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Phonological awareness and reading skills in adults
Abstractsfrom the 17thAnnualMeeting
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and the principlesof shaping(successiveapproximations)were appliedto team members behavioras they attemptedto reliablyobserve,record,and consequatebehavior.This format providedfor a rapidintroductionof behavioralmethodsand successfulimplementation.The dependentvariablewas the numberof data recordscollectedacrossthree successivecases. A sampleof 3 youngadultsrecoveringfrom moderateto severetraumaticbrain injurywith targetsfor interventionincludingmanyof the behaviorstypicalof theconfused/agitatedstage of recovery.The interventionswere successfulin rapidlychangingthe rate and intensityof behavior.The numerousobstaclesto collectingdata within the rehabilitationmilieu were overcomewiththis approachand the rate of behavioralrecordingacrossthe threecases.The criteriafor reinforcementwas attainableandeffectivein providingfor continuedteamefforts directedat developmentof behavioralinterventionsas a componentof the acuterehabilitationmilieu.In conclusion,the applicationof behavioralprinciplesto stafflearningis seenas primaryto implementationof the behavioralmanagementstrategiesso necessarywith the acute recoveryfrom traumaticbrain injury.Unfortunately,the economicchangesin health care have affectedthe maintenanceof even this highlyet%cientmodelof care. Brenden,R. A., Morris,R., Morris,M., & Jacobs,D. Phonological Processing in Aduits.
Phonologicalprocessingrefersto’areader’sawarenessand use of the soundstructureof oral language when he or she is learning how to decode written language. Deficienciesin phonologicalprocessingabilitiesare the most probablesourcesfor difficultiesin, and the limitedacquisitionof, readingand spellingskillsin many disabledreaders.Much attention has been given to the skills that comprisephonologicalprocessing,and it is believedthat three independentcomponentsexist: phonologicalawareness, phonologicalrecoding in lexical access, and phoneticrecodingin workingmemory.This study investigatedperformanceacrossseveralmeasuresincludingan experimentalbatterydesignedto tap intotwo of these three phonologicalcomponentsin college-agedadults.The studysampleconsistedof 58 Georgia State Universityundergraduatesand 11 undergraduateswho sought learning evaluationsat the Regents Center for Learning Disorders at Georgia State. A purposive samplingmethodwas used to obtaina broadrange of spellingability.Correlationalanalysis were performedto determinethe relationshipbetweenthe experimentalphonologicalprocessing measures and measures of reading and spelling, and other linguistic abilities. Exploratoryfactoranalysiswas alsoperformedin orderto determinethe independenceof the phonologicalprocessingcomponentsin adults. Results indicatedthat adults do not show more than one independentcomponentof phonologicalprocessingskill. Brenden,R. A., Cirino,P., Morris,R., & Morris,M. Phonological Awareness and Reading Skills in Adults.
Seventy-sixcollegestudents,who were referredto a universitybased clinic for the assessment of learning disorders,and 55 universityundergraduates,comprisedthe sample.All participantsreceived two measuresof phonologicalawareness(RosnerAuditoryAnalysis and FullertonAuditorySynthesis),and three measuresof readingskill (Letter-WordIdentification, Word Attack, and Passage Comprehensionsubtests of the WoodcockJohnsonRevisedTestsofAchievement).The studentsfromtheclinicweredefinedas readingdisabled based on low achievement(LA) and/ordiscrepancy(D) models.Readingdisabledstudents were grouped accordingto one standarddeviation(LA) and/or one standarderror of the estimate (D) criteria, resultingin four groups: Controls,LA only, D only, and LA + D. Resultsindicatedthat the LA only and LA + D groupsperformedmore poorly than the D onlyand Controlgroupson measuresof phonologicalawareness,evenaftercovaryingfor IQ and age. Further, the D only and the Control groups did not differ from each other on
76
Abstractsfrom the 17thAnnualMeeting
measuresof phonologicalawareness.Theseresultsquestiontheutilityof determiningreading disabilitysolely on the basis of IQ-Achievementdiscrepancycriteria without regard for absolutereadinglevel. PEDIATRICNEUROPSYCHOLOGYII Israelian,M. K., Sprauve,M. E., & Emory,E. K. Chronic Effects of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Fetal Cerebral Blood Flow and Fetal Movement.
Cerebralbloodflow (CBF),movementand heartrate was examinedin a groupof 14fetuses of smokers(13.3cigarettes/day)and 28 fetusesof non-smokers.All subjectshad uncomplicatedgestations.ColorDopplerEnergy(CDE)was usedto visualizethe majorvesselsof the Circle of Willis, and a spectral Doppler waveform was obtained with pulsed Doppler. Waveformswere analyzedfor peak flow velocity,pulsatilityindex(PI),and resistanceindex (RI). Fetal movementsand heart rate were recordedby a ToituMT-430Fetal Actocardiograph.Subjectswere stimulatedvia the placementof the vibratoron the maternalabdomen for approximately2-minuteintervalsover a 34-minuteperiod followinga 4-minutenonstimulationbaseline.A sequentialdesignwas employedand subjectswere studiedapproximatelyevery 2 weeksbetween24 and 39 weeks gestationalage for a total of 162 studies broken down into 3 gestationalage groups(Age 1: <27 weeks, 38 studies;Age 2: 2’7-32 weeks, 69 studies;Age 3: > 32 weeks, 55 studies).There was no significantbetween the groupson any of the CBF variables.Therewas howevera significantdifferencebetweenthe groupson measuresof habituationto repeatedapplicationsof the stimulusat age 3. A paired sample t-test performedon the mean prestimulationand mean poststimulationmovement variable revealed that the fetuses of nonsmokerssignificantlyreduced the amount of movementfollowingstimulation(t= –2.248, df = 49, p < .029), whereasthe fetuses of smokersdid not.Thefindingthatchroniccigarettesmokingaltersthe abilityof the termfetus to habituate to a repeatedlypresented vibratory stimulusis consistentwith the research literatureand substantiatesthehypoxiceffectsof cigarettesmoking.Thisabnormalpatternof behaviorwas presentdespitewhat would appearto be normalCBF. It is possiblethat the humanfetus is able to maintainnormalcerebralcirculationin the face of periodichypoxic events until a point where the effects of chronic hypoxemiapredominate,resulting in redistributionof blood flow to vital organs,asymmetricgrowth abnormalities,and intrauterinegrowthretardation.However,the hypoxiceffectsof cigarettesmokingare evidenced in abnormalpatternsof habituationwellbeforesignsof abnormalmorphologyor physiology are detected.The results suggestthat the habituationparadigmmay be a more sensitive measureof subtleneuralcompromiseand couldproveto be an invaluabletool in antenatal assessmentsof fetal well-being. Kasmen,L. J., Bums, T. G., DeFilippis,N. A., Johnson,A., N~e, K. M., O’Toole,K., & Wagner,B. TheClinical Utility of the Bicycle Drawing Test as a Measure of V?suo-Constructional,Motor and Perceptual Skills in a Pediatric Population.
This study examinedthe validityof the BicycleDrawingTest (BDT) in measuringvisuoconstructional,motor and perceptualskills in childrenwith moderateto severenecrologic deficits.The categoriesof errortypeswhichcomprisetherevisedscoringcriteriaof the BDT were comparedto one complexand one simplefigural task (the Rey-OsterriethComplex FigureTest and the DevelopmentalTest of Visual-MotorIntegration),two fine motortasks (the Finger Tapping Test and the Lafayette Grooved Pegboard Test) and three visual-
75
and the principlesof shaping(successiveapproximations)were appliedto team members behavioras they attemptedto reliablyobserve,record,and consequatebehavior.This format providedfor a rapidintroductionof behavioralmethodsand successfulimplementation.The dependentvariablewas the numberof data recordscollectedacrossthree successivecases. A sampleof 3 youngadultsrecoveringfrom moderateto severetraumaticbrain injurywith targetsfor interventionincludingmanyof the behaviorstypicalof theconfused/agitatedstage of recovery.The interventionswere successfulin rapidlychangingthe rate and intensityof behavior.The numerousobstaclesto collectingdata within the rehabilitationmilieu were overcomewiththis approachand the rate of behavioralrecordingacrossthe threecases.The criteriafor reinforcementwas attainableandeffectivein providingfor continuedteamefforts directedat developmentof behavioralinterventionsas a componentof the acuterehabilitationmilieu.In conclusion,the applicationof behavioralprinciplesto stafflearningis seenas primaryto implementationof the behavioralmanagementstrategiesso necessarywith the acute recoveryfrom traumaticbrain injury.Unfortunately,the economicchangesin health care have affectedthe maintenanceof even this highlyet%cientmodelof care. Brenden,R. A., Morris,R., Morris,M., & Jacobs,D. Phonological Processing in Aduits.
Phonologicalprocessingrefersto’areader’sawarenessand use of the soundstructureof oral language when he or she is learning how to decode written language. Deficienciesin phonologicalprocessingabilitiesare the most probablesourcesfor difficultiesin, and the limitedacquisitionof, readingand spellingskillsin many disabledreaders.Much attention has been given to the skills that comprisephonologicalprocessing,and it is believedthat three independentcomponentsexist: phonologicalawareness, phonologicalrecoding in lexical access, and phoneticrecodingin workingmemory.This study investigatedperformanceacrossseveralmeasuresincludingan experimentalbatterydesignedto tap intotwo of these three phonologicalcomponentsin college-agedadults.The studysampleconsistedof 58 Georgia State Universityundergraduatesand 11 undergraduateswho sought learning evaluationsat the Regents Center for Learning Disorders at Georgia State. A purposive samplingmethodwas used to obtaina broadrange of spellingability.Correlationalanalysis were performedto determinethe relationshipbetweenthe experimentalphonologicalprocessing measures and measures of reading and spelling, and other linguistic abilities. Exploratoryfactoranalysiswas alsoperformedin orderto determinethe independenceof the phonologicalprocessingcomponentsin adults. Results indicatedthat adults do not show more than one independentcomponentof phonologicalprocessingskill. Brenden,R. A., Cirino,P., Morris,R., & Morris,M. Phonological Awareness and Reading Skills in Adults.
Seventy-sixcollegestudents,who were referredto a universitybased clinic for the assessment of learning disorders,and 55 universityundergraduates,comprisedthe sample.All participantsreceived two measuresof phonologicalawareness(RosnerAuditoryAnalysis and FullertonAuditorySynthesis),and three measuresof readingskill (Letter-WordIdentification, Word Attack, and Passage Comprehensionsubtests of the WoodcockJohnsonRevisedTestsofAchievement).The studentsfromtheclinicweredefinedas readingdisabled based on low achievement(LA) and/ordiscrepancy(D) models.Readingdisabledstudents were grouped accordingto one standarddeviation(LA) and/or one standarderror of the estimate (D) criteria, resultingin four groups: Controls,LA only, D only, and LA + D. Resultsindicatedthat the LA only and LA + D groupsperformedmore poorly than the D onlyand Controlgroupson measuresof phonologicalawareness,evenaftercovaryingfor IQ and age. Further, the D only and the Control groups did not differ from each other on
76
Abstractsfrom the 17thAnnualMeeting
measuresof phonologicalawareness.Theseresultsquestiontheutilityof determiningreading disabilitysolely on the basis of IQ-Achievementdiscrepancycriteria without regard for absolutereadinglevel. PEDIATRICNEUROPSYCHOLOGYII Israelian,M. K., Sprauve,M. E., & Emory,E. K. Chronic Effects of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Fetal Cerebral Blood Flow and Fetal Movement.
Cerebralbloodflow (CBF),movementand heartrate was examinedin a groupof 14fetuses of smokers(13.3cigarettes/day)and 28 fetusesof non-smokers.All subjectshad uncomplicatedgestations.ColorDopplerEnergy(CDE)was usedto visualizethe majorvesselsof the Circle of Willis, and a spectral Doppler waveform was obtained with pulsed Doppler. Waveformswere analyzedfor peak flow velocity,pulsatilityindex(PI),and resistanceindex (RI). Fetal movementsand heart rate were recordedby a ToituMT-430Fetal Actocardiograph.Subjectswere stimulatedvia the placementof the vibratoron the maternalabdomen for approximately2-minuteintervalsover a 34-minuteperiod followinga 4-minutenonstimulationbaseline.A sequentialdesignwas employedand subjectswere studiedapproximatelyevery 2 weeksbetween24 and 39 weeks gestationalage for a total of 162 studies broken down into 3 gestationalage groups(Age 1: <27 weeks, 38 studies;Age 2: 2’7-32 weeks, 69 studies;Age 3: > 32 weeks, 55 studies).There was no significantbetween the groupson any of the CBF variables.Therewas howevera significantdifferencebetweenthe groupson measuresof habituationto repeatedapplicationsof the stimulusat age 3. A paired sample t-test performedon the mean prestimulationand mean poststimulationmovement variable revealed that the fetuses of nonsmokerssignificantlyreduced the amount of movementfollowingstimulation(t= –2.248, df = 49, p < .029), whereasthe fetuses of smokersdid not.Thefindingthatchroniccigarettesmokingaltersthe abilityof the termfetus to habituate to a repeatedlypresented vibratory stimulusis consistentwith the research literatureand substantiatesthehypoxiceffectsof cigarettesmoking.Thisabnormalpatternof behaviorwas presentdespitewhat would appearto be normalCBF. It is possiblethat the humanfetus is able to maintainnormalcerebralcirculationin the face of periodichypoxic events until a point where the effects of chronic hypoxemiapredominate,resulting in redistributionof blood flow to vital organs,asymmetricgrowth abnormalities,and intrauterinegrowthretardation.However,the hypoxiceffectsof cigarettesmokingare evidenced in abnormalpatternsof habituationwellbeforesignsof abnormalmorphologyor physiology are detected.The results suggestthat the habituationparadigmmay be a more sensitive measureof subtleneuralcompromiseand couldproveto be an invaluabletool in antenatal assessmentsof fetal well-being. Kasmen,L. J., Bums, T. G., DeFilippis,N. A., Johnson,A., N~e, K. M., O’Toole,K., & Wagner,B. TheClinical Utility of the Bicycle Drawing Test as a Measure of V?suo-Constructional,Motor and Perceptual Skills in a Pediatric Population.
This study examinedthe validityof the BicycleDrawingTest (BDT) in measuringvisuoconstructional,motor and perceptualskills in childrenwith moderateto severenecrologic deficits.The categoriesof errortypeswhichcomprisetherevisedscoringcriteriaof the BDT were comparedto one complexand one simplefigural task (the Rey-OsterriethComplex FigureTest and the DevelopmentalTest of Visual-MotorIntegration),two fine motortasks (the Finger Tapping Test and the Lafayette Grooved Pegboard Test) and three visual-