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PHRENOLOGY. DR. SKAE IN REPLY TO GEORGE COMBE, ESQ.
123 minutes past twelve, when I introduced my hand, with great ease, per vaginam. The perinaeal muscles and os uteri offered no resistance. Some delay in the turning was occasioned by the funis, which was tightly stretched between the legs of the child, as well as by the frequent recurrence of uterine contractions ; but during the whole process she scarcely uttered a complaint, and lay perfectly quiet. After I had brought down the legs and pelvis of the child, an interval of half an hour ensued without pains. They again became strong at twenty minutes past one A.M., when the ether was again exhibited, and a female child was born six minutes afterwards. Though at this time there existed scarcely any evidence of life in it, yet by artificial respiration, warm bath, &c., feeble respiration and circulation were established in about half an hour, and by persevering in our efforts for another half hour these functions were perfectly restored, and the child cried. The placenta was thrown off immediately after the birth of the child. The uterus contracted well. She inhaled in all an ounce and a half of ether. On the following day she asserted that she knew nothing of what happened after the first inhalation of ether. May 20th.-Both child and mother are quite well. The effect of the ether in this case was to relieve immediately the state of high nervous irritability, and to enable me to perform with perfect ease, and without pain to the patient, an operation which, without this agent, would have been attended by great suffering even to a person of robust constitu-
twenty
tion.
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Natural labour. Mrs. W-, aged twenty-six; has had one child; her labour then was long and difficult. "My services," observes Mr. Thomas Safford Lee, to whose kindness I am indebted for the notes of this case, " were not required until May 27th, though she expected her confinement in the first week of that month. I was summoned at about ten A.M., and found her suffering from the sharp and tiresome pains which accompany the first stage of labour. She stated that they had commenced at seven or eight o’clock that morning, that they had become more and more frequent and distressing, and that she now thought her labour had begun in earnest. On examination, I found the head protruding into the pelvis, but not fixed at the brim. The os uteri was looking backwards, and was open to the size of half-a-crown ; its edges were thin and slightly resisting; a thin layer of uterine tissue covered the head. The vagina was not lubricated with any discharge. I now proposed to her that she should be put under the influence of ether. During her labour, I explained to her that she would suffer little or no pain, and that the remedy in many such cases had succeeded admirably, and without any bad results. After a little consideration, she readily assented to my proposal." It having been found, on examination, that the os uteri was now open to the extent of a fiveshilling piece, the edges being thin and dilatable; that the head occupied the brim, and was projecting into the pelvis, covered with a thin layer of uterine tissue; that the pains were quick, lasting about one minute, and returning every two, the pulse and the breathing being natural,-it having also been ascertained that she had never suffered from anv affection of the chest or head, I attended at half-past twelve, at Mr. Lee’s summons, and immediately administered the ether. She inhaled for three minutes, when she became quite under its influence, the face being flushed, and the breathing for a moment stertorous. Pinching produced no suffering. She was perfectly insensible. During four minutes, there was no uterine action; but after that interval, a powerful contraction came on, lasting longer than any of her previous pains-(viz., one minute and a half.) On recovering from the effects of the ether, she became rather hysterical. At a quarter to twelve o’clock, ten minutes after the last pain, she had another strong one; and at five minutes to one o’clock, she had such a severe one, that the membranes gave way, and of this fact she was quite conscious. The os uteri was now largely dilated, and only a small portion of it was felt anteriorly; the head, which was in the first position, still occupied the brim of the pelvis. The vagina, which at the first part of labour had been dry, was nowfreely lubricated with mucus, and very dilatable. The pains became very frequent, and the head occupied more of the pelvis. During the last half hour she was not at all under the influ-
ence of ether. We determined it should be again employed during the last stage of labour. Forcing pains, indicating its approach, came on at half-past one o’clock, when the ether was again administered, and quickly induced insensibility.
The
pains
became
more
frequent
and
expulsive.
She
now
vomited a large quantity of porter which she had taken previous to Mr. Lee’s arrival. The perinseum offered no resistance, and the head of the child was expelled at two o’clock, followed in five minutes by the body and legs, almost immediately "after which the placenta was thrown off. During the severe pains" of the last half hour, she states that she was aware of her expulsive efforts, but they were unattended by any suffering, and she considered it was all a dream. Some discharge followed the expulsion of the placenta, owing to The uterus, when emptied of them some retained coagula. by pressure of the hand, quickly and permanently contracted. A bandage with a pad was then applied to the abdomen, after which no haemorrhage occurred. She inhaled fourteen drachms of ether. With the exception of the ordinary feeling of stiffness and soreness on the following day she has been perfectly free from ailment since her confinement. She is suckling her child, which is a healthy boy. She says she will have the ether again should she ever become pregnant. In the
early stage of this labour, when the os uteri was only partially dilated, there occurred, when the patient was first
etherized, an interval of four minutes between the contractions of the uterus, whilst immediately previous to this the pains had appeared every two minutes. It is remarkable, however, that the uterine efforts became more vigorous and persistent from the time the ether was administered, though at this stage of the labour she had longer rests between her pains. I am not prepared to decide whether this circumstance was dependent on, or simpiy coincident with, the use of the ether. After the second exhibition of ether the expulsive throes became augmented in both frequency and power. With a view to aid others in determining exactly the effects of the inhalation of etherial vapour in midwifery practice, as well as to show the accuracy of my own observations, I beg to subjoin a copy of the minutes taken at the bedside of this patient. I have invariably pursued the following plan of keeping clinical notes of the pains before and during etherization in all the cases which I have hitherto brought before the profession :BEFORE ETHERIZATION.
By this table it will be seen, that before etherization, the intermission of the pains averaged eighty seconds, and the duration of each pain forty-eight seconds and three-quarters; but that during the etherization, the intermissions averaged only fifty-three seconds and three-quarters, whilst the duration was sixty-five seconds. Thus the mean proportions of the intermissions before and after etherization are as 3.2 to 2.1, and the mean proportions of the duration of the pains are as 3.9 to 2.9, proving in this case, that the intermissions became shortened, and the duration of the uterine efforts increased after the exhibition of ether. (To be continued.)
PHRENOLOGY. DR. SKAE IN REPLY TO GEORGE COMBE, ESQ. IN THE LANCET for December l9th and 26th, there appeared criticism by Mr. Combe, upon an article in the British Quarterly Review for November last, entitled " Phrenology," of which he imputed, and correctly, the authorship to me. This criticism was reprinted in the Phrenological Journal for January, 1847, which contained also some strictures by Mr. Straton, and the editor, on the measurements and calculations of the articles referred to. A severe and protracted illness has prevented me from replying to these criticisms and strictures before this; but I now gladly avail myself of your liberality, by forwarding the following remarks for insertion in your journal. The points requiring notice on my part, may be referred to three heads:—first, the alleged inaccuracy of my measurements and calculations; secondly, the nature of my argument
a
124 test of phrenology; and, lastly, certain opprobrious terms were of the same size or capacity, we could compare at once made use of by the writers referred to, charging me with such measurements with precision, and say, to the fraction of " disingenuous absurdity," and insinuating that I was guilty of an inch, how much larger the organ of destructiveness, e. g., wilful misrepresentation and dishonesty. was in one person than in another, and by consequence, how To the latter I reply first, and briefly. I shall not allow much stronger the propensity. We could then, when we myself to recriminate, or to be drawn, by the example before had measured the distance of the central or most prominent me, into an unmannerly display of temper, and an unmanly point of each organ from the external ear, say which preimputation of motives. I content myself with a denial of the ponderated over its neighbour, as compared with the correcharges. My measurements and calculations were honestly sponding organ in another individual. and carefully made. They weremade with an honest intenI proposed, therefore, by a well-known geometrical rule, tion of testing the truth of phrenology for my own satisfaction, which may be stated thus: that the cube roots of similar and by a method which I believed, and do believe, to be pre- solidsare to each other as their homologous lines,-to convert all cise and complete. Having made these observations, I deemed the measurements which I had made into those of crania of a them worthy of publication, and although not extensive uniform capacity-that is to say, I converted all the crania enough to form the basis of an original paper, sufficiently in- into crania of precisely the same size or capacity; each one, teresting to induce me to throw them into the form in which however, retaining exactly it own from, and the same relative they appeared. development of its different parts. I selected the crania of in. I feel rather gratified than otherwise, that a gentleman of dividuals, either notorious for some particular act or course of Mr. Combe’s constitutional calmness and self-possession should life, or whose characters were well known; and I assumed have been betrayed into the use of terms which are rude, un- that the measurements of the crania thus calculated would justifiable, and unlike himself. It indicates feelings some- correspond with the known character of the individuals, if what deeper than those which he attempts to conceal under phrenology was true. This is the test I proposed for phrenothe contemptuous tone assumed in his reply. Truth is some- logy. Mr. Combe argues, at great length, that this cannot be a times painful, sometimes even irritating, especially to those who have long cherished and publicly defended a favourite, correct mode of testing phrenology, because it is not the mode in which Gall discovered it, and he studied it, as if we could but now untenable, creed. In regard to Mr. Straton’s language, I willingly admit that not test the truth of a proposition, or the accuracy of a calcuit was not without excuse, in the discovery which he made, lation, by any other mode than by going over the same steps after the publication of Mr. Combe’s reply, of the obvious by which another had arrived at it! A boy who has had three inaccuracy of what appeared as my table of measure- weeks’ tuition in arithmetic knows better than this-nay, he ! knows that without other tests for the truth of his calculations ments. This leads me at once to the first objection against the than simply repeating them, he would have very little cerarticle in question, the inaccuracy of the measurements and tainty about his results. Mr. Combe affirms that I and others calculations. On reading over Mr. Straton’s notice, I was im- who have not received phrenology, have rejected it because mediately convinced that some error must have crept into we have not pursued Dr. Gall’s method; that we should have the article published by me, being satisfied that both the begun with persons in whom some particular organs were measurements and the calculations were made with at least either extremely large or extremely defective, examples of ordinary care and accuracy. This led me to collate my which kind are given in a list in his " System of Phrenology;" manuscripts1 and compare them with the printed tables, when that after satisfying ourselves that in these specimens the very I immediately discovered that the gentleman employed by large or very small organs coincided with very large or very me to transcribe the tables for the press, had inadvertently defective corresponding faculties, we should have gone out copied a table of calculated measurements, instead of the one into schools, prisons, and families, with these truthsfixed upon our mind8, and looked about us for confirmation of them!containing the actual measurements of the casts. The table, thus accidentally published, was one in forming "tried to find similar living examples" ! This is excellentwhich the capacity of the crania had not been ascertained, the most perfect recipe for making a phrenologist that could but in which a number was procured by calculation, believed well be devised. It is like the monkey who had got his tail to be proportional to it; and the measurements of all the chopped off trying to persuade his companions that he knew crania were then made to correspond with those of a cranium the fashions. Look at everything which Dr. Gall and I did, of the capacity of Bruce’s. This method, as inexact, I and exactly in the same way; and you will be exactly of the relinquished; and having found the capacities of the crania same way of thinking. I have no doubt that there are many by immersion in water, I made new calculations, bringing all skulls, particular prominences on which correspond with the the measurements to those of a cranium having the capacity phrenological doctrine. Such coincidences must be; they are of Swift’s. These are correctly given in the second table of admitted, and candidly pointed out, in the article referred to, the article in question; while the first table of that article where they occurred in my own observations. That such cocontains the calculations which I had first made. incidences were observed by Dr. Gall and by Mr. CombeThe accidental publication of this table of calculations, as that such examples are collected in phrenological museumsthe actual measurements of the crania which I had examined, and that upon these they and their followers founded has afforded Mr. Straton an opportunity of showing that what their faith, - are points which, I presume, no one will he believed to be my measurements were very inaccurate, doubt. and that they did not correspond with the calculations given But, assuming that these extreme examples, and the in the second table. This, of course, they never could do, general experience of phrenologists in schools, families, and not being themeasurements from which the calculations were prisons, have made out a satisfactory case for phrenology, and that it is true, then surely the converse of Mr. Combe’s promade. I now publish a table of the true measurements, and along position will hold true also; and persons having certain faculties with it I reprint, in the second columns, the calculations on or propensities strongly developed, will have the correspondwhich my argument was founded. This table will at once ing organs large; large compared with the other organs in meet all the objections as to the inaccuracy of my measure- their own heads, and with the same organs in other heads. ments and calculations. The former will be found, I believe,, This is the test to which I have endeavoured to reduce phreto be sufficiently correct; and the latter will be seen to’ nology, and because it is not Gall’s method of studying it, because I do not choose to walk blindfold in the steps of Dr. correspond with the former. Before introducing these tables, I may be permitted to Gall and Mr. Combe, it is therefore no test at all; it is a new state here what the object of my calculations was, in ordermethod, says Mr. Combe; it is a system; it is "Skae’s Phrethat I may be intelligible to those who have not read, or nology:" and this, although the results are merely and enhave now forgotten, the original article, and Mr. Combe’s tirely negative; it is nzy phrenology, because it is not Gall’s. reply to it. The following are the tables, which, if correct, as I believe I set out by assuming that the principal, if not the sole,, them to be, Mr. Combe is most welcome to try his wit on means of estimating the size of a phrenological organ, was by its degree of prominence, compared with neighbouring organs,, again; if he cannot get from them results harmonizing with or the neighbouring surface of the cranium. I pointed out Gall’s system; he may endeavour to extract from them, what that this degree of prominence could be estimated by measure- I have nowhere ventured to do, a new system of phrenology, ment with the callipers from some central point, such as the which shall be Combe’s, if he chooses, not mine. meatus auditorius. I went on to show that we were preventedl In the following table, the first column under each head from making a direct comparison of the measurements of one, contains the actual measurement of the phrenological organs; cranium with those of another, in consequence of the differ- and the second column, the measurement of those organs ence in size of the two entire crania; and that if all crania6when all the heads are brought to the same capacity.
or
being
’
’
, -
-
125 destructiveness is half an inch less than that of the French poet, and less also than that of Heloise or Stella. Pollard,
who had an ungovernable propensity to kill, has both these organs small compared with the other individuals, and small also relatively to the other organs of his own head. In Haggart, too, the counteracting organs are relatively larger than in Swift, Heloise, Stella, or Burns, while his organ of acquisitiveness, although one of the most noted thieves on record, is smaller than any of the other nine. Swift, who was no thief, has the largest acquisitiveness, and the smallest benevolence. La Fontaine, a thoughtless sceptic, has the largest organ of veneration, and the next in point of size, is Haggart’s. And lastly, to sum up this brief resumé, Swift has the smallest organ of wit. These are a few of the facts with which Mr. Combe and Mr. Straton had to contend; and in what,-if the accuracy of the measurements and calculations is now admitted, for they do not deny the accuracy of the principle on which they are made,-in what does their defence of phrenology consist ? Mr. Combe first endeavours to depreciate the value of precise measurements in anatomical and physiological questions, and to ridicule me for requiring such precision in proof of " phrenology. " Large," " full," and small," are terms suffithe relative size of the fingers; ciently accurate for describing and the terms, more " extensive," " much larger," are applied, by distinguished phrenologists, to thelarge nasal organs of Indians and dogs; and are considered precise enough. And, with regard to the senses, the terms, " acuteness of their hearing," and " wonderful acuteness of smell," are printed, by Mr. Combe, in italics, and I am gravely asked, whether I understand the meaning of them, or if they are not sufficiently precise. Why, I have nowhere professed to give the size, in cubic inches, of the faczclties of destructiveness or wit. With regard to these imponderable and immensurable subjects, I have been content to take the general estimate of the world, in relation to the individuals whose characters I compare. In relation to the size of my fingers, or those of a child, or the nasal bones of the American Indian, I am also content to take the common expressions-large, small, extensive, &c., as sufficient, for this obvious reason, they are sufficient for all practical purposes; there is no dispute regarding the facts; there is no physiological or metaphysical question pending upon the question of size in these illustrations. Our knowledge of the functions of the olfactory and auditory nerves, depends upon other data altogether than the comparative size of those nerves in different animals. But in every anatomical or physiological question, of which the item of size forms an essential element, the science is amenable to the same demands as those of chemistry and mechanics, and demands the same precision. It demands and offers measurements as minute and precise as the most accurate and minute methods of mensuration can afford. The question of phrenology is one altogether of size, and to rest it upon measurements which are uncertain and vague, and to disparage or discard those which are precise and accurate, is to prefer ignorance and error to certainty and truth. Messrs. Combe and Straton object to my measurements because they proceed upon the assumption, that the size of any of the so-called organs can only be estimated by the degree of prominence which they display, as compared with the neighbouring surface of the cranium, or their distance from some central point. They contend that no account is taken of the breadth of the organs, except what may be taken by a reference to the breadth or size of the entire head; and they assert that the breadth and limits of an organ can be recognised by the hand and eye. " If the writer of the article," says Mr. Straton, "will take the trouble to learn the outlines of the organs on any cranium on how to mark sight, (not a very difficult matter to do, if he study On comparing the measurements contained in the second the indications of Nature,) if he will mark any dozen or more columns of this table, it will be seen that the results, as I have crania, selected at random, in any museum, or from any burialpointed out at some length in the article which is the subject ground, if he prefers it, he will never in his life repeat the of this controversy, are, generally speaking, at variance with sentences just quoted." And Mr. Combe says, "Their dephrenology, and in many instances so utterly irreconcilable marcations are not, in every head, so palpable as the limits of with its truth as to appear altogether subversive of it. Hag- the nose and mouth: but, in particular heads, quite sufficient gart, Heloise, Burns, M’Kaen, and Stella, have an organ of in number to enable us to determine both their position and amativeness half an inch less than Bruce, in relation, it must form, they are very distinctly indicated; and in every head, a and less skilled hand and eye, and an intelligent, honest mind, may, always be remembered, to heads of the same size, than Swift, who is described by his biographer as " naturally with due care, discriminate them." To all this I reply temperate, chaste, and frugal." Lockey, a murderer, has the by a simple and distinct denial of the truth of these smallest organ of combativeness; Pollard, another murderer, assertions. I believe I have examined as many crania has less than either Heloise or Stella; while the notorious ) as either Mr. Straton or -Bfr. Combe, and can furnish the Haggart has an organ which measures one inch less than former with a few choice specimens from "burial-grounds," select museum ones, too, if he prefers them, for the purSwift’s, and half an inch less than Stella’s, and scarcely more than that of the facile and apathetic La Fontaine. His pose of "marking the outlines;" and if he and Mr. Combe
minutely
and
126
only, with its italics, is Mr. Combe’s, who accuses me of disingenuousness ; and his defence of Stella is derived from some lines addressed to her by Swift, and from a single act of her life, in which she exhibited great courage and determination. But I leave it to any one to say, whether, according to the acknowledged doctrines of phrenology, this single act, and the general tenour and course of her life, will explain the I repeat the position I have assumed, there is, and can be, difference between her character and that of Haggart, so as no other estimate of the size of the so-called organs than that to accord with the measurements of their respective organs. assigned to them-viz., their degree of prominence. Of this Stella has more destructiveness, combativeness, acquisitivethe callipers can take a much more accurate measurement ness, and secretiveness, than Haggart, and she has -less firmthan the hand and eye; and to this standard I have endea- ness, veneration, and benevolence; yet the one was, in the voured to bring them. The principle I have adopted, of general tenour of her life, "a patient and peaceable woman," homologous lines, has not been impugned even by the phre- and the other was a notorious and most dangerous thief, nologists themselves. If it is a correct one, let them make housebreaker, and murderer. their own measurements and their own calculations on this In conclusion, allow me to add that I had no wish to place principle, and let them show any ten heads of the same size, myself in the position of an assailant of phrenology; I rethe measurements of which harmonize with the doctrines corded what I had found as a searcher after truth. I am quite sensible of the advantages we have derived from phrethey maintain. The next objection made to my argument is, that the nology, both in the department of physiology and of metaphyresults of my calculations are entirely vitiated by taking the sics. Perhaps we are in the pathway which may lead to head of Swift as a standard of comparison. Swift, they say, truth; my own observations lead me to believe, that in the became an idiot long before his death, therefore the whole of craniology of their-systern, phrenologists have not yet arrived the calculations are preposterous-a "folly"and asolemn at that point; but in the present state of our knowledge, I farce." Most profound critics! The skull of Swift is no- believe that the system and its terminology afford most useful where, in the article written by me, alluded to as a standard formulas for the expression of opinion, and, it may be, for the of comparison. True, the measurements of all the crania are advancement of science. Royal Edinburgh Asylum, June, 1847. brought to those of a cranium having the capacity or size of ,Swift’s; but if we had brought them all to those of the capacity of the head of a walrus, it would not have vitiated in the least the comparison instituted. The simple object to The Lancet in Abstract. was, to bring them all to the same size, and then to institute a Original Contributíons and the of the the measurements between organs comparison MEDICINE: SURGERY. development of the faculties in the individuals in question. The skull of Swift was taken as being nearly the mean size; Dislocation of the Hip reduced under the Influence of Ether. but if the whole had been converted into the measurements Mr. DEHANNE, Surgeon to the Dispensary at Wolverhampton, of a skull, of what Mr. Straton calls standard capacity, they would still have occupied the same relative position in the forwards the particulars of a case of dislocation of the head of the femur into the foramen ovale, in which the patient tables which I have published. Further, in relation to the comparison made between inhaled ether prior to the operation. The man was strong Swift’s cranium and the others, I deny that Swift died in a and muscular, thirty-one years of age. He was getting over state of idiocy or insanity. I refer on this subject to a most a stile, when his foot slipped through the bars, his body falling, interesting paper, now in course of publication, in the Dublin at the same time, in an opposite direction, leaving the leg Quarterly Journad qf Medicine. But even admitting the asser- fixed between the bars, to sustain the whole weight of his tion, that Swift did labour under mental disease,am I to be body, which naturally acted as a lever against the leg and called upon by Mr. Combe " to prove the adequacy of dis- thigh, the consequence being, a dislocation of the head of the eased heads to furnish conclusive evidence of normal phe- femur into the foramen ovale. Four days afterwards, he was nomenain the question at issue ? If the form of the cranium brought to the dispensary. The inhalation of the ether was of an adult is altered by imbecility or any form of insanity, it continued for five minutes, when he became apparently inis for Mr. Combe to adduce evidence of the fact. The pre- toxicated, but not insensible. Attempts were then made to reduce the luxation, by extension outwards and upwards, the sumption is against him. I deny that there is a vestige of reduction evidence in support of the hypothesis; for such it is. being accomplished in about four minutes. The Mr. Combe finds fault with the selection of crania which I man did not appear to suffer much pain during the operation. have made for the purpose of measurement, and broadly in- He had all the appearance of a person partially tipsy, and sinuates that I chose them " because of" the existence of cer- continued to talk and laugh all the while it was being pertain objections to them. I made no such partial selection. I formed. went to the Phrenological Society’s Hall, in Clyde-street, Strangulated Inguinal Hernia. Edinburgh, and there selected the casts of crania. In doing Mr. BROWNE, of Wymeswold, Leicestershire, in answer to a so, I was limited in my selection only by the fact that I avoided casts of heads which had been more or less covered Looker-On," inquires what is his meaning, by asserting that with hair and soft parts; or casts of skulls or of masks which his plan of operating was a bold commencement, and likely to had no meatus to measure from; or of crania, of the history of be attended. with the most fatal results, if universally adopted." which we knew nothing. Nay, even of some of the individuals Does aLooker-On," he asks, imagine that he ventured upon whose crania I measured, I knew little or nothing at the time, so difficult and dangerous an operation, in ignorance either of save what was marked on them-" a murderer," and so forth, anatomy or of the steps to be pursued therein ? or that he was and obtained references to their history, only after making unacquainted with the position of the parts ? Mr. Browne asserts that the case in question was not an ordinary kind of my measurements and calculations from Mr. Combe himself. In the rest of Mr. Combe’s reply, he contents himself by hernia in a state of strangulation, and that he had his reasons appealing from my measurements to the method acknowledged for not making a free incision along the sac; in doing so, he by phrenologists. No intelligent person can fail. to see, he believes he acted on the counsel and judgment of Sir A. asserts, by this method, (the hand and eye,) that I am all wrong, Cooper and Mr. Abernethy. He adds, there was not a case of and that he and other phrenologists are all right, even in this kind, requiring an operation, brought into the hospital regard to the crania which I have measured. Nay, he says, where he studied, which he did not narrowly investigate, and, with regard to one cranium, that any phrenologist will per- indeed, every other important case. He has also frequently ceive, with half an eye, that I am wrong. Now all this may operated in cases of strangulated hernia, alone and unassisted, be satisfactory to those whose eyes and hands are educated in emergencies, and always with success; he has operated by the method prescribed by Mr. Combe for making a phre- where there have been adhesions of the sac and intestine, nologist, but it would have been much more to the purpose, separating them without injury to the latter, after making an if he had shown that the measurements which I have made, incision down to the base of the tumour; and again, in large and the calculations founded upon them, are wrong either in hernial tumours, where incipient gangrene has shown itselt; he has divided the sac through its whole length, and the cases principle or detail, and this I think he has failed to do. On one point, only, where Mr. Combe thinks he has got me have done well. He concludes by remarking that the subject at a will undertake to mark the same outlines upon any six in the collection, I will give up the whole question at issue. In fact, this assertion is too ridiculous to require comment or refutation. There are no such " outlines," nor do I believe there is a single anatomist in Europe who would for an instant admit that there are any "demarcations" such as Mr. Combe says determine the form and position of the phrenological organs.
____
"
*
’vantage, he makes a stand; and that is with reference to the combativeness of Stella, whom he says I represent "as having been only ’a patient and peaceable woman."’" The
of the
"
case
which has called forth the animadversions of a has perfectly recovered, without an untoward
Looker-On,"
symptom.
twenty
tion.
____
Natural labour. Mrs. W-, aged twenty-six; has had one child; her labour then was long and difficult. "My services," observes Mr. Thomas Safford Lee, to whose kindness I am indebted for the notes of this case, " were not required until May 27th, though she expected her confinement in the first week of that month. I was summoned at about ten A.M., and found her suffering from the sharp and tiresome pains which accompany the first stage of labour. She stated that they had commenced at seven or eight o’clock that morning, that they had become more and more frequent and distressing, and that she now thought her labour had begun in earnest. On examination, I found the head protruding into the pelvis, but not fixed at the brim. The os uteri was looking backwards, and was open to the size of half-a-crown ; its edges were thin and slightly resisting; a thin layer of uterine tissue covered the head. The vagina was not lubricated with any discharge. I now proposed to her that she should be put under the influence of ether. During her labour, I explained to her that she would suffer little or no pain, and that the remedy in many such cases had succeeded admirably, and without any bad results. After a little consideration, she readily assented to my proposal." It having been found, on examination, that the os uteri was now open to the extent of a fiveshilling piece, the edges being thin and dilatable; that the head occupied the brim, and was projecting into the pelvis, covered with a thin layer of uterine tissue; that the pains were quick, lasting about one minute, and returning every two, the pulse and the breathing being natural,-it having also been ascertained that she had never suffered from anv affection of the chest or head, I attended at half-past twelve, at Mr. Lee’s summons, and immediately administered the ether. She inhaled for three minutes, when she became quite under its influence, the face being flushed, and the breathing for a moment stertorous. Pinching produced no suffering. She was perfectly insensible. During four minutes, there was no uterine action; but after that interval, a powerful contraction came on, lasting longer than any of her previous pains-(viz., one minute and a half.) On recovering from the effects of the ether, she became rather hysterical. At a quarter to twelve o’clock, ten minutes after the last pain, she had another strong one; and at five minutes to one o’clock, she had such a severe one, that the membranes gave way, and of this fact she was quite conscious. The os uteri was now largely dilated, and only a small portion of it was felt anteriorly; the head, which was in the first position, still occupied the brim of the pelvis. The vagina, which at the first part of labour had been dry, was nowfreely lubricated with mucus, and very dilatable. The pains became very frequent, and the head occupied more of the pelvis. During the last half hour she was not at all under the influ-
ence of ether. We determined it should be again employed during the last stage of labour. Forcing pains, indicating its approach, came on at half-past one o’clock, when the ether was again administered, and quickly induced insensibility.
The
pains
became
more
frequent
and
expulsive.
She
now
vomited a large quantity of porter which she had taken previous to Mr. Lee’s arrival. The perinseum offered no resistance, and the head of the child was expelled at two o’clock, followed in five minutes by the body and legs, almost immediately "after which the placenta was thrown off. During the severe pains" of the last half hour, she states that she was aware of her expulsive efforts, but they were unattended by any suffering, and she considered it was all a dream. Some discharge followed the expulsion of the placenta, owing to The uterus, when emptied of them some retained coagula. by pressure of the hand, quickly and permanently contracted. A bandage with a pad was then applied to the abdomen, after which no haemorrhage occurred. She inhaled fourteen drachms of ether. With the exception of the ordinary feeling of stiffness and soreness on the following day she has been perfectly free from ailment since her confinement. She is suckling her child, which is a healthy boy. She says she will have the ether again should she ever become pregnant. In the
early stage of this labour, when the os uteri was only partially dilated, there occurred, when the patient was first
etherized, an interval of four minutes between the contractions of the uterus, whilst immediately previous to this the pains had appeared every two minutes. It is remarkable, however, that the uterine efforts became more vigorous and persistent from the time the ether was administered, though at this stage of the labour she had longer rests between her pains. I am not prepared to decide whether this circumstance was dependent on, or simpiy coincident with, the use of the ether. After the second exhibition of ether the expulsive throes became augmented in both frequency and power. With a view to aid others in determining exactly the effects of the inhalation of etherial vapour in midwifery practice, as well as to show the accuracy of my own observations, I beg to subjoin a copy of the minutes taken at the bedside of this patient. I have invariably pursued the following plan of keeping clinical notes of the pains before and during etherization in all the cases which I have hitherto brought before the profession :BEFORE ETHERIZATION.
By this table it will be seen, that before etherization, the intermission of the pains averaged eighty seconds, and the duration of each pain forty-eight seconds and three-quarters; but that during the etherization, the intermissions averaged only fifty-three seconds and three-quarters, whilst the duration was sixty-five seconds. Thus the mean proportions of the intermissions before and after etherization are as 3.2 to 2.1, and the mean proportions of the duration of the pains are as 3.9 to 2.9, proving in this case, that the intermissions became shortened, and the duration of the uterine efforts increased after the exhibition of ether. (To be continued.)
PHRENOLOGY. DR. SKAE IN REPLY TO GEORGE COMBE, ESQ. IN THE LANCET for December l9th and 26th, there appeared criticism by Mr. Combe, upon an article in the British Quarterly Review for November last, entitled " Phrenology," of which he imputed, and correctly, the authorship to me. This criticism was reprinted in the Phrenological Journal for January, 1847, which contained also some strictures by Mr. Straton, and the editor, on the measurements and calculations of the articles referred to. A severe and protracted illness has prevented me from replying to these criticisms and strictures before this; but I now gladly avail myself of your liberality, by forwarding the following remarks for insertion in your journal. The points requiring notice on my part, may be referred to three heads:—first, the alleged inaccuracy of my measurements and calculations; secondly, the nature of my argument
a
124 test of phrenology; and, lastly, certain opprobrious terms were of the same size or capacity, we could compare at once made use of by the writers referred to, charging me with such measurements with precision, and say, to the fraction of " disingenuous absurdity," and insinuating that I was guilty of an inch, how much larger the organ of destructiveness, e. g., wilful misrepresentation and dishonesty. was in one person than in another, and by consequence, how To the latter I reply first, and briefly. I shall not allow much stronger the propensity. We could then, when we myself to recriminate, or to be drawn, by the example before had measured the distance of the central or most prominent me, into an unmannerly display of temper, and an unmanly point of each organ from the external ear, say which preimputation of motives. I content myself with a denial of the ponderated over its neighbour, as compared with the correcharges. My measurements and calculations were honestly sponding organ in another individual. and carefully made. They weremade with an honest intenI proposed, therefore, by a well-known geometrical rule, tion of testing the truth of phrenology for my own satisfaction, which may be stated thus: that the cube roots of similar and by a method which I believed, and do believe, to be pre- solidsare to each other as their homologous lines,-to convert all cise and complete. Having made these observations, I deemed the measurements which I had made into those of crania of a them worthy of publication, and although not extensive uniform capacity-that is to say, I converted all the crania enough to form the basis of an original paper, sufficiently in- into crania of precisely the same size or capacity; each one, teresting to induce me to throw them into the form in which however, retaining exactly it own from, and the same relative they appeared. development of its different parts. I selected the crania of in. I feel rather gratified than otherwise, that a gentleman of dividuals, either notorious for some particular act or course of Mr. Combe’s constitutional calmness and self-possession should life, or whose characters were well known; and I assumed have been betrayed into the use of terms which are rude, un- that the measurements of the crania thus calculated would justifiable, and unlike himself. It indicates feelings some- correspond with the known character of the individuals, if what deeper than those which he attempts to conceal under phrenology was true. This is the test I proposed for phrenothe contemptuous tone assumed in his reply. Truth is some- logy. Mr. Combe argues, at great length, that this cannot be a times painful, sometimes even irritating, especially to those who have long cherished and publicly defended a favourite, correct mode of testing phrenology, because it is not the mode in which Gall discovered it, and he studied it, as if we could but now untenable, creed. In regard to Mr. Straton’s language, I willingly admit that not test the truth of a proposition, or the accuracy of a calcuit was not without excuse, in the discovery which he made, lation, by any other mode than by going over the same steps after the publication of Mr. Combe’s reply, of the obvious by which another had arrived at it! A boy who has had three inaccuracy of what appeared as my table of measure- weeks’ tuition in arithmetic knows better than this-nay, he ! knows that without other tests for the truth of his calculations ments. This leads me at once to the first objection against the than simply repeating them, he would have very little cerarticle in question, the inaccuracy of the measurements and tainty about his results. Mr. Combe affirms that I and others calculations. On reading over Mr. Straton’s notice, I was im- who have not received phrenology, have rejected it because mediately convinced that some error must have crept into we have not pursued Dr. Gall’s method; that we should have the article published by me, being satisfied that both the begun with persons in whom some particular organs were measurements and the calculations were made with at least either extremely large or extremely defective, examples of ordinary care and accuracy. This led me to collate my which kind are given in a list in his " System of Phrenology;" manuscripts1 and compare them with the printed tables, when that after satisfying ourselves that in these specimens the very I immediately discovered that the gentleman employed by large or very small organs coincided with very large or very me to transcribe the tables for the press, had inadvertently defective corresponding faculties, we should have gone out copied a table of calculated measurements, instead of the one into schools, prisons, and families, with these truthsfixed upon our mind8, and looked about us for confirmation of them!containing the actual measurements of the casts. The table, thus accidentally published, was one in forming "tried to find similar living examples" ! This is excellentwhich the capacity of the crania had not been ascertained, the most perfect recipe for making a phrenologist that could but in which a number was procured by calculation, believed well be devised. It is like the monkey who had got his tail to be proportional to it; and the measurements of all the chopped off trying to persuade his companions that he knew crania were then made to correspond with those of a cranium the fashions. Look at everything which Dr. Gall and I did, of the capacity of Bruce’s. This method, as inexact, I and exactly in the same way; and you will be exactly of the relinquished; and having found the capacities of the crania same way of thinking. I have no doubt that there are many by immersion in water, I made new calculations, bringing all skulls, particular prominences on which correspond with the the measurements to those of a cranium having the capacity phrenological doctrine. Such coincidences must be; they are of Swift’s. These are correctly given in the second table of admitted, and candidly pointed out, in the article referred to, the article in question; while the first table of that article where they occurred in my own observations. That such cocontains the calculations which I had first made. incidences were observed by Dr. Gall and by Mr. CombeThe accidental publication of this table of calculations, as that such examples are collected in phrenological museumsthe actual measurements of the crania which I had examined, and that upon these they and their followers founded has afforded Mr. Straton an opportunity of showing that what their faith, - are points which, I presume, no one will he believed to be my measurements were very inaccurate, doubt. and that they did not correspond with the calculations given But, assuming that these extreme examples, and the in the second table. This, of course, they never could do, general experience of phrenologists in schools, families, and not being themeasurements from which the calculations were prisons, have made out a satisfactory case for phrenology, and that it is true, then surely the converse of Mr. Combe’s promade. I now publish a table of the true measurements, and along position will hold true also; and persons having certain faculties with it I reprint, in the second columns, the calculations on or propensities strongly developed, will have the correspondwhich my argument was founded. This table will at once ing organs large; large compared with the other organs in meet all the objections as to the inaccuracy of my measure- their own heads, and with the same organs in other heads. ments and calculations. The former will be found, I believe,, This is the test to which I have endeavoured to reduce phreto be sufficiently correct; and the latter will be seen to’ nology, and because it is not Gall’s method of studying it, because I do not choose to walk blindfold in the steps of Dr. correspond with the former. Before introducing these tables, I may be permitted to Gall and Mr. Combe, it is therefore no test at all; it is a new state here what the object of my calculations was, in ordermethod, says Mr. Combe; it is a system; it is "Skae’s Phrethat I may be intelligible to those who have not read, or nology:" and this, although the results are merely and enhave now forgotten, the original article, and Mr. Combe’s tirely negative; it is nzy phrenology, because it is not Gall’s. reply to it. The following are the tables, which, if correct, as I believe I set out by assuming that the principal, if not the sole,, them to be, Mr. Combe is most welcome to try his wit on means of estimating the size of a phrenological organ, was by its degree of prominence, compared with neighbouring organs,, again; if he cannot get from them results harmonizing with or the neighbouring surface of the cranium. I pointed out Gall’s system; he may endeavour to extract from them, what that this degree of prominence could be estimated by measure- I have nowhere ventured to do, a new system of phrenology, ment with the callipers from some central point, such as the which shall be Combe’s, if he chooses, not mine. meatus auditorius. I went on to show that we were preventedl In the following table, the first column under each head from making a direct comparison of the measurements of one, contains the actual measurement of the phrenological organs; cranium with those of another, in consequence of the differ- and the second column, the measurement of those organs ence in size of the two entire crania; and that if all crania6when all the heads are brought to the same capacity.
or
being
’
’
, -
-
125 destructiveness is half an inch less than that of the French poet, and less also than that of Heloise or Stella. Pollard,
who had an ungovernable propensity to kill, has both these organs small compared with the other individuals, and small also relatively to the other organs of his own head. In Haggart, too, the counteracting organs are relatively larger than in Swift, Heloise, Stella, or Burns, while his organ of acquisitiveness, although one of the most noted thieves on record, is smaller than any of the other nine. Swift, who was no thief, has the largest acquisitiveness, and the smallest benevolence. La Fontaine, a thoughtless sceptic, has the largest organ of veneration, and the next in point of size, is Haggart’s. And lastly, to sum up this brief resumé, Swift has the smallest organ of wit. These are a few of the facts with which Mr. Combe and Mr. Straton had to contend; and in what,-if the accuracy of the measurements and calculations is now admitted, for they do not deny the accuracy of the principle on which they are made,-in what does their defence of phrenology consist ? Mr. Combe first endeavours to depreciate the value of precise measurements in anatomical and physiological questions, and to ridicule me for requiring such precision in proof of " phrenology. " Large," " full," and small," are terms suffithe relative size of the fingers; ciently accurate for describing and the terms, more " extensive," " much larger," are applied, by distinguished phrenologists, to thelarge nasal organs of Indians and dogs; and are considered precise enough. And, with regard to the senses, the terms, " acuteness of their hearing," and " wonderful acuteness of smell," are printed, by Mr. Combe, in italics, and I am gravely asked, whether I understand the meaning of them, or if they are not sufficiently precise. Why, I have nowhere professed to give the size, in cubic inches, of the faczclties of destructiveness or wit. With regard to these imponderable and immensurable subjects, I have been content to take the general estimate of the world, in relation to the individuals whose characters I compare. In relation to the size of my fingers, or those of a child, or the nasal bones of the American Indian, I am also content to take the common expressions-large, small, extensive, &c., as sufficient, for this obvious reason, they are sufficient for all practical purposes; there is no dispute regarding the facts; there is no physiological or metaphysical question pending upon the question of size in these illustrations. Our knowledge of the functions of the olfactory and auditory nerves, depends upon other data altogether than the comparative size of those nerves in different animals. But in every anatomical or physiological question, of which the item of size forms an essential element, the science is amenable to the same demands as those of chemistry and mechanics, and demands the same precision. It demands and offers measurements as minute and precise as the most accurate and minute methods of mensuration can afford. The question of phrenology is one altogether of size, and to rest it upon measurements which are uncertain and vague, and to disparage or discard those which are precise and accurate, is to prefer ignorance and error to certainty and truth. Messrs. Combe and Straton object to my measurements because they proceed upon the assumption, that the size of any of the so-called organs can only be estimated by the degree of prominence which they display, as compared with the neighbouring surface of the cranium, or their distance from some central point. They contend that no account is taken of the breadth of the organs, except what may be taken by a reference to the breadth or size of the entire head; and they assert that the breadth and limits of an organ can be recognised by the hand and eye. " If the writer of the article," says Mr. Straton, "will take the trouble to learn the outlines of the organs on any cranium on how to mark sight, (not a very difficult matter to do, if he study On comparing the measurements contained in the second the indications of Nature,) if he will mark any dozen or more columns of this table, it will be seen that the results, as I have crania, selected at random, in any museum, or from any burialpointed out at some length in the article which is the subject ground, if he prefers it, he will never in his life repeat the of this controversy, are, generally speaking, at variance with sentences just quoted." And Mr. Combe says, "Their dephrenology, and in many instances so utterly irreconcilable marcations are not, in every head, so palpable as the limits of with its truth as to appear altogether subversive of it. Hag- the nose and mouth: but, in particular heads, quite sufficient gart, Heloise, Burns, M’Kaen, and Stella, have an organ of in number to enable us to determine both their position and amativeness half an inch less than Bruce, in relation, it must form, they are very distinctly indicated; and in every head, a and less skilled hand and eye, and an intelligent, honest mind, may, always be remembered, to heads of the same size, than Swift, who is described by his biographer as " naturally with due care, discriminate them." To all this I reply temperate, chaste, and frugal." Lockey, a murderer, has the by a simple and distinct denial of the truth of these smallest organ of combativeness; Pollard, another murderer, assertions. I believe I have examined as many crania has less than either Heloise or Stella; while the notorious ) as either Mr. Straton or -Bfr. Combe, and can furnish the Haggart has an organ which measures one inch less than former with a few choice specimens from "burial-grounds," select museum ones, too, if he prefers them, for the purSwift’s, and half an inch less than Stella’s, and scarcely more than that of the facile and apathetic La Fontaine. His pose of "marking the outlines;" and if he and Mr. Combe
minutely
and
126
only, with its italics, is Mr. Combe’s, who accuses me of disingenuousness ; and his defence of Stella is derived from some lines addressed to her by Swift, and from a single act of her life, in which she exhibited great courage and determination. But I leave it to any one to say, whether, according to the acknowledged doctrines of phrenology, this single act, and the general tenour and course of her life, will explain the I repeat the position I have assumed, there is, and can be, difference between her character and that of Haggart, so as no other estimate of the size of the so-called organs than that to accord with the measurements of their respective organs. assigned to them-viz., their degree of prominence. Of this Stella has more destructiveness, combativeness, acquisitivethe callipers can take a much more accurate measurement ness, and secretiveness, than Haggart, and she has -less firmthan the hand and eye; and to this standard I have endea- ness, veneration, and benevolence; yet the one was, in the voured to bring them. The principle I have adopted, of general tenour of her life, "a patient and peaceable woman," homologous lines, has not been impugned even by the phre- and the other was a notorious and most dangerous thief, nologists themselves. If it is a correct one, let them make housebreaker, and murderer. their own measurements and their own calculations on this In conclusion, allow me to add that I had no wish to place principle, and let them show any ten heads of the same size, myself in the position of an assailant of phrenology; I rethe measurements of which harmonize with the doctrines corded what I had found as a searcher after truth. I am quite sensible of the advantages we have derived from phrethey maintain. The next objection made to my argument is, that the nology, both in the department of physiology and of metaphyresults of my calculations are entirely vitiated by taking the sics. Perhaps we are in the pathway which may lead to head of Swift as a standard of comparison. Swift, they say, truth; my own observations lead me to believe, that in the became an idiot long before his death, therefore the whole of craniology of their-systern, phrenologists have not yet arrived the calculations are preposterous-a "folly"and asolemn at that point; but in the present state of our knowledge, I farce." Most profound critics! The skull of Swift is no- believe that the system and its terminology afford most useful where, in the article written by me, alluded to as a standard formulas for the expression of opinion, and, it may be, for the of comparison. True, the measurements of all the crania are advancement of science. Royal Edinburgh Asylum, June, 1847. brought to those of a cranium having the capacity or size of ,Swift’s; but if we had brought them all to those of the capacity of the head of a walrus, it would not have vitiated in the least the comparison instituted. The simple object to The Lancet in Abstract. was, to bring them all to the same size, and then to institute a Original Contributíons and the of the the measurements between organs comparison MEDICINE: SURGERY. development of the faculties in the individuals in question. The skull of Swift was taken as being nearly the mean size; Dislocation of the Hip reduced under the Influence of Ether. but if the whole had been converted into the measurements Mr. DEHANNE, Surgeon to the Dispensary at Wolverhampton, of a skull, of what Mr. Straton calls standard capacity, they would still have occupied the same relative position in the forwards the particulars of a case of dislocation of the head of the femur into the foramen ovale, in which the patient tables which I have published. Further, in relation to the comparison made between inhaled ether prior to the operation. The man was strong Swift’s cranium and the others, I deny that Swift died in a and muscular, thirty-one years of age. He was getting over state of idiocy or insanity. I refer on this subject to a most a stile, when his foot slipped through the bars, his body falling, interesting paper, now in course of publication, in the Dublin at the same time, in an opposite direction, leaving the leg Quarterly Journad qf Medicine. But even admitting the asser- fixed between the bars, to sustain the whole weight of his tion, that Swift did labour under mental disease,am I to be body, which naturally acted as a lever against the leg and called upon by Mr. Combe " to prove the adequacy of dis- thigh, the consequence being, a dislocation of the head of the eased heads to furnish conclusive evidence of normal phe- femur into the foramen ovale. Four days afterwards, he was nomenain the question at issue ? If the form of the cranium brought to the dispensary. The inhalation of the ether was of an adult is altered by imbecility or any form of insanity, it continued for five minutes, when he became apparently inis for Mr. Combe to adduce evidence of the fact. The pre- toxicated, but not insensible. Attempts were then made to reduce the luxation, by extension outwards and upwards, the sumption is against him. I deny that there is a vestige of reduction evidence in support of the hypothesis; for such it is. being accomplished in about four minutes. The Mr. Combe finds fault with the selection of crania which I man did not appear to suffer much pain during the operation. have made for the purpose of measurement, and broadly in- He had all the appearance of a person partially tipsy, and sinuates that I chose them " because of" the existence of cer- continued to talk and laugh all the while it was being pertain objections to them. I made no such partial selection. I formed. went to the Phrenological Society’s Hall, in Clyde-street, Strangulated Inguinal Hernia. Edinburgh, and there selected the casts of crania. In doing Mr. BROWNE, of Wymeswold, Leicestershire, in answer to a so, I was limited in my selection only by the fact that I avoided casts of heads which had been more or less covered Looker-On," inquires what is his meaning, by asserting that with hair and soft parts; or casts of skulls or of masks which his plan of operating was a bold commencement, and likely to had no meatus to measure from; or of crania, of the history of be attended. with the most fatal results, if universally adopted." which we knew nothing. Nay, even of some of the individuals Does aLooker-On," he asks, imagine that he ventured upon whose crania I measured, I knew little or nothing at the time, so difficult and dangerous an operation, in ignorance either of save what was marked on them-" a murderer," and so forth, anatomy or of the steps to be pursued therein ? or that he was and obtained references to their history, only after making unacquainted with the position of the parts ? Mr. Browne asserts that the case in question was not an ordinary kind of my measurements and calculations from Mr. Combe himself. In the rest of Mr. Combe’s reply, he contents himself by hernia in a state of strangulation, and that he had his reasons appealing from my measurements to the method acknowledged for not making a free incision along the sac; in doing so, he by phrenologists. No intelligent person can fail. to see, he believes he acted on the counsel and judgment of Sir A. asserts, by this method, (the hand and eye,) that I am all wrong, Cooper and Mr. Abernethy. He adds, there was not a case of and that he and other phrenologists are all right, even in this kind, requiring an operation, brought into the hospital regard to the crania which I have measured. Nay, he says, where he studied, which he did not narrowly investigate, and, with regard to one cranium, that any phrenologist will per- indeed, every other important case. He has also frequently ceive, with half an eye, that I am wrong. Now all this may operated in cases of strangulated hernia, alone and unassisted, be satisfactory to those whose eyes and hands are educated in emergencies, and always with success; he has operated by the method prescribed by Mr. Combe for making a phre- where there have been adhesions of the sac and intestine, nologist, but it would have been much more to the purpose, separating them without injury to the latter, after making an if he had shown that the measurements which I have made, incision down to the base of the tumour; and again, in large and the calculations founded upon them, are wrong either in hernial tumours, where incipient gangrene has shown itselt; he has divided the sac through its whole length, and the cases principle or detail, and this I think he has failed to do. On one point, only, where Mr. Combe thinks he has got me have done well. He concludes by remarking that the subject at a will undertake to mark the same outlines upon any six in the collection, I will give up the whole question at issue. In fact, this assertion is too ridiculous to require comment or refutation. There are no such " outlines," nor do I believe there is a single anatomist in Europe who would for an instant admit that there are any "demarcations" such as Mr. Combe says determine the form and position of the phrenological organs.
____
"
*
’vantage, he makes a stand; and that is with reference to the combativeness of Stella, whom he says I represent "as having been only ’a patient and peaceable woman."’" The
of the
"
case
which has called forth the animadversions of a has perfectly recovered, without an untoward
Looker-On,"
symptom.