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Phase diagram for the Zr-Be system
J, ~Nucl. Energy, Part A: Reactor Science, 1960, Vol. 13, pp. 93 to 96. Pergamon Press Ltd. Printed in Northern Ireland
A B S T R A C T S A N D TITLES OF F U T U R E PAPERS
A tomnaya Energiya Vol. 9,
No. 1
Stability of a hamogeneous b0iling-water nuclear reactor: B . V . ERSIILER, B. Z. TORLIN and L. YA. SUvoRov.
Internal friction in uranium: A. I. DASttKOVSKII, A. I. EVSTYOKttlN, E. M. SAVIISKII and D. M. SKOROV.
The kinetic equations for a homogeneous water moderated reactor are deduced with due allowance for the bulk boiling of the water moderator. Parameteis are listed that may be used to specify the working conditions; flash modes occurring when stability is lost are described; some factors affecting the stability are considered.
Results are given for the internal friction and shear modulus of uranium as functions of temperature. The internal friction in ~ uranium depends on the heat treatment the metal has received; it falls when the metal is annealed in the fl- and 7-ranges. The internal friction changes isothermally in polymorphic transitions. The c~--+/3 and 7--~/3 transitions cause fails in the internal friction, and conversely. Each polymorphic form has internal friction specific to that form.
Start-up conditions in a uranium.graphite po~ver reactor providing superheated steam: V. V. DOLGOV, V. YA. KOZLOV, L. A. KOCIIE'rKOV, O . A . SLIDNITSYN and G. N. USHAKOV.
Phase diagram for the Z r - B e system: V. S. EMEL'YANOV,YU. G. GODIN, A. I. EVSTYUKtnN and A. A. RUSAKOV.
Results are presented from a study of the start-up conditions of a nuclear power station having a uranium-graphite reactor that superheats the steam directly. (The reactor at the first Soviet nuclear power station was used for the purpose.) The loops and the various start-up methods are described. Test results are given, and the advantages or otherwise of various modes o start-up are noted. It is concluded that a station of this type can be started tip without resort to an outside source of steam.
The phase diagram of the Z r - B e system has been compiled on the basis of hardness measurements, metallography, thermal analysis, and phase analysis by means of X-rays. Four intermediate phases (ZrBe2, ZrBe6, ZrBeg, and ZrBex3) are detected. The first three are formed in peritectic reactions at 1235, 1475, and 1555cC respectively; the last melts at 1645°C. Zr and ZrBe2 form a eutectic at 965°C with 5Yo by weight of Be. The ~-/3 transition temperature falls when Be is added to Zr; a cutectoid is formed at 800:C. The solubility of Be in ct-Zr is less than 0-1 ~ , and in/3-Zr less than 0 . 3 ~ . The solubility of Zr in Be does not exceed 0.3 %.
The fission cross-section of 2*°Pu for neutrons of energy from 0.04 to 4.0 MeV: V. G. NESTEROV and G. N, SMIRENKIN. The measured fission cross-section of 2~°Pu is of interest because of the theoretical relation between fission probability and energy and of the possible use of 2t°Pu as a fuel in a fast reactor The effective fission cross-section of ~x°Pu has been measured for neutrons whose energies E , range from 0-04 to 4 MeV. The neutrons were produced by the T(p, t03He reaction. In the plateau region 0 - 4 MeV) the fission cross-section is about 1-6 barns; it falls to half at 0.7 MeV, and there is a further rapid fall down to 0"3 MeV. Past that point the fall is less rapid, and the cross-section is almost constant (at about 0-065 barn) in the range 0'04 to 0-15 MeV. The form of the cross-section curve is discussed in relation to the energy levels of-°~°Pu, which act as inelastic-scattering channels.
Relation of radiation dose to absorbed dose: Ytr. V. SIVlNISEV. It is demonstrated that radiation dose differs from absorbed dose; specific formulas are given for the absorbed dose in terms of absolute measurements of radiation dose. Conditions are laid down for electron equilibrium in dosimetry of X- and 7-rays whose energies lie in the range from 200 keV to 32 MeV. Letters to the Editor THe: V . V . BALASfIOV.
Thorium carbide as a means of transforming heat into electrical energy thetmoelcctrically: N. D. MORGOLIS and Yu. P.
Use of the isotopic composition of lead in surveys for uranium ores: D. YA. SLIRAZttSKIIand A. I. TUGARINOV.
KORCIIEVOI.
A discussion is given of the probable causes of anomalies in the lSOtOptc " composition of load and of the chances of using those anomalies in surveys for uranium deposits. It is supposed that the isotopes resulting from uranium. (Z°Wb, :°6Pb) tend to accumulate in large amounts as a result of geological processes, namely (I) rapid accumulation of recent sediments as a result of rapid erosion of ancient uranium deposits; (2) assimilation of rocks containing uranium by a magma, and extensive granitization of such rocks; (3) hydrothermal metamorphism of uraniferous ore bodies and (4) hypergenesis in the oxidized zone of a uranium deposit.
Effects of internal heat sources on convective heat transfer: E. A. SIDOROV. Systematic errors in gamma.ray tests and their effect in reducing the grade of uranium ore: F. V. KOZLOV and I. M. TENENBAUM. A close intergto~lh of uraninite ~iih a zirconium mlncrah V. I. ZHUKOVA. The BcO--Sm~Oa and BeO--GdzOa systems: S. G. TRESVYATSKII, V. I. KUSIIAKOVSKnand V. S. BELEVANTSEV. 93
A B S T R A C T S A N D TITLES OF F U T U R E PAPERS
A tomnaya Energiya Vol. 9,
No. 1
Stability of a hamogeneous b0iling-water nuclear reactor: B . V . ERSIILER, B. Z. TORLIN and L. YA. SUvoRov.
Internal friction in uranium: A. I. DASttKOVSKII, A. I. EVSTYOKttlN, E. M. SAVIISKII and D. M. SKOROV.
The kinetic equations for a homogeneous water moderated reactor are deduced with due allowance for the bulk boiling of the water moderator. Parameteis are listed that may be used to specify the working conditions; flash modes occurring when stability is lost are described; some factors affecting the stability are considered.
Results are given for the internal friction and shear modulus of uranium as functions of temperature. The internal friction in ~ uranium depends on the heat treatment the metal has received; it falls when the metal is annealed in the fl- and 7-ranges. The internal friction changes isothermally in polymorphic transitions. The c~--+/3 and 7--~/3 transitions cause fails in the internal friction, and conversely. Each polymorphic form has internal friction specific to that form.
Start-up conditions in a uranium.graphite po~ver reactor providing superheated steam: V. V. DOLGOV, V. YA. KOZLOV, L. A. KOCIIE'rKOV, O . A . SLIDNITSYN and G. N. USHAKOV.
Phase diagram for the Z r - B e system: V. S. EMEL'YANOV,YU. G. GODIN, A. I. EVSTYUKtnN and A. A. RUSAKOV.
Results are presented from a study of the start-up conditions of a nuclear power station having a uranium-graphite reactor that superheats the steam directly. (The reactor at the first Soviet nuclear power station was used for the purpose.) The loops and the various start-up methods are described. Test results are given, and the advantages or otherwise of various modes o start-up are noted. It is concluded that a station of this type can be started tip without resort to an outside source of steam.
The phase diagram of the Z r - B e system has been compiled on the basis of hardness measurements, metallography, thermal analysis, and phase analysis by means of X-rays. Four intermediate phases (ZrBe2, ZrBe6, ZrBeg, and ZrBex3) are detected. The first three are formed in peritectic reactions at 1235, 1475, and 1555cC respectively; the last melts at 1645°C. Zr and ZrBe2 form a eutectic at 965°C with 5Yo by weight of Be. The ~-/3 transition temperature falls when Be is added to Zr; a cutectoid is formed at 800:C. The solubility of Be in ct-Zr is less than 0-1 ~ , and in/3-Zr less than 0 . 3 ~ . The solubility of Zr in Be does not exceed 0.3 %.
The fission cross-section of 2*°Pu for neutrons of energy from 0.04 to 4.0 MeV: V. G. NESTEROV and G. N, SMIRENKIN. The measured fission cross-section of 2~°Pu is of interest because of the theoretical relation between fission probability and energy and of the possible use of 2t°Pu as a fuel in a fast reactor The effective fission cross-section of ~x°Pu has been measured for neutrons whose energies E , range from 0-04 to 4 MeV. The neutrons were produced by the T(p, t03He reaction. In the plateau region 0 - 4 MeV) the fission cross-section is about 1-6 barns; it falls to half at 0.7 MeV, and there is a further rapid fall down to 0"3 MeV. Past that point the fall is less rapid, and the cross-section is almost constant (at about 0-065 barn) in the range 0'04 to 0-15 MeV. The form of the cross-section curve is discussed in relation to the energy levels of-°~°Pu, which act as inelastic-scattering channels.
Relation of radiation dose to absorbed dose: Ytr. V. SIVlNISEV. It is demonstrated that radiation dose differs from absorbed dose; specific formulas are given for the absorbed dose in terms of absolute measurements of radiation dose. Conditions are laid down for electron equilibrium in dosimetry of X- and 7-rays whose energies lie in the range from 200 keV to 32 MeV. Letters to the Editor THe: V . V . BALASfIOV.
Thorium carbide as a means of transforming heat into electrical energy thetmoelcctrically: N. D. MORGOLIS and Yu. P.
Use of the isotopic composition of lead in surveys for uranium ores: D. YA. SLIRAZttSKIIand A. I. TUGARINOV.
KORCIIEVOI.
A discussion is given of the probable causes of anomalies in the lSOtOptc " composition of load and of the chances of using those anomalies in surveys for uranium deposits. It is supposed that the isotopes resulting from uranium. (Z°Wb, :°6Pb) tend to accumulate in large amounts as a result of geological processes, namely (I) rapid accumulation of recent sediments as a result of rapid erosion of ancient uranium deposits; (2) assimilation of rocks containing uranium by a magma, and extensive granitization of such rocks; (3) hydrothermal metamorphism of uraniferous ore bodies and (4) hypergenesis in the oxidized zone of a uranium deposit.
Effects of internal heat sources on convective heat transfer: E. A. SIDOROV. Systematic errors in gamma.ray tests and their effect in reducing the grade of uranium ore: F. V. KOZLOV and I. M. TENENBAUM. A close intergto~lh of uraninite ~iih a zirconium mlncrah V. I. ZHUKOVA. The BcO--Sm~Oa and BeO--GdzOa systems: S. G. TRESVYATSKII, V. I. KUSIIAKOVSKnand V. S. BELEVANTSEV. 93