sci-
ence; trends in education in relation to widening responsibilities in this field; statistical information, and background data regarding the training and education of veterinarians. Socio-Economic Aspects of PharmacyVeterinary Medical R elations-areas of
mutual interest and community responsibilities; public health and economic problems encountered with "do-it-yourself" diagnosis and treatment trends; prescription writing by veterinarians; proper labeling; interprofessional re· sponsibilities. Principles of Epidemiology and Disease Transmission-agent (organism), host,
environmental influences, modes of transmission, reservoirs of infection and methods for prevention and control. Veterinary Biologicals (Physiology and Pharmacology )-types of biologicals
(bacterins, toxoids, etc.), storage problems; principles of immunity (active and passive ); problems through lay use of biologicals. Animal Diseases-six lectures covering specific animal diseases, many of which can be transmitted to man (zoonoses); definition, agent, reservoir, modes of transmission, economic aspects, public health implications, problems in differential field diagnosis, need for laboratory support, prevention, control and type of pharmaceuticals used for treatment. Food and Drug Administration and Animal Health Products-recent trends
and changes in laws and regulations regarding animal health products. Present-Day Issues R egarding Animal Health Products (Panel Discussion)-
"Code of Understanding" between veterinary medicine and pharmacy; role of the two professions in the Iowa Interprofessional Association; question and answer period. Insecticides-a number of lectures regarding action, toxicity, chemistry, use, precautions of common insecticides. Rodenticides, Herbicides and Fungi-
cides--compounds old and new (currently available), their chemistry, mode of use, action, precautionary measures. Institute of Agricultural Medicine-its
function and role regarding public health services in the state of Iowa. Inorganic Chemicals and Poisons-
products routinely used and commonly found on all farms as "farmer" aids. The development of the course in agricultural pharmacy has brought about an exchange relationship with the college of veterinary medicine at Iowa State University. We believe that this program is a means of encouraging better interprofessional relationship with our veterinary colleagues. Vol. NSll, No. 4, April 1971
169
As a member of the Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine I was asked to determine how many of the colleges of pharmacy have a veterinary pharmaceuticals course in their curriculum. Thirty schools or 41 percent of our colleges teach a course similar to veterinary pharmaceuticals. Forty-four schools or 59 percent gave us a "no" answer. Of the colleges offering the course, 16 2I 3 percent of the schools list it as a required course while 831/ H percent extend it as an elective. Of the 44 schools which presently do not teach such a course, 25 percent indicated plans to do so pending additional staff, finalizing existing plans or when the demand increases. Only a few schools had no future plans for such a course. The majority of the schools use college of pharmacy faculty to teach their course. I would urge those considering such a program to contact the veterinary medical profession and through its help supplement their own efforts. Veterinarians have a terminology and an approach which differs from that of pharmacy academicians. Their needs and their experiences make the course most interesting and valuable to the students of pharmacy. In 1967 we celebrated the centennial of the first publication on antisepsis by
Lord Lister. The impact of his discovery has done much to extend the life of man. We are perhaps today in a position where pharmacy and veterinary medicine must carefully evaluate their professional responsibilities because of the impact which contemporary living presents to the environment. A Code of Understanding between veterinary medicine and pharmacy is indeed desirable but to implement the principles of ethics implied in such a code requires a rapport between the individuals composing the professions. The sophistication of today's therapeutic agents and the expanding need for drug information are important to the veterinarian as he serves in his professional capacity. Pharmacy will have adequate demands for its services if it properly supports the veterinary medical profession with drugs, information and a continuing educational program involving the merits of the therapeutic agents. The development of the Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine is but a gesture by pharmacy and veterinary medical interest at the association level-an adventure, if you desire, which we hope is the catalyst for more intimate relationships at the local level. The Commission on Pharmacy and
Veterinary Medicine agreed on a project for the development of a veterinary formulary which would serve the veterinarian as a source of drugs and as a comparative guide for drug products. Once a veterinarian has made his decision on the drug of his choice, the formulary will, hopefully, give him some idea of the drug and its availability from his pharmacist. It is also a tool by which he can bridge the gap between human drug references and veterinarian references. The utilization of the Veterinary Prescribing Guide is that it permits the veterinarian a wider choice of dosage and dosage forms and the opportunity of decreasing his personal drug inventory. One of the problems forever present is the economics of the situation and it will require big men to set the dollar sign aside and approach the problem professionally and objectively. There must be communication at the level of practice. We must have a rapport and understanding between the two professions. We must recognize the responsibilities of the individual professions and when these are resolved, which certainly they can and will be, both professions wiH profit and the community will benefit through another consolidation of understanding among health professionals. •
ANNOUNCING the first of a series of Handbooks of Clinical Pharmacy
Handbook of Drug Interactions by Edward A. Hartshorn, Ph.D. This handbook is a compilation of articles on Drug Interactions which have been published in DRUG INTELLIGENCE during the past three years. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters
Preface 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chapters
Significance and Interpretation of Drug Interaction Information Introduction: General Considerations Physiological States Altering Response to Drugs How Drugs Interact Class of Drugs and Their Interactions Interactions of Antihistamines Antibiotics Other Anti-Infective Agents Amebacides Sulfonamides Anthelmintics Sulfones Antitubercular Agents Trichomonacides Plasmodicides Urinary Germicides
8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Antineoplastics Parasympathomimetic Agents Parasympatholytic Agents Sympathomimetic Agents Sympatholytic Agents Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Blood-Forming and Coagulation Agents Oral Coumarin Anticoagulants Cardiac Drugs Antihyperlipemic Agents Hypotensive Agents and Vasodilating Agents
-------------------------------------------------------Please send me _ _ copies of Edward A. Hartshorn's "Handbook of Drug Interactions"
D Enclosed is $3.50 per copy
Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____
City_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
D Bill me later and add $.50 for handling Return to:
170
State/ Country
Zip,____ _ __
Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy, 112 Pavilion N University of Cincinnati Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 ' '
Journal of the AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
Louis C. Zopf is dean of University of Iowa college of pharmacy and director of its pharmaceutical laboratories. A contributor to Remington's Practice of Pharmacy and American Pharmacy series, he has been a member of the APhA Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine since 1965. In 1965 Zopf won the APhA Research Achievement Award and is the recipient of two honorary doctor of science degrees. He is a member of APhA, ASHP, ACA, ASP, ABDP, Iowa Pharmaceutical Association and Iowa Society of Hospital Pharmacists.
T
he APhA Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine was established in 1965 for the purpose of developing a better rapport and understanding between pharmacy and veterinary medicine. Topics of discussion inoluded academic programs, continuing education programs, Code of Interprofessional Relations, and abuse and distribution in use of drugs. Ways and means were considered for stimulating both professions toward a more unified, cooperative approach toward a solution of the problems confronting the health professions. The socio-economic aspects of pharmacy and veterinary medical relations and the violations of the Code of Ethics on the part of both professions were exposed for consideration, with the hope that methods could be devised to avoid repetitious acts and to attempt to set guidelines by which both professions could serve in the capacity for which they are eminently qualified. Topics which were discussed at some length were the impact of "over-simplification" of animal medicine in the minds of the general public, the problem associated with the public "do-ityourself" diagnosis and treatment trends and the impact which the food and drug regulations impose through unavailability of certain drugs without a prescription order. Open discussion prevailed regarding diagnosis of animal diseases by a few pharmacists and the dispensing of drugs by certain veterinarians and ways and means to explore methods of eliminating both of these practices.
0 Adapted from paper presented at the APhA annual meeting in Las Vegas on Aprill0,-1967.
168
The pharmacist can perhaps best understand the veterinarian's professional position if the areas of responsibility for a veterinarian are reviewed. In a talk to the University of Iowa senior pharmacy students, Ralph Kitchell, dean of the college of veterinary medicine of Iowa State University, listed the following as important areas of responsibility for those in the veterinary medical professions( 1) Protection and improvement of food producing resources. The veterinary medical profession safeguards the health and productivity of our $50 billion-dollar livestock industry. James H. Steele, chief, veterinary public health section, Communicable Disease Center, stated in his article of July 1964-"It has been estimated that the present world population is about three billion people and that the domestic animal population is about one animal and one fowl for every individual. This ratio hardly provides sufficient sustenance for each child, woman or man, especially on a per annum basis. But these statistics become more staggering or frightening when one hears that the human population will double by the end of the century. Can we double or triple or quadruple our livestock in the same period?" Animals continue to be very vital as a source of nutrition. (2) Protection and improvement of public health research in comparative medicine. The animal is used as an experimental material in studying diseases or syndromes in man as the human counterpart and obtaining an insight into the human diseases by studying a similar type in the animal. The practitioner of veterinary medicine co-
Journal of the AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
operates with the state and federal veterinarians in the irradication or control of major livestock diseases, ·m any of which are communicable to man such as tuberculosis and brucellosis. ( 3) Protection and improvement of laboratory animals. The expanded use of animals for screening tests for human drug consumption has placed emphasis upon the needs for quality con. trol animals for such purposes. For example, it would be unfortunate to have control animals infected with certain parasites and then have such animals used for the screening of therapeutic agents. ( 4) Protection and improvement of companion animals. The veterinarian who concerns himself with the diseases of pets and pleasure-animals enhances the emotional well-being of their owners. Moreover, he protects man against diseases transmissible from pet animals, such as rabies, leptospirosis, bacterial diarrhea, ringworm, staphylococcosis and psittacosis. The steadily increasing number of pet animals attests to their popularity and to the pleasure they provide to their owners. The maintenance of their health is a vital part of the profession's contribution to society. An example of disease transmitted from pet turtles as a cause of human salmonellosis is a very recent dramatic example of · zoonosis, a disease transmitted from animal to man. (5) Protection and improvement of power-producing animals. Draft and farm animals are important from a standpoint of worldwide health problems because of the overall food shortage in the world and because most of the world is agrarian. These animals include horses, oxen, cows and water buffaloes which are still used in some areas throughout the world as a source of power. Thus the control of disease from food is of major importance. There are many factors which affect the practice of veterinary medicine and it is understandable that we as pharmacists overlook certain of these aspects simply because they are not in the realm of our responsibility. William McCulloch, DVM, director of continu-
ing education, college of veterinary medicine, University of Missouri, in an article prepared for the Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association (December 1966) mentions
among other things the "impact of industrialization of agriculture with developing methods for mass-producing poultry and livestock and their products." He also refers to the increased urbanization of the American population which is pushing man into the countryside and thus potentially exposing him to an array of biological , chemical and physical agents. The problems of the fringe areas between the rapidly expanding metropolitan areas and farming areas have caused numerous public health problems because of the rapidity of these changes. Dr. McCulloch further directs attention to the impact of increased amount of leisure time available for the majority of the American public. Their search for recreation in the form of hunting, fishing, camping and swimming offers man a greater exposure potential to subhuman species both directly and indirectly. As one looks at the fields of specialization iri which the veterinarian is needed, the pharmacist may come up with two thoughts ; one, the veterinarian's professional services are iri such great demand that he should not need or desire to dispense his own medications and, two, the pharmacist should understand the rationale which makes it imperative that every veterinarian have available certain drugs for farm "on call" treatment. It is impractical to expect a farmer to return to a pharmacy with a prescription order for a drug to be administered by the veterinarian at the time of his profession al call. There are occasions when this is reasonable, particularly when he has diag nosed a disease within a flock or herd of animals. It is incumbent upon pharmacists to recognize that the immunization of animals by the farmer upon his own diagnosis is not always as simple a procedure as reading of the label or the availability of the instruments required for such immunization. Self-diagnosis, then, for animals is not only an economic factor but a public health factor as well . For example, without an accurate diagnosis on the part of a veterinarian, the vaccines and/ or therapeutic drugs purchased by an individual animal owner may not be the correct ones because of the lack of professional advice. This is especially important from the human health standpoint. The World Health Organization indicates there are more than 100 diseases that people can contract from animals and, therefore, economics and public health are important in this relationship. The pharmacy-veterinary medical relationship is more
than a man-to-man relationship, more than an interprofessional rapport, because there is involvement of community or public health. In this regard, our association with veterinary medicine is not unlike that which we share with our medical and dental associates. Dean L. Meyer Jones of the University of Illinois, in an article in the Journal of the American Veterinary M edicine Association (1966) , made the
statement that the interchange of information between pharmacy and veterinary medical profession must take place at all levels of education from the undergraduate to the postgraduate years. This includes private practice, local, state and federal government, industry and universities where pharmacists and veterinarians can communicate and cooperate for the benefit of the community. The Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine has agreed that this is essential and for this reason I would like to relate what has been done at the University of Iowa college of pharmacy. For a number of years, I was interested in presenting material on agricultural pharmacy to our senior students. In 1962 , Dr. William McCulloch presented two lectures on veterinary pharmaceuticals to our senior pharmacy students. These lectures were enthusiastically received and the following year we expanded our presentations to four lecture periods. As our new pharmacy curriculum unfolded, the curriculum committee of the college of pharmacy saw the desirability and need to expand the four lecture series into an organized course which we chose to call Agricultural Pharmacy. Through the cooperation of the Institute of Agricultural Medicine of our college of medicine and the personal help of Dean George Christenson and more recently his successor, Dean Ralph Kitchell of the college of veterinary medicine at Iowa State University and its faculty, together with the support of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Association and the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association, in 1964 we officially listed Pharmacy: Agricultural, two semester hours, as a required course in our pharmacy curriculum. Cooperation is given us by the department of agricultural medicine at the University of Iowa and 11 of the lect~res are given by faculty members of the college of veterinary medicine at Iowa State University. This series of lectures is climaxed by a panel discussion in which the executive secretaries of the pharmaceutical and veterinary associations in Iowa, Pharmacist Robert Gibbs and Dr. F .D. Wertman, respectively, present current issues regarding animal health problems. The
balance of the course is conducted by Dr. Carew and Dr. Cannon of the college of pharmacy faculty. Subjects discussed and a summary of the lecture content followsHistory and Scope of Veterinary Medicine-{)rigin of veterinary medical sci-
ence; trends in education in relation to widening responsibilities in this field; statistical information, and background data regarding the training and education of veterinarians. Socio-Economic Aspects of PharmacyVeterinary Medical R elations-areas of
mutual interest and community responsibilities; public health and economic problems encountered with "do-it-yourself" diagnosis and treatment trends; prescription writing by veterinarians; proper labeling; interprofessional re· sponsibilities. Principles of Epidemiology and Disease Transmission-agent (organism), host,
environmental influences, modes of transmission, reservoirs of infection and methods for prevention and control. Veterinary Biologicals (Physiology and Pharmacology )-types of biologicals
(bacterins, toxoids, etc.), storage problems; principles of immunity (active and passive ); problems through lay use of biologicals. Animal Diseases-six lectures covering specific animal diseases, many of which can be transmitted to man (zoonoses); definition, agent, reservoir, modes of transmission, economic aspects, public health implications, problems in differential field diagnosis, need for laboratory support, prevention, control and type of pharmaceuticals used for treatment. Food and Drug Administration and Animal Health Products-recent trends
and changes in laws and regulations regarding animal health products. Present-Day Issues R egarding Animal Health Products (Panel Discussion)-
"Code of Understanding" between veterinary medicine and pharmacy; role of the two professions in the Iowa Interprofessional Association; question and answer period. Insecticides-a number of lectures regarding action, toxicity, chemistry, use, precautions of common insecticides. Rodenticides, Herbicides and Fungi-
cides--compounds old and new (currently available), their chemistry, mode of use, action, precautionary measures. Institute of Agricultural Medicine-its
function and role regarding public health services in the state of Iowa. Inorganic Chemicals and Poisons-
products routinely used and commonly found on all farms as "farmer" aids. The development of the course in agricultural pharmacy has brought about an exchange relationship with the college of veterinary medicine at Iowa State University. We believe that this program is a means of encouraging better interprofessional relationship with our veterinary colleagues. Vol. NSll, No. 4, April 1971
169
As a member of the Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine I was asked to determine how many of the colleges of pharmacy have a veterinary pharmaceuticals course in their curriculum. Thirty schools or 41 percent of our colleges teach a course similar to veterinary pharmaceuticals. Forty-four schools or 59 percent gave us a "no" answer. Of the colleges offering the course, 16 2I 3 percent of the schools list it as a required course while 831/ H percent extend it as an elective. Of the 44 schools which presently do not teach such a course, 25 percent indicated plans to do so pending additional staff, finalizing existing plans or when the demand increases. Only a few schools had no future plans for such a course. The majority of the schools use college of pharmacy faculty to teach their course. I would urge those considering such a program to contact the veterinary medical profession and through its help supplement their own efforts. Veterinarians have a terminology and an approach which differs from that of pharmacy academicians. Their needs and their experiences make the course most interesting and valuable to the students of pharmacy. In 1967 we celebrated the centennial of the first publication on antisepsis by
Lord Lister. The impact of his discovery has done much to extend the life of man. We are perhaps today in a position where pharmacy and veterinary medicine must carefully evaluate their professional responsibilities because of the impact which contemporary living presents to the environment. A Code of Understanding between veterinary medicine and pharmacy is indeed desirable but to implement the principles of ethics implied in such a code requires a rapport between the individuals composing the professions. The sophistication of today's therapeutic agents and the expanding need for drug information are important to the veterinarian as he serves in his professional capacity. Pharmacy will have adequate demands for its services if it properly supports the veterinary medical profession with drugs, information and a continuing educational program involving the merits of the therapeutic agents. The development of the Commission on Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine is but a gesture by pharmacy and veterinary medical interest at the association level-an adventure, if you desire, which we hope is the catalyst for more intimate relationships at the local level. The Commission on Pharmacy and
Veterinary Medicine agreed on a project for the development of a veterinary formulary which would serve the veterinarian as a source of drugs and as a comparative guide for drug products. Once a veterinarian has made his decision on the drug of his choice, the formulary will, hopefully, give him some idea of the drug and its availability from his pharmacist. It is also a tool by which he can bridge the gap between human drug references and veterinarian references. The utilization of the Veterinary Prescribing Guide is that it permits the veterinarian a wider choice of dosage and dosage forms and the opportunity of decreasing his personal drug inventory. One of the problems forever present is the economics of the situation and it will require big men to set the dollar sign aside and approach the problem professionally and objectively. There must be communication at the level of practice. We must have a rapport and understanding between the two professions. We must recognize the responsibilities of the individual professions and when these are resolved, which certainly they can and will be, both professions wiH profit and the community will benefit through another consolidation of understanding among health professionals. •
ANNOUNCING the first of a series of Handbooks of Clinical Pharmacy
Handbook of Drug Interactions by Edward A. Hartshorn, Ph.D. This handbook is a compilation of articles on Drug Interactions which have been published in DRUG INTELLIGENCE during the past three years. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters
Preface 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chapters
Significance and Interpretation of Drug Interaction Information Introduction: General Considerations Physiological States Altering Response to Drugs How Drugs Interact Class of Drugs and Their Interactions Interactions of Antihistamines Antibiotics Other Anti-Infective Agents Amebacides Sulfonamides Anthelmintics Sulfones Antitubercular Agents Trichomonacides Plasmodicides Urinary Germicides
8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Antineoplastics Parasympathomimetic Agents Parasympatholytic Agents Sympathomimetic Agents Sympatholytic Agents Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Blood-Forming and Coagulation Agents Oral Coumarin Anticoagulants Cardiac Drugs Antihyperlipemic Agents Hypotensive Agents and Vasodilating Agents
-------------------------------------------------------Please send me _ _ copies of Edward A. Hartshorn's "Handbook of Drug Interactions"
D Enclosed is $3.50 per copy
Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ____
City_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
D Bill me later and add $.50 for handling Return to:
170
State/ Country
Zip,____ _ __
Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy, 112 Pavilion N University of Cincinnati Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 ' '
Journal of the AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION