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Physical oceanography
Oceanographic Literature Review (1989) 36
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The citations are those received in the editorial office during the period 1-31 December, 1988. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract and, when obtainable, by the first author's address. The citations are classified under six main headings and about 130 sub-headings (see the table of contents). Subject and author indexes are published for the first three quarters of the year with an annual cumulation. See the preface for additional explanatory material.
A. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
A10. Apparatus and methods 89:1346 Bahar, E., D.E. Barrick and M.A. Fitzwater, 1988. Comparison of unified full-wave solutions for normal incidence microwave backscatter from sea with physical optics and hybrid solutions. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):365-377. Elec. Engng Dept., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511, USA. 89:1347 Dudhia, Anu, 1988. A dual-satellite algorithm for deriving sea surface temperature. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 114(483):1305-1319. This paper describes an extension of conventional multichannel SST algorithms for N O A A - 7 AVHRR/2 data to include data from the Meteosat2IRI (11 /~m) channel, generally viewing through a different zenith angle. These algorithms were tested under 'pseudo-operationar conditions against ship
measurements of SST; results were compared with the AVHRR-only algorithms of other workers. The technique is feasible but, due to uncertainties in the Meteosat radiances caused by residual cloud contamination, the additional data are given only a low weight in the algorithms and the influence on retrieved SST is small. Results also suggest that the Rutherford-Appleton laboratory transmission model underestimates absorption by the water vapour continuum in the 11 /~m window. Dept. of Atmos., Oceanic and Planetary Phys., Clarendon Lab., Oxford Univ., UK. 89:1348 Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P. and T. Boely, 1988. Methodology for an operational monitoring of remotely-sensed sea surface temperatures in Indonesia. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):423-438. Remote Sensing Centre, Gadjah Mada Univ., Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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89:1349 Kalashnikov, P.A. et al., 1987. A modular set of equipment for measuring hydrologic and optical characteristics of seawater. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):520-521. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 89:1350 Lamberti, Fiorella, 1986. Bathymetry evaluation through wave motion remote sensing. Annafi Ist. Univ. nay. Napoli, 55:23-34. The detection of bathymetric features from SAR imaging of ocean-wave patterns is reviewed. Among the classes of features located by SAR due to change in water depth, are those due to surface effects induced by tidal current variations over bottom topography and those which are simply surface expressions of bathymetry. Although present theory cannot explain all aspects of such imaging quantitatively, the bathymetric information derived from SAR images may be of value for some oceanographic purposes. Selenia Spazio, Rome, Italy. 89:1351 Phillips, O.M., 1988. Radar returns from the sea surface--Bragg scattering and breaking waves. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1065-1074. Recent ideas on the structure of the equilibrium range of wind-generated ocean waves are applied to the backscattered returns from the sea surface. It is shown that the backscattering cross section can be represented as the sum of the separate contributions from Bragg scattering and from individual breaking events. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
A40. Area studies, surveys 89:1352 Isoda, Yutaka and Sei-ichi Saitoh, 1988. Variability of the sea surface temperature obtained by the statistical analysis of AVHRR imagery: a case study of the south Japan Sea. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(2):52-59. Dept. of Ocean Engng, Ehime Univ., Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama 790, Japan. 89:1353 Lazier, J.R.N., 1988. Temperature and salinity changes in the deep Labrador Sea, 1962-1986. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1247-1253. Deep observations 1962-1986 permit construction of time series of potential temperature on density anomaly surfaces. Multi-year variations of potential temperature vs salinity curves are presented for
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Denmark Strait Overflow Water and Northeast Atlantic Deep Water. Variations are coherent through the two superposed water masses, but the range of variation suggests that the Overflow Water is the source of the fluctuations. Dept. of Fish and Oceans, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Darmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. 89:1354 Leppanen, J.-M. and Pekka Alenius, 1988. Cycling of organic matter during the vernal growth period in the open northern Baltic proper. I. Hydrography, currents and related factors. Finn. mar. Res., 255:3-18. This paper briefly describes hydrographical and weather conditions, emphasizing the description of vertical zonation and water transport as physical background for a comprehensive ecosystem research project. Density profiles showed four different layers--surface to ~ 3 0 m, intermediate between 30 and 60 m, halocline between 60 and 95 m, and bottom below 100 m. Due to great variability in the current pattern, no distinct net water exchange could be detected. The oxygen concentrations were low below the halocline, but no anoxia was observed. Finnish Inst. of Mar. Res., P.O. Box 33, SF-00931 Helsinki, Finland.
A50. General hydrography (distribution of c o m m o n oceanic properties) 89:1355 Piterbarg, L.I., 1987. Anomalies in horizontal sea surface temperature gradients. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):412-415. Two alternative statistical models of large-scale variability of horizontal SST gradients are proposed. Their predictions are compared with calculations based on multiyear ship-of-opportunity measurements from the northern Pacific Ocean. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
A80. Circulation 89:1356 Bogomolov, V.A., V.V. Gorbachev and A.D. Krylov, 1987. Thermal manifestations of Langmuir circulation in the surface layer of the sea. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4): p.432. An absence of flotsam can make visual observation of Langmuir cells impossible. Here, experiments
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A. PhysicalOceanography
with a towed microthermal resistor demonstrate that Langmuir circulation is detectable thermally. Atlantic Div,, Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Kaliningrad, USSR. (fcs) 89:1357 Boning, C.W., 1988. Characteristics of particle dispersion in the North Atlantic: an alternative interpretation of SOFAR float results. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1379-1385. An analysis of published results on the dispersion behavior of SOFAR floats indicates a systematic depth dependence of the mixing length in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. In contrast to the integral time scale, the length scale appears to be independent of eddy intensity in the thermocline and in the deep ocean. A similar decrease with depth is revealed by particle dispersion in an eddy-resolving circulation model and interpreted as an enhanced effect of wave behavior in the weaker, subthermocline flow. The only weak anisotropy of deep float dispersion suggests an influence of bottom roughness on the structure of eddy variability. Inst. fur Meersk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg, D-2300 Kiel, FRG. 89:1358 Failer, A.J. and S.J. Auer, 1988. The roles of Langmuir circulations in the dispersion of surface tracers. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1108-1123. A hierarchy of theoretical and numerical models for the dispersion of discrete floating tracers on lakes and oceans is presented. Central to these models is the role of Langrnuir circulations, which concentrate tracers into narrow windrows, inhibiting tracer dispersion. But time-dependent Langmuir circulations cause the rows of tracers to wander and to split, by local time dependence and by downwind advection, promoting dispersion. Accordingly, the Langmuir circulations generally render the smaller-scale background turbulence irrelevant for direct estimates of surface dispersion. Analytical models include: (1) a theory of tracers in a linear mean-flow convergence plus homogeneous turbulence, this theory being applicable to the width of windrows; and (2) a model with a spatially periodic mean flow and a periodic small-scale eddy diffusion coefficient that allows an estimate of the Langmuir-scale dispersivity for steady parallel cells. Inst. for Phys. Sci. and Tech., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. 89:1359 Kagan, B.A., V.A. Ryabchenko and S.A. Fokin, 1986. A two-layer model of oceanic circulation with detailed description of the seasonal evolution
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of the upper quasihomogeneous layer. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 291(6):231-234.
Most models of exchanges between the upper quasihomogeneous layer and the deep layer assume that turbulence always exists in the deep layer and that the coefficients for vertical turbulent diffusion remain constant. 'These assumptions are not actually true.' A two-layer model that more realistically addresses such exchanges and that predicts seasonal evolution of the general ocean circulation is presented and compared with observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Gulf Stream, and the Kuroshio. Leningrad Div., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Leningrad, USSR. (fcs) 89:1360 Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola and W.R. Holland, 1988. Data constraints applied to models of the ocean general circulation. Part I1. The transient, eddyresolving c a s e . J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8):10931107.
The results of a previous study (Malanotte-Rizzoli and Holland, 1986) on data assimilation into multilayer, quasi-geostrophic eddy-resolving GCM's are extended to a more realistic time-dependent, fully eddy-resolving ocean. Assimilated data is restricted to local, meridional sections at a distance from the western boundary, previously found to be most effective, and the problem rests on whether such local data insertions can produce effective improvements in spite of the loss of predictability inherent in the fully nonlinear model. The results indicate that single sections can be effective when incorporated over a period longer than the statistical equilibrium time of the model. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planetary Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. (emm)
89:1361 Saelen, O.H., 1988. On the exchange of bottom water between the Greenland and Norwegian seas. Rept
geophys. Inst. Dept phys. Oeeanogr. Univ. Bergen, 67:14pp. The deep channel along the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone is the most obvious path for bottom water flow from the Greenland Sea to the Norwegian Sea. Current measurements in this channel reveal a persistent unidirectional flow, with a transport through the lowermost 350 m of the order of 105 m3/s. It is hypothesized that the route of the inflowing water to the Norwegian Sea will be along a cyclonic path on the deep slopes of the basin. Univ. of Bergen, Norway.
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89:1362 Swallow, J,C. and R.T. Pollard, 1988. Flow of bottom water through the Madagascar Basin. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1437-1440. Bottom water enters the Madagascar Basin from the Crozet Basin, mostly through gaps in the Southwest Indian Ridge near 30°S. At 23°S, off the east coast of Madagascar, a well-defined deep western boundary current carries near-bottom water northward. Between 30 ° and 23°S, the course of the nearbottom water is not known. Some recent observations reported here, though not conclusive, suggest that the deep water makes its way more or less directly across the Madagascar Basin from 30 ° to 23°S. Heath Cottage, Drakewalls, Gunnislake, Cornwall, UK.
A90. Currents 89:1363 Cracknell, A.P. and W.G. Huang, 1988. Surface currents off the west coast of Ireland studied from satellite images. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):439446. Surface currents for spring, 1984 were mapped from NOAA-8 thermal infrared images using a 'featuretracking method' to derive flow vectors from advective SST feature displacement over successive images. The resultant surface current pattern agrees with the main current pattern measured by ships and drift bottles. A cyclonic eddy centered at 57°04"N, 10°59"W, as well as the pronounced sea surface front between mixed coastal and stratified Atlantic waters are recognized by this procedure and described here. Dept. of Applied Phys., Univ. of Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland. (emm) 89:1364 Foldvik, Arne, Knut Aagaard and Tor Torresen, 1988. On the velocity field of the East Greenland Current. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1335-1354. Year-long moored measurements from the East Greenland Current near 79°N show its mean southward transport above 700 m to be about 3 Sv, with no obvious seasonal variability. About one-half of this transport appears to be barotropic. There is a rich mesoscale structure in the records, much of which can be interpreted as trains of eddies and eddy-pairs with cross-stream length scales of order 10 km. The lower frequency perturbations typically extend to at least 400 m. Despite the abundance of eddies, their contribution to the heat flux is very small even in the vicinity of the polar front. Local baroclinic instability is therefore not a major source
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of eddies. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Bergen, Allegt. 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway. 89:1365 Gfitsenko, V.A. and V.K. Sobol, 1987. A characteristic of the vertical structure of the Cromwell Current. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):410-411. Atlantic Div., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Kaliningrad, USSR. 89:1366 Joyce, T.M., Roger Lukas and Eric Firing, 1988. On the hydrostatic balance and equatorial geostrophy. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1255-1257. The deviation from hydrostatic balance due to the vertical component of the Coriolis force leads to a small but significant correction to the usual calculation of geostrophic currents, important in the top 200 m within 2 ° of the Equator. In the central equatorial Pacific the correction is almost entirely eastward, reaches a peak speed of nearly 10 cm/s, and adds about 3 Sv, or 10% of the total, to the calculated net eastward transport. The non-hydrostatic correction marginally improves a comparison between geostrophic and directly measured currents in the Equatorial Undercurrent, and makes it worse in the South Equatorial Current. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 89:1367 Schumann, E.H. and I.L. van Heerden, 1988. Observations of Agulhas Current frontal features south of Africa, October 1983. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1355-1362. The currents were extremely variable, with frontal features causing on-offshore movements of the Agulhas Current inshore boundary of more than 50 km. These intrusions influenced shelf currents, while the strong wind conditions also affected upper ocean flows. The results show that care should be taken in the interpretation of Agulhas Current flow from sea surface temperatures. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, 6000 Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 89:1368 Sekine, Yoshihiko, 1988. A numerical experiment on the anomalous southward intrusion of the Oyashio east of Japan. Part 1. Barotropic model. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(2):60-67. Anomalous southward intrusions of the Oyashio the winter to late spring season are suggested occur in connection with a global change atmospheric circulation (i.e., a midwinter change subarctic wind stress). The barotropic response
in to in in of
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. A. PhysicalOceanography
the ocean to the wind stress change is rapid, about 50 days at most. Inst. of Geosci. and Astron., Natl. Defense Acad., Yokosuka, 239, Japan.
89:1369 Zenk, Walter and T.J. Mt~ller, 1988. Seven-year current meter record in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1259-1268.
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A150. Tides and sea level 89:1372 Dickman, S.R., 1988. The self-consistent dynamic pole tide in non-global oceans. Geophys. J., 94(3): 519-543.
Continuous current measurements at the 1000 m level were obtained in the central Canary Basin near 33°N, 22°W. Even with this very long time series no statistically significant mean current could be estimated at that level, because the energetic fluctuations are large compared to the weak mean. In the eddy scale range (current fluctuations with scales between 47 and 455 days), a pronounced anisotropy between zonal and meridional components is apparent. Our data allow confirmation of the expected spectral decrease beyond the eddy scale peak in an eastern basin. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ., 2300 Kiel 1, FRG.
The dynamic pole tide is obtained as the solution to Laplace tide equations, in oceans with continents present. The solution is found in terms of spherical harmonics, which allows oceanic self-gravitation and loading and mantle elasticity to be treated. Results for a wide range of bottom friction demonstrate that dynamical effects are mild, adding about one day more to the Chandler period than a static pole tide would, and dissipating wobble energy at a very weak rate. The formal solution to the tide equations implies that tides in non-zonal oceans must differ from equilibrium, even in the presence of strong bottom friction. Linear dependence of the dynamic pole tide on wobble amplitude suggests that the oceans cannot cause a variable wobble period. Dept. of Geol. Sci., SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13901, USA.
A l l 0 . Water masses and fronts
A160. Waves, oscillations
89:1370 De Maio, A. et al., 1986. [Inflow of the Levantine Intermediate Waters into the southern Tyrrhenian Basin: preliminary results, March 1985.] Annafi 1st. Univ. nav. Napoli, 55:49-55. (In Italian, English abstract.) Istituto di Meteorol. e Oceanogr., I.U.N., Napoli, Italy.
89:1373 Babanin, A.V. and Yu.P. Solov'yev, 1987. Parameterization of the width of the angular distribution of wind wave energy at limited fetches. /zv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):645-651. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., UkSSR Acad. of Sci., USSR.
89:1371 Washburn, Libe and Laurence Armi, 1988. Observations of frontal instabilities on an upwelling filament [off central California[. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1075-1092.
89:1374 Grimshaw, R. and J.S. Allen, 1988. Low-frequency baroclinic waves off coastal boundaries. J. phys. Oeeanogr., 18(8): 1124-1143.
Frontal instabilities formed in about a day on the southern (cyclonic) boundary of the filament at a wavelength of about 20 km and consisted of two lobes, one warm and one cool, each with a width of about 4 km. Near-surface distributions of temperature, salinity, and density within the cool lobes of the instabilities are consistent with local upwelling at the rate of about 30 m/d. A simple model based on conservation of potential vorticity accounts for the observed upwelling. Based on isopycnal displacements and the distribution of salinity, the signature of the instabilities appears to be confined to the upper 50 m of the water column. Center for Earth Sci., Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA.
The behavior of low-frequency baroclinic Rossby wave motion in the vicinity of coastal boundaries is investigated using linearized modulated wave theory in a stratified, constant depth, equatorial fl-plane ocean. The primary objective is to obtain a theoretical description of large-scale, low-frequency pressure fluctuations along variable geometry ocean boundaries at all latitudes to aid the analysis of coastal sea level observations. While both eastern and western boundaries and the effects of direct coastal wind forcing are considered, the study is mainly concerned with the response along eastern boundaries to baroclinic equatorial Kelvin waves. Allen: Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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89:1375 Michida, Yutaka, 1988. Characteristics of ocean waves measured with shipborne wave meter. Rept hydrogr. Res., Tokyo, 24:1-17. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Ocean Surveys Div., Japan. 89:1376 Pierini, Stefano, 1986. A three-dimensional model for tsunami propagation. Annali Ist. Univ. nay. Napoli, 55:35-48. The anomalous seismovolcanic activity recorded in the Phlegreaen Fields and the possibility of an eruption near- or offshore have stimulated studies of tsunami propagation, and an implicit, three-time level finite-difference scheme for a modified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation has been developed which makes it possible to model weak nonlinear and dispersive effects on the 3-D evolution of long surface gravity waves. Numerical experiments are presented for localized initial waves in a rectangular channel, and the effect of coasts on wave evolution is discussed. Further model refinements, such as inclusion of topographic effects, are outlined along with applications to tsunami propagation in the Gulf of Naples. Istituto di Oceanol., I.U.N., Napoli, Italy. 89:1377 Saint-Guily, Bernard and Andr6 Lamy, 1988. Waves trapped by the Kerguelen Island escarpment. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S6r. II)307(6):573-578. (In French, English abstract.) Seabed pressure gauge records made near Kerguelen and Amsterdam islands exhibit different energy spectra, with the energy at Kerguelen greater in a period band between the inertial period and 100 hours. A simple analytical model shows that the observed energy corresponds to waves trapped on the extensive slope around Kerguelen Island. Lab. d'Oceanogr, phys., Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., 43 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. 89:1378 Soomere, T.E., 1987. Generalized stationary solutions of the kinetic equation of barotropic Rosshy waves. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):407-409.
The spectrum of an arbitrary straight-line flow and the spectrum of a system of waves of equal length proportional to the Dirac delta function are shown to satisfy the kinetic equation for Rossby waves. Equations describing the evolution of a system of waves with a smooth spectrum in the presence of motions with such delta-function spectra and the corresponding entropy equations are derived. Inst. of
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Thermal Phys. and Electrophys., Estonian Acad. of Sci., Tallinn, USSR. 89:1379 Turner, R.E.L. and J.-M. Vanden-Broeck, 1988. Broadening of interracial solitary waves. Phys. Fluids, 31(9):2486-2490. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
AIS0. Internal waves and tides 89:1380 Burdyugov, V.M. et al., 1987. Evaluation of internal wave characteristics from radar signals. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):652-663.
Data from shipboard radar soundings of the surface manifestations of internal waves propagating against the wind are analyzed. Dependence of the internal wave-radar signal transfer function on wind speed and internal wave period is estimated. Depth of the seasonal pycnocline is reconstructed from the wavelength and period representing the spectral peak of the surface manifestations of the internal waves. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., UkSSR Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1381 Holloway, P.E., 1988. Climatology of internal tides at a shelf-break location on the Australian northwest shelf. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 39(1):1-18.
The concept of defining an internal tide climate is used as a means of providing an assessment of the amplitude of semi-diurnal vertical displacements of density interfaces and of horizontal baroclinic currents at a particular location. Contributions from both principal lunar and principal solar period internal waves are considered. The final climatological averages (monthly values) show the baroclinic currents to be comparable to or stronger than the semi-diurnal barotropic currents at the same location from October to May. The temporal variability closely follows the variability in the stratification with very weak baroclinic motion during the winter months. Dept. of Civ. Engng, Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. 89:1382 Sato, Satosi and Yasunao Simohira, 1988. Internal tide near Danzyo Gunto in eastern China Sea. Rept hydrogr. Res., Tokyo, 24:45-58. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Coastal Surveys and Cartography Div., Japan.
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A. Physical Oceanography
89:1383 Timonov, M.V., V.N. Tuporshin and N.K. Shelkovnikov, 1987. Transtormation of a long internal wave over an underwater ridge. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):639-644. The transformation of an internal wave in a two-layer fluid over an underwater obstacle comparable in size to the wave length was studied. A theoretical model is used to obtain an approximate analytical expression for the disturbance of the wave over the obstacle in explicit form. An experimental check was made using a laser Doppler velocity instrument for the functions of the amplitudes of the horizontal orbital velocity components for particles in fresh and salt water. Comparison of the experimental results and the theory showed good agreement. Inst. for Phys. of the Earth, Acad. of Sci., Univ. of Moscow, USSR.
A210. Ice 10:1384 Lemmen, D.S., D.J.A. Evans, John England (comment) and M.O. Jeffries (reply), 1988. Discussion of 'Glaciers and the morphology and structure of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada.' Arctic and Alpine Res., 20(3):366-371. 89:1385 Steffen, Konrad and J.E. Lewis, 1988. Surface temperatures and sea ice typing for northern Baffin Bay. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):409-422. Surface thermal infrared temperatures measured by low-level aircraft passes over a 2300-km portion of the North Water were matched with visual ice characteristics photographed during flights and additional ice/meteorological data collected from the ground. Using N O A A - V H R R TIR imagery, interpolated regional surface temperature maps were constructed and used to predict the nature of the ice cover for northern Baffin Bay. Results indicate that grey white ice (0.15-0.3 m) predominates in January-February with pronounced increases in white ice toward the end of the ice season. CIRES, Box 449, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. (emm) 89:1386 Suyetova, I.A., 1986. New estimates of the average elevation, volume and thickness of Antarctic ice. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 291(6):221-223. Calculations using new, more reliable maps of Antarctica and radar soundings of ice thickness
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show that the areas of ice cap with elevations of 0-500 m, 1000-1500 m and 2500-3500 m are smaller than previously estimated. Similarly, the volume of ice cap above sea level is 5% smaller, but the total ice volume is both larger and thicker. On East Antarctica 35% of the bedrock surface lies below sea level, average elevation is +310 m, and altitude range is ~6000 m. On West Antarctica 80% of the area is a subice basin with average depth of the bedrock surface at -700 m, average elevation is -390 m, and altitude range is 7700 m. It is now estimated that complete disappearance of the ice sheet would result in 500 m of isostatic uplift and a glacio-eustatic transgression with amplitude of 62 m. Univ. of Moscow, USSR. (hbf)
A240. Optical
properties
89:1387 Burenkov, V.I., A.P. Vasil'kov and A.I. Sud'bin, 1987. Optical phenomena in discharge lenses of rivers. Oceanology (a translation of OkeanoIogiia), 27(4):p.433. In areas where fiver waters mix with the surrounding seawater, a strong lateral variability in the sea brightness coefficient, a measure of the backscattering of solar radiation by the water, is generally observed in discharge lenses. This variability, distinctly observable even with the naked eye, results from dynamic processes that occur when a comparatively thin layer of less dense fresh water with different optical characteristics spreads over the sea surface. This paper describes measurements of the coefficient from ships and helicopters in the area of the Kodora River (Black Sea) and discusses the physical processes responsible for the optical phenomena. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 89:1398 Gordon, H.R. et al., 1988. A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color. J. geophys. Res., 93(D9): 10,909-10,924. A semianalytical radiance model predicts upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters. The model is in good agreement with measurements taken in other waters, suggests that observed variability in the radiance is due to variations in plankton backscattering and associated detritus, and is extended to include other material in the water. Potential applications include an improved bio-optical algorithm for retrieval of pigment concentrations from satellite imagery in the presence of interference from detached coccoliths, improved
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atmospheric correction for satellite imagery, and identification and interpretation of deviations from Case 1 waters. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. 89:1389 Karabashev, G.S. et al., 1987. A shipboard spectral attenuation meter with an automated measurement processing system. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):516-519.
A shipboard laboratory device for measuring the spectral attenuation coefficient in seawater is described. Combined with a microcomputer and printer, it can be used for rapid determination of the spectral attenuation curve in the visible and ultraviolet regions and the measurement error. Some results of field testing of the device are presented. Atlantic Div., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Kaliningrad, USSR. 89:1390 Kirk, J.T.O., 1988. Solar heating of water bodies as influenced by their inherent optical properties. J. geophys. Res., 93(D9): 10,897-10,908.
Penetration of radiant solar energy is modeled with a previously derived equation relating attenuation of irradiance in narrow wavebands to absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and solar angle. Evaporative and other surface heat exchange processes are taken into account. Calculations show marked changes in thermal structure as absorption and scattering are varied over a range of optical water types from coastal seawater to highly colored and turbid inland water. In general terms, increasing the color or turbidity shifts the zone of shortwave energy absorption more toward the surface and leads to warmer but shallower mixed layers. Div. of Plant Industry, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. 89:1391 Tessendorf, J., 1988. Comparison between data and small-angle approximations for the in-water solar radiance distribution. J. opt. Soc. Am., Opt. Image Sci., A, 5(9):1410-1418. Arete Assoc., P.O. Box 6024, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413, USA.
A260. Acoustics 89:1392 Andreyeva, I.B., A.V. Volkova and Ye.A. Kopyl, 1986. Azimuth dependence of frequency spectra of sound scattered by the ocean surface. DokL Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad.
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Nauk SSSR), 291(6):238-240. Andreyev Inst. of Acoustics, Moscow, USSR. 89:1393 Belousov, A,V. and Yu.P. Lysanov, 1987. Decay law of an incoherent field in the ocean with a rough surface. Sov. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):472-475. N.N. Andreev Acoustic Inst., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1394 Bezrukov, A.V., V.Yu. Prikhod'ko and V.V. Tyutekin, 1987. Calculation of the characteristics of the normal modes of a shallow sea with an elastic bottom (impedance method). Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):467471.
The field of a point source and the characteristics of the normal modes are calculated on the basis of the Riccati matrix equations for a layered-inhomogeneous medium. It is shown that the so-called zeroth mode, which is an analog of a Stoneley wave and which usually propagates along an 'elastic solidliquid' interface, can be converted into a surfaceskimming bulk wave under certain conditions, forming a sound channel near the surface of the sea. N.N. Andreev Acoustics Inst., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1395 Boehme, H. and N.P. Chotiros, 1988. Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles |rom the ocean bottom. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):10181029. Appl. Res. Lab., Univ. of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA. 89:1396 Burenkov, S.V., 1987. Influence of a coastal zone on the phase characteristics of normal modes. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):478-480. N.N. Andreev Acoustics Inst., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1397 Feuillade, C. and W.A. Kinney, 1988. Estimates of two-point, broadband temporal coherence using a z-transform technique. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3): 1030-1036. Syntek Engng Inc., 2101 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. 89:1398 Galanenko, V.B. and V.L. Chernykh, 1987. Reciprocal mode conversion in a coastal wedge with an absorbing bottom. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):489-491. 50th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution Polytech. Inst., Kiev, USSR.
OLR (1989)36 (3)
A. PhysicalOceanography
89:1399 Kasatkin, B.A., 1986. Invariant properties of the sound field in a stratified ocean. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR),
209
clouds. Other possible noise mechanisms in which bubbles are involved are also briefly considered. Dept. of Mech. Engng, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
291(6):246-249. Dal'standart Sci. and Prod. Assoc., Khabarovsk, USSR.
89:1406
Prosperetti, Andrea and N.Q. Lu, 1988. Cavitation 89:1400
Mendus, V.I. and G.A. Postnov, 1987. Optimization of the parameters of a multi-element underwater acoustic array with allowance for the possibility of element failures. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):554-555. P.P. Shirshov Inst.
of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1401
Mercer, J.A., 1988. Nonreciprocity of simulated long-range acoustic transmissions. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):999-1006. Applied Phys. Lab., Coll. of Ocean and Fish. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. 89:1402
Mozgovoi, V.A., 1987. Statistical characteristics of the volume scattering of sound in the ocean. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):537-538. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1403 Paynter, H.M. and I.J. Busch-Vishniac, 1988. Remarks on Riemann's method of characteristics. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):813-821. Dept. of Mech.
Engng, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. 89:1404
Potylitsin, N.G.,
1987. Model of low-frequency surface noise in a shallow sea with an absorbing elastic bottom. Sov. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):541-543. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1405
Prosperetti, Andrea, 1988. Bubble-related ambient noise in the ocean. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3): 1042-1054. Bubbles can be extremely efficient amplifiers of water turbulence noise up to 100-200 Hz. At higher frequencies, the Lagrangian spectral intensity of the turbulence is too poor for this mechanism to contribute. Above 1-2 kHz, however, the oscillations by which newly formed bubbles dispose of their initial energy lead to substantial noise levels. A possible mechanism active in the intermediate range, in which relatively large levels of ambient noise are observed, is that of collective oscillations of bubble
and bubble bursting as sources of oceanic ambient noise. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):1037-1041.
Cavitationlike bubble collapses and the bursting of floating bubbles have been proposed in the literature as sources of oceanic ambient noise at kilohertz frequencies. We show that the first process is physically impossible in the oceanic environment. The noise produced by the second mechanism is estimated, and shown to be too weak to be of any significance. Dept. of Mech. Engng, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. 89:1407
Saenger, R.A., 1988. Swimbladder size variability in mesopelagic fish and bioacoustic modeling. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3): 1007-1017. Surface Ship Sonar Dept., Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, CT 06320, USA. 89:1408
Vavilin, A.V. et al., 1987. Characteristics of the dispersion distortions of pulse signals in acoustic waveguides with absorption. Sov. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):481-483. Inst. of
Gen. Phys., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1409
Zhitkovskii, Yu.Yu. et al., 1987. Characteristics of sound scattering by an ocean bottom containing ferromanganese concretions. Soy. Phys. A coust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):512-515.
Data are given on sound scattering from the bottom in regions where deposits of ferromanganese concretions are found. The angular and frequency dependences of the scattering are analyzed for regions with different quantities of ferromanganese concretions on the bottom. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1410
Zinin, P.V., V.M. Levin and R.G. Maev, 1987. Sound attenuation in a suspension of structured microscopic particles. Sov. Phys. A coust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):515-518.
The attenuation of sound in a suspension of microscopic liquid particles surrounded by a thin spherical elastic shell is investigated at frequencies such that the sound wavelength is much greater than the diameter of the object. Viscous losses in the
210
A. PhysicalOceanography
suspension of microscopic objects depend not only on the viscosities of the inner and outer liquids, but also on the elasticity of the shell. Inst. of Chem. Phys., Acad. of Sci., USSR.
A290. Physical processes, properties (diffusion,
turbulence, etc.)
89:1411 Anuchin, V.N., B.L. Gavrilin and V.A. Shumanov, 1987. A laboratory investigation of the evolution of an eddy generated by flow-obstacle interaction. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27 (4) :429-431. The formation and evolution of eddies in a hydrodynamic channel with an axis of rotation perpendicular to the gravitational acceleration, arising through the interaction of a bottom gravity current with an obstacle consisting of a plate, were studied. The cross-sectional area of eddies in the initial stage of their development changed at a frequency equal to the local Brunt-V~tis~tl~t frequency. Kaliningrad Tech. Inst. of the Fish Industry and Fish., Kaliningrad, USSR. 89:1412 Arter, Wayne and A.C. Newell, 1988. Numerical simulation of Rayleigh-Brnard convection in shallow tanks. Phys. Fluids, 31(9):2474-2485. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
89:1413 Bersch, M., 1988. On deep convection in the Weddell Gyre. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1269-1296. In March 1983 a region of convectively cooled and freshened Weddell Deep Water was observed in the central Weddell Sea. The extremely low salt and nutrient contents of the upper 1000 m of the cold spot suggest that its initial water column originated from the Antarctic Coastal Current. The deep convection was not related to a large-scale polynya. Compared to the 1983 cold spot, the cold spot associated with the Weddell Polynya had a considerably higher salt content; hydrographic characteristics suggest it originated from the Weddell Cold Regime. Alternatively, deep convection in the Weddell Polynya was accompanied by a strong advection of sea ice and surface water. An initial preconditioning for deep convection seems to have occurred in a water column with a shallow main pycnocline by an enrichment of the upper layers in salinity. Deutsches Hydrograph. Inst., Hamburg, FRG.
OLR (I989)36 (3)
89:1414 Dewar, W.K., 1988. Ventilaling beta plane lenses. J. phys. Oceanogr, 18(8): 1193-1201. The theory of warm water lenses on beta planes is extended to include heat exchange between the lenses and their environment. Gulf Stream warm rings are strongly modified by diabatic processes. The effects of cooling on rings are comparable in magnitude to the effects of beta during much of the winter. The principal effect of beta on adiabatic lenses is to cause them to drift west. The addition of weak cooling causes the magnitude of the westward drift to decrease at a rate proportional to net heat loss. It is argued that typical cooling rates of warm core Gulf Stream rings can reduce their beta-driven motion by 20% during the course of a winter. While nontrivial, this effect is probably unmeasurable. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 23206-3048, USA.
89:1415 Dewey, R.K. and W.R. Crawford, 1988. Bottom stress estimates from vertical dissipation rate profiles on the continental shelf. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1167-1177. A free-falling vertical profiler with microstructure shear probes was used to measure the dissipation rate, from near the surface to within 0.15 m of the bottom. The shear probes measure velocity gradients at scales within the viscous subrange of the turbulence and therefore directly measure the rate at which kinetic energy is dissipated by viscosity. Near-bottom current measurements indicate that the bottom stress values obtained from the turbulent measurements are well correlated with the current magnitude. An estimate of the drag coefficient indicates that the bottom is hydrodynamically smooth and that bottom stress estimates from current data alone would overestimate the stress by four times, possibly due to the influence of form drag. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
89:1416 Kurganskiy, M.V. and M.S. Tatarskaya, 1987. The potential vorticity concept in meteorology: a review. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):587-606. This analytical review of Soviet and foreign work dealing with use of the concept gives consideration to work dealing with the overall hydrodynamic definition of potential vorticity, the effect of its transformation under the influence of diabatic heating and frictional forces, the problem of reconstructing the motion field using the known potential vorticity field, etc. Attention is focused on the
OLR (1989)36 (3)
A. PhysicalOceanography
calculation of adiabatic invariants, potential vorticity and potential temperature, using empirical data (FGGE) for the entire globe. Inst. for Atmos. Phys., Acad. of Sci., USSR.
89:1417 Lozovatskiy, I.D. and M.-Ya.Kh. Lilover, 1986. Spectral structure of thermohaiine inhomogeneities in a cold cyclonic eddy in the ocean. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 291(6):234-238.
The effect of eddies on the evolution of oceanic finestructure is examined by looking at correlations between the spectral structure of the vertical inhomogeneities in the hydrophysical field and the hydrological structure of the mesoscale eddies. Results are based on precision T/S soundings in a cold, cyclonic Gulf Stream eddy. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (fcs)
89:1418
211
formation, as the nondivergent case does. Oceanologia, CICESE, P.O. Box 4844, San Ysidro, CA 92073, USA. 89:1420 Schott, Friedrich, K.D. Leaman and R.G. Zika, 1988. Deep mixing in the Gulf of Lions, revisited. Geophys. Res. Lefts, 15(8):800-803.
From 23 January to 5 March 1987, new technology was used to renew investigation of deep convection in the Gulf of Lions. Vertical and horizontal currents were measured over several hundred meters with moored upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers; PEGASUS profile measurements, CTD, and biological-chemical tracer measurements were made from aboard ship. A deep-mixed patch had already developed at the start of the experiment, following an intense mistral on 10-11 January. During a second mistral, 15-20 February, shortperiod vertical current downbursts of 5-15 cm/s occurred. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG.
McWilliams, J.C., 1988. Vortex generation through balanced adjustment. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1178-1192. The problem of geostrophic adjustment is solved in an axisymmetric geometry for a continuously stratified fluid, where the adjusted final state is in hydrostatic, gradient-wind balance. This problem is relevant to the generation of submesoscale coherent vortices in the ocean: diapycnal mixing events can create a local anomaly of less strongly stratified fluid, which then develops a balancing circulation through adjustment. An analytic solution obtained for a few uniform-density layers is compared with numerical solutions for continuous stratification. In both representations, 2-D solutions are compared with axisymmetric ones. NCAR, P.O, Box 3000, Bounder, CO 80307, USA.
89:1419 Ripa, P. and Sergio Jim~nez, 1988. Evolution of an unstable elongated eddy. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1202-1205.
Elongated anticyclonic vortices are modeled by the reduced gravity equations: a finite volume of water on top of an inert heavier fluid, with allowance for horizontal divergence and Coriolis effects. Stable eddies experience pulsations in shape and size, rotations of orientation, and inertial oscillations of their center of mass. In addition to these motions, unstable vortices also have a tendency to sharpen in the extremes, a process that might lead to filament
89:1421 Smirnov, V.I. and L.A. Nadeykina, 1987. Steadystate one-dimensional finite-velocity convective diffusion. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):612-618. Dept. of Theoretical Problems, Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1422 Yamashita, lwao and Masaki Takematsu, 1988. Barotropic instability of a viscous boundary jet. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(2):81-93. Ariake Natl. Coll. of Tech., Ohmuta 836, Japan.
89:1423 Yerofeyev, A.Yu., 1987. Simulation modeling of the vertical distribution of turbulent layers in the ocean. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):421-423. A probabilistic model for predicting the geometric elements of the vertical structure of the small-scale turbulence field is used to develop a procedure for simulation modeling of the locations of turbulent layers by depth. Modeling results are presented; they produce no statistically significant differences in the body of field measurements. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 89:1424 Zhurbas, V.M. and U.K. Lips, 1987. Discrimination of the main types of thermohaiine fine structure in
212
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Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):416-420. t h e ocean.
Analysis of numerous measurements with STD probes in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, using a
method based on the Pingree equation, indicates that the entire diversity of thermohaline fine structures can be interpreted in terms of stepped and intrusive types. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
B. MARINE METEOROLOGY B50. Common atmospheric properties ( t e m p e r a t u r e , h u m i d i t y , etc.) 89:1425 Jones, P.D., 1988. Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: recent trends and an update to 1987. J. Climate, 1(6):654-660. The hemispheric mean land-surface air temperature series developed for both hemispheres by Jones et al. are updated through 1987. The global temperature estimate for 1987 is the third warmest on record, 1858-1987. Recent warming over the last 20 years (1967-86) is shown to be centered on middle latitude belts in both hemispheres. Climate Res. Unit, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
B80. Radiation 89:1426 Gautier, Catherine, 1988. Surface solar irradiance in the central Pacific during Tropic Heat [experiment]: comparisons between in-situ measurements and satellite estimates. J. Climate, 1(6): 600-608. Surface solar irradiance measurements taken from the Tropic Heat Buoy 3, R / V Wecoma, and the Pacific island of Hiva Oa are compared with satellite-estimated solar irradiance. An accuracy of ~ 1 2 W m 2 over the range of observed values (240-310 W m 2) is indicated although the results are not yet significant. A comparison of satellite estimates to island measurements reveals significant topographic influences caused by daily orographic cloud formation; the ocean data indicate that the satellite data represent oceanic conditions better than the island measurements. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (emm)
89:1427 Jordan, M.B., 1988. A new submersible recording scalar light sensor array. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1411-1423. An array of recording, submersible light sensors continuously records both scalar and net-vector irradiance from 13 depths. Two solid diffusing spheres in each sensor are utilized, one measuring downwelling 2~r radiation and the other upwelling 2~ radiation; the sum of the irradiance collected by these spheres is the scalar irradiance, and the difference is the net-vector irradiance. From these measurements the attenuation coefficients and adsorption coefficients can be calculated. The construction and calibration of the instrument are described, and results from two deployments in the Irish Sea are shown. NERC, Plymouth Mar. Lab., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
Bll0. Climate, climatology 89:1428 Gaffney, D. and T. Casey, 1987. Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (autumn 1987): a season of continuing ENSO anomalies. A ust. met. Mug., 35(4):133-141. An analysis of the Southern Hemisphere climate and circulation for the autumn months March to May 1987 is presented with emphasis on the Australian region which is roughly bounded by the Equator, Antarctica, 90°E and the dateline. Anomalies associated with an ENSO warm episode in the Pacific Ocean are discussed, together with related broadscale features around the hemisphere. Head Office, Bur. of Meteorol., Melbourne, Australia.
(3)
The citations are those received in the editorial office during the period 1-31 December, 1988. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract and, when obtainable, by the first author's address. The citations are classified under six main headings and about 130 sub-headings (see the table of contents). Subject and author indexes are published for the first three quarters of the year with an annual cumulation. See the preface for additional explanatory material.
A. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
A10. Apparatus and methods 89:1346 Bahar, E., D.E. Barrick and M.A. Fitzwater, 1988. Comparison of unified full-wave solutions for normal incidence microwave backscatter from sea with physical optics and hybrid solutions. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):365-377. Elec. Engng Dept., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511, USA. 89:1347 Dudhia, Anu, 1988. A dual-satellite algorithm for deriving sea surface temperature. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 114(483):1305-1319. This paper describes an extension of conventional multichannel SST algorithms for N O A A - 7 AVHRR/2 data to include data from the Meteosat2IRI (11 /~m) channel, generally viewing through a different zenith angle. These algorithms were tested under 'pseudo-operationar conditions against ship
measurements of SST; results were compared with the AVHRR-only algorithms of other workers. The technique is feasible but, due to uncertainties in the Meteosat radiances caused by residual cloud contamination, the additional data are given only a low weight in the algorithms and the influence on retrieved SST is small. Results also suggest that the Rutherford-Appleton laboratory transmission model underestimates absorption by the water vapour continuum in the 11 /~m window. Dept. of Atmos., Oceanic and Planetary Phys., Clarendon Lab., Oxford Univ., UK. 89:1348 Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P. and T. Boely, 1988. Methodology for an operational monitoring of remotely-sensed sea surface temperatures in Indonesia. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):423-438. Remote Sensing Centre, Gadjah Mada Univ., Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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89:1349 Kalashnikov, P.A. et al., 1987. A modular set of equipment for measuring hydrologic and optical characteristics of seawater. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):520-521. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 89:1350 Lamberti, Fiorella, 1986. Bathymetry evaluation through wave motion remote sensing. Annafi Ist. Univ. nay. Napoli, 55:23-34. The detection of bathymetric features from SAR imaging of ocean-wave patterns is reviewed. Among the classes of features located by SAR due to change in water depth, are those due to surface effects induced by tidal current variations over bottom topography and those which are simply surface expressions of bathymetry. Although present theory cannot explain all aspects of such imaging quantitatively, the bathymetric information derived from SAR images may be of value for some oceanographic purposes. Selenia Spazio, Rome, Italy. 89:1351 Phillips, O.M., 1988. Radar returns from the sea surface--Bragg scattering and breaking waves. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1065-1074. Recent ideas on the structure of the equilibrium range of wind-generated ocean waves are applied to the backscattered returns from the sea surface. It is shown that the backscattering cross section can be represented as the sum of the separate contributions from Bragg scattering and from individual breaking events. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sci., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
A40. Area studies, surveys 89:1352 Isoda, Yutaka and Sei-ichi Saitoh, 1988. Variability of the sea surface temperature obtained by the statistical analysis of AVHRR imagery: a case study of the south Japan Sea. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(2):52-59. Dept. of Ocean Engng, Ehime Univ., Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama 790, Japan. 89:1353 Lazier, J.R.N., 1988. Temperature and salinity changes in the deep Labrador Sea, 1962-1986. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1247-1253. Deep observations 1962-1986 permit construction of time series of potential temperature on density anomaly surfaces. Multi-year variations of potential temperature vs salinity curves are presented for
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Denmark Strait Overflow Water and Northeast Atlantic Deep Water. Variations are coherent through the two superposed water masses, but the range of variation suggests that the Overflow Water is the source of the fluctuations. Dept. of Fish and Oceans, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Darmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. 89:1354 Leppanen, J.-M. and Pekka Alenius, 1988. Cycling of organic matter during the vernal growth period in the open northern Baltic proper. I. Hydrography, currents and related factors. Finn. mar. Res., 255:3-18. This paper briefly describes hydrographical and weather conditions, emphasizing the description of vertical zonation and water transport as physical background for a comprehensive ecosystem research project. Density profiles showed four different layers--surface to ~ 3 0 m, intermediate between 30 and 60 m, halocline between 60 and 95 m, and bottom below 100 m. Due to great variability in the current pattern, no distinct net water exchange could be detected. The oxygen concentrations were low below the halocline, but no anoxia was observed. Finnish Inst. of Mar. Res., P.O. Box 33, SF-00931 Helsinki, Finland.
A50. General hydrography (distribution of c o m m o n oceanic properties) 89:1355 Piterbarg, L.I., 1987. Anomalies in horizontal sea surface temperature gradients. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):412-415. Two alternative statistical models of large-scale variability of horizontal SST gradients are proposed. Their predictions are compared with calculations based on multiyear ship-of-opportunity measurements from the northern Pacific Ocean. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
A80. Circulation 89:1356 Bogomolov, V.A., V.V. Gorbachev and A.D. Krylov, 1987. Thermal manifestations of Langmuir circulation in the surface layer of the sea. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4): p.432. An absence of flotsam can make visual observation of Langmuir cells impossible. Here, experiments
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A. PhysicalOceanography
with a towed microthermal resistor demonstrate that Langmuir circulation is detectable thermally. Atlantic Div,, Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Kaliningrad, USSR. (fcs) 89:1357 Boning, C.W., 1988. Characteristics of particle dispersion in the North Atlantic: an alternative interpretation of SOFAR float results. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1379-1385. An analysis of published results on the dispersion behavior of SOFAR floats indicates a systematic depth dependence of the mixing length in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. In contrast to the integral time scale, the length scale appears to be independent of eddy intensity in the thermocline and in the deep ocean. A similar decrease with depth is revealed by particle dispersion in an eddy-resolving circulation model and interpreted as an enhanced effect of wave behavior in the weaker, subthermocline flow. The only weak anisotropy of deep float dispersion suggests an influence of bottom roughness on the structure of eddy variability. Inst. fur Meersk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg, D-2300 Kiel, FRG. 89:1358 Failer, A.J. and S.J. Auer, 1988. The roles of Langmuir circulations in the dispersion of surface tracers. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1108-1123. A hierarchy of theoretical and numerical models for the dispersion of discrete floating tracers on lakes and oceans is presented. Central to these models is the role of Langrnuir circulations, which concentrate tracers into narrow windrows, inhibiting tracer dispersion. But time-dependent Langmuir circulations cause the rows of tracers to wander and to split, by local time dependence and by downwind advection, promoting dispersion. Accordingly, the Langmuir circulations generally render the smaller-scale background turbulence irrelevant for direct estimates of surface dispersion. Analytical models include: (1) a theory of tracers in a linear mean-flow convergence plus homogeneous turbulence, this theory being applicable to the width of windrows; and (2) a model with a spatially periodic mean flow and a periodic small-scale eddy diffusion coefficient that allows an estimate of the Langmuir-scale dispersivity for steady parallel cells. Inst. for Phys. Sci. and Tech., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. 89:1359 Kagan, B.A., V.A. Ryabchenko and S.A. Fokin, 1986. A two-layer model of oceanic circulation with detailed description of the seasonal evolution
203
of the upper quasihomogeneous layer. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 291(6):231-234.
Most models of exchanges between the upper quasihomogeneous layer and the deep layer assume that turbulence always exists in the deep layer and that the coefficients for vertical turbulent diffusion remain constant. 'These assumptions are not actually true.' A two-layer model that more realistically addresses such exchanges and that predicts seasonal evolution of the general ocean circulation is presented and compared with observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Gulf Stream, and the Kuroshio. Leningrad Div., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Leningrad, USSR. (fcs) 89:1360 Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola and W.R. Holland, 1988. Data constraints applied to models of the ocean general circulation. Part I1. The transient, eddyresolving c a s e . J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8):10931107.
The results of a previous study (Malanotte-Rizzoli and Holland, 1986) on data assimilation into multilayer, quasi-geostrophic eddy-resolving GCM's are extended to a more realistic time-dependent, fully eddy-resolving ocean. Assimilated data is restricted to local, meridional sections at a distance from the western boundary, previously found to be most effective, and the problem rests on whether such local data insertions can produce effective improvements in spite of the loss of predictability inherent in the fully nonlinear model. The results indicate that single sections can be effective when incorporated over a period longer than the statistical equilibrium time of the model. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planetary Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. (emm)
89:1361 Saelen, O.H., 1988. On the exchange of bottom water between the Greenland and Norwegian seas. Rept
geophys. Inst. Dept phys. Oeeanogr. Univ. Bergen, 67:14pp. The deep channel along the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone is the most obvious path for bottom water flow from the Greenland Sea to the Norwegian Sea. Current measurements in this channel reveal a persistent unidirectional flow, with a transport through the lowermost 350 m of the order of 105 m3/s. It is hypothesized that the route of the inflowing water to the Norwegian Sea will be along a cyclonic path on the deep slopes of the basin. Univ. of Bergen, Norway.
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89:1362 Swallow, J,C. and R.T. Pollard, 1988. Flow of bottom water through the Madagascar Basin. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1437-1440. Bottom water enters the Madagascar Basin from the Crozet Basin, mostly through gaps in the Southwest Indian Ridge near 30°S. At 23°S, off the east coast of Madagascar, a well-defined deep western boundary current carries near-bottom water northward. Between 30 ° and 23°S, the course of the nearbottom water is not known. Some recent observations reported here, though not conclusive, suggest that the deep water makes its way more or less directly across the Madagascar Basin from 30 ° to 23°S. Heath Cottage, Drakewalls, Gunnislake, Cornwall, UK.
A90. Currents 89:1363 Cracknell, A.P. and W.G. Huang, 1988. Surface currents off the west coast of Ireland studied from satellite images. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):439446. Surface currents for spring, 1984 were mapped from NOAA-8 thermal infrared images using a 'featuretracking method' to derive flow vectors from advective SST feature displacement over successive images. The resultant surface current pattern agrees with the main current pattern measured by ships and drift bottles. A cyclonic eddy centered at 57°04"N, 10°59"W, as well as the pronounced sea surface front between mixed coastal and stratified Atlantic waters are recognized by this procedure and described here. Dept. of Applied Phys., Univ. of Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland. (emm) 89:1364 Foldvik, Arne, Knut Aagaard and Tor Torresen, 1988. On the velocity field of the East Greenland Current. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1335-1354. Year-long moored measurements from the East Greenland Current near 79°N show its mean southward transport above 700 m to be about 3 Sv, with no obvious seasonal variability. About one-half of this transport appears to be barotropic. There is a rich mesoscale structure in the records, much of which can be interpreted as trains of eddies and eddy-pairs with cross-stream length scales of order 10 km. The lower frequency perturbations typically extend to at least 400 m. Despite the abundance of eddies, their contribution to the heat flux is very small even in the vicinity of the polar front. Local baroclinic instability is therefore not a major source
OLR (1989)36 (3)
of eddies. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Bergen, Allegt. 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway. 89:1365 Gfitsenko, V.A. and V.K. Sobol, 1987. A characteristic of the vertical structure of the Cromwell Current. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):410-411. Atlantic Div., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Kaliningrad, USSR. 89:1366 Joyce, T.M., Roger Lukas and Eric Firing, 1988. On the hydrostatic balance and equatorial geostrophy. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1255-1257. The deviation from hydrostatic balance due to the vertical component of the Coriolis force leads to a small but significant correction to the usual calculation of geostrophic currents, important in the top 200 m within 2 ° of the Equator. In the central equatorial Pacific the correction is almost entirely eastward, reaches a peak speed of nearly 10 cm/s, and adds about 3 Sv, or 10% of the total, to the calculated net eastward transport. The non-hydrostatic correction marginally improves a comparison between geostrophic and directly measured currents in the Equatorial Undercurrent, and makes it worse in the South Equatorial Current. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 89:1367 Schumann, E.H. and I.L. van Heerden, 1988. Observations of Agulhas Current frontal features south of Africa, October 1983. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1355-1362. The currents were extremely variable, with frontal features causing on-offshore movements of the Agulhas Current inshore boundary of more than 50 km. These intrusions influenced shelf currents, while the strong wind conditions also affected upper ocean flows. The results show that care should be taken in the interpretation of Agulhas Current flow from sea surface temperatures. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, 6000 Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 89:1368 Sekine, Yoshihiko, 1988. A numerical experiment on the anomalous southward intrusion of the Oyashio east of Japan. Part 1. Barotropic model. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(2):60-67. Anomalous southward intrusions of the Oyashio the winter to late spring season are suggested occur in connection with a global change atmospheric circulation (i.e., a midwinter change subarctic wind stress). The barotropic response
in to in in of
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. A. PhysicalOceanography
the ocean to the wind stress change is rapid, about 50 days at most. Inst. of Geosci. and Astron., Natl. Defense Acad., Yokosuka, 239, Japan.
89:1369 Zenk, Walter and T.J. Mt~ller, 1988. Seven-year current meter record in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1259-1268.
205
A150. Tides and sea level 89:1372 Dickman, S.R., 1988. The self-consistent dynamic pole tide in non-global oceans. Geophys. J., 94(3): 519-543.
Continuous current measurements at the 1000 m level were obtained in the central Canary Basin near 33°N, 22°W. Even with this very long time series no statistically significant mean current could be estimated at that level, because the energetic fluctuations are large compared to the weak mean. In the eddy scale range (current fluctuations with scales between 47 and 455 days), a pronounced anisotropy between zonal and meridional components is apparent. Our data allow confirmation of the expected spectral decrease beyond the eddy scale peak in an eastern basin. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ., 2300 Kiel 1, FRG.
The dynamic pole tide is obtained as the solution to Laplace tide equations, in oceans with continents present. The solution is found in terms of spherical harmonics, which allows oceanic self-gravitation and loading and mantle elasticity to be treated. Results for a wide range of bottom friction demonstrate that dynamical effects are mild, adding about one day more to the Chandler period than a static pole tide would, and dissipating wobble energy at a very weak rate. The formal solution to the tide equations implies that tides in non-zonal oceans must differ from equilibrium, even in the presence of strong bottom friction. Linear dependence of the dynamic pole tide on wobble amplitude suggests that the oceans cannot cause a variable wobble period. Dept. of Geol. Sci., SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13901, USA.
A l l 0 . Water masses and fronts
A160. Waves, oscillations
89:1370 De Maio, A. et al., 1986. [Inflow of the Levantine Intermediate Waters into the southern Tyrrhenian Basin: preliminary results, March 1985.] Annafi 1st. Univ. nav. Napoli, 55:49-55. (In Italian, English abstract.) Istituto di Meteorol. e Oceanogr., I.U.N., Napoli, Italy.
89:1373 Babanin, A.V. and Yu.P. Solov'yev, 1987. Parameterization of the width of the angular distribution of wind wave energy at limited fetches. /zv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):645-651. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., UkSSR Acad. of Sci., USSR.
89:1371 Washburn, Libe and Laurence Armi, 1988. Observations of frontal instabilities on an upwelling filament [off central California[. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1075-1092.
89:1374 Grimshaw, R. and J.S. Allen, 1988. Low-frequency baroclinic waves off coastal boundaries. J. phys. Oeeanogr., 18(8): 1124-1143.
Frontal instabilities formed in about a day on the southern (cyclonic) boundary of the filament at a wavelength of about 20 km and consisted of two lobes, one warm and one cool, each with a width of about 4 km. Near-surface distributions of temperature, salinity, and density within the cool lobes of the instabilities are consistent with local upwelling at the rate of about 30 m/d. A simple model based on conservation of potential vorticity accounts for the observed upwelling. Based on isopycnal displacements and the distribution of salinity, the signature of the instabilities appears to be confined to the upper 50 m of the water column. Center for Earth Sci., Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA.
The behavior of low-frequency baroclinic Rossby wave motion in the vicinity of coastal boundaries is investigated using linearized modulated wave theory in a stratified, constant depth, equatorial fl-plane ocean. The primary objective is to obtain a theoretical description of large-scale, low-frequency pressure fluctuations along variable geometry ocean boundaries at all latitudes to aid the analysis of coastal sea level observations. While both eastern and western boundaries and the effects of direct coastal wind forcing are considered, the study is mainly concerned with the response along eastern boundaries to baroclinic equatorial Kelvin waves. Allen: Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
206
A. PhysicalOceanography
89:1375 Michida, Yutaka, 1988. Characteristics of ocean waves measured with shipborne wave meter. Rept hydrogr. Res., Tokyo, 24:1-17. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Ocean Surveys Div., Japan. 89:1376 Pierini, Stefano, 1986. A three-dimensional model for tsunami propagation. Annali Ist. Univ. nay. Napoli, 55:35-48. The anomalous seismovolcanic activity recorded in the Phlegreaen Fields and the possibility of an eruption near- or offshore have stimulated studies of tsunami propagation, and an implicit, three-time level finite-difference scheme for a modified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation has been developed which makes it possible to model weak nonlinear and dispersive effects on the 3-D evolution of long surface gravity waves. Numerical experiments are presented for localized initial waves in a rectangular channel, and the effect of coasts on wave evolution is discussed. Further model refinements, such as inclusion of topographic effects, are outlined along with applications to tsunami propagation in the Gulf of Naples. Istituto di Oceanol., I.U.N., Napoli, Italy. 89:1377 Saint-Guily, Bernard and Andr6 Lamy, 1988. Waves trapped by the Kerguelen Island escarpment. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S6r. II)307(6):573-578. (In French, English abstract.) Seabed pressure gauge records made near Kerguelen and Amsterdam islands exhibit different energy spectra, with the energy at Kerguelen greater in a period band between the inertial period and 100 hours. A simple analytical model shows that the observed energy corresponds to waves trapped on the extensive slope around Kerguelen Island. Lab. d'Oceanogr, phys., Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., 43 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. 89:1378 Soomere, T.E., 1987. Generalized stationary solutions of the kinetic equation of barotropic Rosshy waves. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):407-409.
The spectrum of an arbitrary straight-line flow and the spectrum of a system of waves of equal length proportional to the Dirac delta function are shown to satisfy the kinetic equation for Rossby waves. Equations describing the evolution of a system of waves with a smooth spectrum in the presence of motions with such delta-function spectra and the corresponding entropy equations are derived. Inst. of
OLR(1989)36 (3)
Thermal Phys. and Electrophys., Estonian Acad. of Sci., Tallinn, USSR. 89:1379 Turner, R.E.L. and J.-M. Vanden-Broeck, 1988. Broadening of interracial solitary waves. Phys. Fluids, 31(9):2486-2490. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
AIS0. Internal waves and tides 89:1380 Burdyugov, V.M. et al., 1987. Evaluation of internal wave characteristics from radar signals. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):652-663.
Data from shipboard radar soundings of the surface manifestations of internal waves propagating against the wind are analyzed. Dependence of the internal wave-radar signal transfer function on wind speed and internal wave period is estimated. Depth of the seasonal pycnocline is reconstructed from the wavelength and period representing the spectral peak of the surface manifestations of the internal waves. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., UkSSR Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1381 Holloway, P.E., 1988. Climatology of internal tides at a shelf-break location on the Australian northwest shelf. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 39(1):1-18.
The concept of defining an internal tide climate is used as a means of providing an assessment of the amplitude of semi-diurnal vertical displacements of density interfaces and of horizontal baroclinic currents at a particular location. Contributions from both principal lunar and principal solar period internal waves are considered. The final climatological averages (monthly values) show the baroclinic currents to be comparable to or stronger than the semi-diurnal barotropic currents at the same location from October to May. The temporal variability closely follows the variability in the stratification with very weak baroclinic motion during the winter months. Dept. of Civ. Engng, Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. 89:1382 Sato, Satosi and Yasunao Simohira, 1988. Internal tide near Danzyo Gunto in eastern China Sea. Rept hydrogr. Res., Tokyo, 24:45-58. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Coastal Surveys and Cartography Div., Japan.
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A. Physical Oceanography
89:1383 Timonov, M.V., V.N. Tuporshin and N.K. Shelkovnikov, 1987. Transtormation of a long internal wave over an underwater ridge. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):639-644. The transformation of an internal wave in a two-layer fluid over an underwater obstacle comparable in size to the wave length was studied. A theoretical model is used to obtain an approximate analytical expression for the disturbance of the wave over the obstacle in explicit form. An experimental check was made using a laser Doppler velocity instrument for the functions of the amplitudes of the horizontal orbital velocity components for particles in fresh and salt water. Comparison of the experimental results and the theory showed good agreement. Inst. for Phys. of the Earth, Acad. of Sci., Univ. of Moscow, USSR.
A210. Ice 10:1384 Lemmen, D.S., D.J.A. Evans, John England (comment) and M.O. Jeffries (reply), 1988. Discussion of 'Glaciers and the morphology and structure of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada.' Arctic and Alpine Res., 20(3):366-371. 89:1385 Steffen, Konrad and J.E. Lewis, 1988. Surface temperatures and sea ice typing for northern Baffin Bay. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9(3):409-422. Surface thermal infrared temperatures measured by low-level aircraft passes over a 2300-km portion of the North Water were matched with visual ice characteristics photographed during flights and additional ice/meteorological data collected from the ground. Using N O A A - V H R R TIR imagery, interpolated regional surface temperature maps were constructed and used to predict the nature of the ice cover for northern Baffin Bay. Results indicate that grey white ice (0.15-0.3 m) predominates in January-February with pronounced increases in white ice toward the end of the ice season. CIRES, Box 449, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. (emm) 89:1386 Suyetova, I.A., 1986. New estimates of the average elevation, volume and thickness of Antarctic ice. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 291(6):221-223. Calculations using new, more reliable maps of Antarctica and radar soundings of ice thickness
207
show that the areas of ice cap with elevations of 0-500 m, 1000-1500 m and 2500-3500 m are smaller than previously estimated. Similarly, the volume of ice cap above sea level is 5% smaller, but the total ice volume is both larger and thicker. On East Antarctica 35% of the bedrock surface lies below sea level, average elevation is +310 m, and altitude range is ~6000 m. On West Antarctica 80% of the area is a subice basin with average depth of the bedrock surface at -700 m, average elevation is -390 m, and altitude range is 7700 m. It is now estimated that complete disappearance of the ice sheet would result in 500 m of isostatic uplift and a glacio-eustatic transgression with amplitude of 62 m. Univ. of Moscow, USSR. (hbf)
A240. Optical
properties
89:1387 Burenkov, V.I., A.P. Vasil'kov and A.I. Sud'bin, 1987. Optical phenomena in discharge lenses of rivers. Oceanology (a translation of OkeanoIogiia), 27(4):p.433. In areas where fiver waters mix with the surrounding seawater, a strong lateral variability in the sea brightness coefficient, a measure of the backscattering of solar radiation by the water, is generally observed in discharge lenses. This variability, distinctly observable even with the naked eye, results from dynamic processes that occur when a comparatively thin layer of less dense fresh water with different optical characteristics spreads over the sea surface. This paper describes measurements of the coefficient from ships and helicopters in the area of the Kodora River (Black Sea) and discusses the physical processes responsible for the optical phenomena. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 89:1398 Gordon, H.R. et al., 1988. A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color. J. geophys. Res., 93(D9): 10,909-10,924. A semianalytical radiance model predicts upwelled spectral radiance at the sea surface as a function of phytoplankton pigment concentration for Morel Case 1 waters. The model is in good agreement with measurements taken in other waters, suggests that observed variability in the radiance is due to variations in plankton backscattering and associated detritus, and is extended to include other material in the water. Potential applications include an improved bio-optical algorithm for retrieval of pigment concentrations from satellite imagery in the presence of interference from detached coccoliths, improved
208
A. PhysicalOceanography
atmospheric correction for satellite imagery, and identification and interpretation of deviations from Case 1 waters. Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. 89:1389 Karabashev, G.S. et al., 1987. A shipboard spectral attenuation meter with an automated measurement processing system. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):516-519.
A shipboard laboratory device for measuring the spectral attenuation coefficient in seawater is described. Combined with a microcomputer and printer, it can be used for rapid determination of the spectral attenuation curve in the visible and ultraviolet regions and the measurement error. Some results of field testing of the device are presented. Atlantic Div., Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Kaliningrad, USSR. 89:1390 Kirk, J.T.O., 1988. Solar heating of water bodies as influenced by their inherent optical properties. J. geophys. Res., 93(D9): 10,897-10,908.
Penetration of radiant solar energy is modeled with a previously derived equation relating attenuation of irradiance in narrow wavebands to absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and solar angle. Evaporative and other surface heat exchange processes are taken into account. Calculations show marked changes in thermal structure as absorption and scattering are varied over a range of optical water types from coastal seawater to highly colored and turbid inland water. In general terms, increasing the color or turbidity shifts the zone of shortwave energy absorption more toward the surface and leads to warmer but shallower mixed layers. Div. of Plant Industry, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. 89:1391 Tessendorf, J., 1988. Comparison between data and small-angle approximations for the in-water solar radiance distribution. J. opt. Soc. Am., Opt. Image Sci., A, 5(9):1410-1418. Arete Assoc., P.O. Box 6024, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413, USA.
A260. Acoustics 89:1392 Andreyeva, I.B., A.V. Volkova and Ye.A. Kopyl, 1986. Azimuth dependence of frequency spectra of sound scattered by the ocean surface. DokL Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad.
OLR (1989)36 (3)
Nauk SSSR), 291(6):238-240. Andreyev Inst. of Acoustics, Moscow, USSR. 89:1393 Belousov, A,V. and Yu.P. Lysanov, 1987. Decay law of an incoherent field in the ocean with a rough surface. Sov. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):472-475. N.N. Andreev Acoustic Inst., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1394 Bezrukov, A.V., V.Yu. Prikhod'ko and V.V. Tyutekin, 1987. Calculation of the characteristics of the normal modes of a shallow sea with an elastic bottom (impedance method). Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):467471.
The field of a point source and the characteristics of the normal modes are calculated on the basis of the Riccati matrix equations for a layered-inhomogeneous medium. It is shown that the so-called zeroth mode, which is an analog of a Stoneley wave and which usually propagates along an 'elastic solidliquid' interface, can be converted into a surfaceskimming bulk wave under certain conditions, forming a sound channel near the surface of the sea. N.N. Andreev Acoustics Inst., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1395 Boehme, H. and N.P. Chotiros, 1988. Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles |rom the ocean bottom. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):10181029. Appl. Res. Lab., Univ. of Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029, USA. 89:1396 Burenkov, S.V., 1987. Influence of a coastal zone on the phase characteristics of normal modes. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):478-480. N.N. Andreev Acoustics Inst., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1397 Feuillade, C. and W.A. Kinney, 1988. Estimates of two-point, broadband temporal coherence using a z-transform technique. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3): 1030-1036. Syntek Engng Inc., 2101 E. Jefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. 89:1398 Galanenko, V.B. and V.L. Chernykh, 1987. Reciprocal mode conversion in a coastal wedge with an absorbing bottom. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):489-491. 50th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution Polytech. Inst., Kiev, USSR.
OLR (1989)36 (3)
A. PhysicalOceanography
89:1399 Kasatkin, B.A., 1986. Invariant properties of the sound field in a stratified ocean. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR),
209
clouds. Other possible noise mechanisms in which bubbles are involved are also briefly considered. Dept. of Mech. Engng, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
291(6):246-249. Dal'standart Sci. and Prod. Assoc., Khabarovsk, USSR.
89:1406
Prosperetti, Andrea and N.Q. Lu, 1988. Cavitation 89:1400
Mendus, V.I. and G.A. Postnov, 1987. Optimization of the parameters of a multi-element underwater acoustic array with allowance for the possibility of element failures. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):554-555. P.P. Shirshov Inst.
of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1401
Mercer, J.A., 1988. Nonreciprocity of simulated long-range acoustic transmissions. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):999-1006. Applied Phys. Lab., Coll. of Ocean and Fish. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. 89:1402
Mozgovoi, V.A., 1987. Statistical characteristics of the volume scattering of sound in the ocean. Soy. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):537-538. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1403 Paynter, H.M. and I.J. Busch-Vishniac, 1988. Remarks on Riemann's method of characteristics. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):813-821. Dept. of Mech.
Engng, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. 89:1404
Potylitsin, N.G.,
1987. Model of low-frequency surface noise in a shallow sea with an absorbing elastic bottom. Sov. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):541-543. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1405
Prosperetti, Andrea, 1988. Bubble-related ambient noise in the ocean. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3): 1042-1054. Bubbles can be extremely efficient amplifiers of water turbulence noise up to 100-200 Hz. At higher frequencies, the Lagrangian spectral intensity of the turbulence is too poor for this mechanism to contribute. Above 1-2 kHz, however, the oscillations by which newly formed bubbles dispose of their initial energy lead to substantial noise levels. A possible mechanism active in the intermediate range, in which relatively large levels of ambient noise are observed, is that of collective oscillations of bubble
and bubble bursting as sources of oceanic ambient noise. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3):1037-1041.
Cavitationlike bubble collapses and the bursting of floating bubbles have been proposed in the literature as sources of oceanic ambient noise at kilohertz frequencies. We show that the first process is physically impossible in the oceanic environment. The noise produced by the second mechanism is estimated, and shown to be too weak to be of any significance. Dept. of Mech. Engng, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. 89:1407
Saenger, R.A., 1988. Swimbladder size variability in mesopelagic fish and bioacoustic modeling. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 84(3): 1007-1017. Surface Ship Sonar Dept., Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, CT 06320, USA. 89:1408
Vavilin, A.V. et al., 1987. Characteristics of the dispersion distortions of pulse signals in acoustic waveguides with absorption. Sov. Phys. Acoust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):481-483. Inst. of
Gen. Phys., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1409
Zhitkovskii, Yu.Yu. et al., 1987. Characteristics of sound scattering by an ocean bottom containing ferromanganese concretions. Soy. Phys. A coust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):512-515.
Data are given on sound scattering from the bottom in regions where deposits of ferromanganese concretions are found. The angular and frequency dependences of the scattering are analyzed for regions with different quantities of ferromanganese concretions on the bottom. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanogr., Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1410
Zinin, P.V., V.M. Levin and R.G. Maev, 1987. Sound attenuation in a suspension of structured microscopic particles. Sov. Phys. A coust. (a translation of Akust. Zh.), 33(5):515-518.
The attenuation of sound in a suspension of microscopic liquid particles surrounded by a thin spherical elastic shell is investigated at frequencies such that the sound wavelength is much greater than the diameter of the object. Viscous losses in the
210
A. PhysicalOceanography
suspension of microscopic objects depend not only on the viscosities of the inner and outer liquids, but also on the elasticity of the shell. Inst. of Chem. Phys., Acad. of Sci., USSR.
A290. Physical processes, properties (diffusion,
turbulence, etc.)
89:1411 Anuchin, V.N., B.L. Gavrilin and V.A. Shumanov, 1987. A laboratory investigation of the evolution of an eddy generated by flow-obstacle interaction. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27 (4) :429-431. The formation and evolution of eddies in a hydrodynamic channel with an axis of rotation perpendicular to the gravitational acceleration, arising through the interaction of a bottom gravity current with an obstacle consisting of a plate, were studied. The cross-sectional area of eddies in the initial stage of their development changed at a frequency equal to the local Brunt-V~tis~tl~t frequency. Kaliningrad Tech. Inst. of the Fish Industry and Fish., Kaliningrad, USSR. 89:1412 Arter, Wayne and A.C. Newell, 1988. Numerical simulation of Rayleigh-Brnard convection in shallow tanks. Phys. Fluids, 31(9):2474-2485. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
89:1413 Bersch, M., 1988. On deep convection in the Weddell Gyre. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8):1269-1296. In March 1983 a region of convectively cooled and freshened Weddell Deep Water was observed in the central Weddell Sea. The extremely low salt and nutrient contents of the upper 1000 m of the cold spot suggest that its initial water column originated from the Antarctic Coastal Current. The deep convection was not related to a large-scale polynya. Compared to the 1983 cold spot, the cold spot associated with the Weddell Polynya had a considerably higher salt content; hydrographic characteristics suggest it originated from the Weddell Cold Regime. Alternatively, deep convection in the Weddell Polynya was accompanied by a strong advection of sea ice and surface water. An initial preconditioning for deep convection seems to have occurred in a water column with a shallow main pycnocline by an enrichment of the upper layers in salinity. Deutsches Hydrograph. Inst., Hamburg, FRG.
OLR (I989)36 (3)
89:1414 Dewar, W.K., 1988. Ventilaling beta plane lenses. J. phys. Oceanogr, 18(8): 1193-1201. The theory of warm water lenses on beta planes is extended to include heat exchange between the lenses and their environment. Gulf Stream warm rings are strongly modified by diabatic processes. The effects of cooling on rings are comparable in magnitude to the effects of beta during much of the winter. The principal effect of beta on adiabatic lenses is to cause them to drift west. The addition of weak cooling causes the magnitude of the westward drift to decrease at a rate proportional to net heat loss. It is argued that typical cooling rates of warm core Gulf Stream rings can reduce their beta-driven motion by 20% during the course of a winter. While nontrivial, this effect is probably unmeasurable. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 23206-3048, USA.
89:1415 Dewey, R.K. and W.R. Crawford, 1988. Bottom stress estimates from vertical dissipation rate profiles on the continental shelf. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1167-1177. A free-falling vertical profiler with microstructure shear probes was used to measure the dissipation rate, from near the surface to within 0.15 m of the bottom. The shear probes measure velocity gradients at scales within the viscous subrange of the turbulence and therefore directly measure the rate at which kinetic energy is dissipated by viscosity. Near-bottom current measurements indicate that the bottom stress values obtained from the turbulent measurements are well correlated with the current magnitude. An estimate of the drag coefficient indicates that the bottom is hydrodynamically smooth and that bottom stress estimates from current data alone would overestimate the stress by four times, possibly due to the influence of form drag. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
89:1416 Kurganskiy, M.V. and M.S. Tatarskaya, 1987. The potential vorticity concept in meteorology: a review. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):587-606. This analytical review of Soviet and foreign work dealing with use of the concept gives consideration to work dealing with the overall hydrodynamic definition of potential vorticity, the effect of its transformation under the influence of diabatic heating and frictional forces, the problem of reconstructing the motion field using the known potential vorticity field, etc. Attention is focused on the
OLR (1989)36 (3)
A. PhysicalOceanography
calculation of adiabatic invariants, potential vorticity and potential temperature, using empirical data (FGGE) for the entire globe. Inst. for Atmos. Phys., Acad. of Sci., USSR.
89:1417 Lozovatskiy, I.D. and M.-Ya.Kh. Lilover, 1986. Spectral structure of thermohaiine inhomogeneities in a cold cyclonic eddy in the ocean. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 291(6):234-238.
The effect of eddies on the evolution of oceanic finestructure is examined by looking at correlations between the spectral structure of the vertical inhomogeneities in the hydrophysical field and the hydrological structure of the mesoscale eddies. Results are based on precision T/S soundings in a cold, cyclonic Gulf Stream eddy. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (fcs)
89:1418
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formation, as the nondivergent case does. Oceanologia, CICESE, P.O. Box 4844, San Ysidro, CA 92073, USA. 89:1420 Schott, Friedrich, K.D. Leaman and R.G. Zika, 1988. Deep mixing in the Gulf of Lions, revisited. Geophys. Res. Lefts, 15(8):800-803.
From 23 January to 5 March 1987, new technology was used to renew investigation of deep convection in the Gulf of Lions. Vertical and horizontal currents were measured over several hundred meters with moored upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers; PEGASUS profile measurements, CTD, and biological-chemical tracer measurements were made from aboard ship. A deep-mixed patch had already developed at the start of the experiment, following an intense mistral on 10-11 January. During a second mistral, 15-20 February, shortperiod vertical current downbursts of 5-15 cm/s occurred. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG.
McWilliams, J.C., 1988. Vortex generation through balanced adjustment. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1178-1192. The problem of geostrophic adjustment is solved in an axisymmetric geometry for a continuously stratified fluid, where the adjusted final state is in hydrostatic, gradient-wind balance. This problem is relevant to the generation of submesoscale coherent vortices in the ocean: diapycnal mixing events can create a local anomaly of less strongly stratified fluid, which then develops a balancing circulation through adjustment. An analytic solution obtained for a few uniform-density layers is compared with numerical solutions for continuous stratification. In both representations, 2-D solutions are compared with axisymmetric ones. NCAR, P.O, Box 3000, Bounder, CO 80307, USA.
89:1419 Ripa, P. and Sergio Jim~nez, 1988. Evolution of an unstable elongated eddy. J. phys. Oceanogr., 18(8): 1202-1205.
Elongated anticyclonic vortices are modeled by the reduced gravity equations: a finite volume of water on top of an inert heavier fluid, with allowance for horizontal divergence and Coriolis effects. Stable eddies experience pulsations in shape and size, rotations of orientation, and inertial oscillations of their center of mass. In addition to these motions, unstable vortices also have a tendency to sharpen in the extremes, a process that might lead to filament
89:1421 Smirnov, V.I. and L.A. Nadeykina, 1987. Steadystate one-dimensional finite-velocity convective diffusion. Izv. Atmos. Ocean Phys. (a translation of Fiz. Atmos. Okeana), 23(8):612-618. Dept. of Theoretical Problems, Acad. of Sci., USSR. 89:1422 Yamashita, lwao and Masaki Takematsu, 1988. Barotropic instability of a viscous boundary jet. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(2):81-93. Ariake Natl. Coll. of Tech., Ohmuta 836, Japan.
89:1423 Yerofeyev, A.Yu., 1987. Simulation modeling of the vertical distribution of turbulent layers in the ocean. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):421-423. A probabilistic model for predicting the geometric elements of the vertical structure of the small-scale turbulence field is used to develop a procedure for simulation modeling of the locations of turbulent layers by depth. Modeling results are presented; they produce no statistically significant differences in the body of field measurements. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 89:1424 Zhurbas, V.M. and U.K. Lips, 1987. Discrimination of the main types of thermohaiine fine structure in
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Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(4):416-420. t h e ocean.
Analysis of numerous measurements with STD probes in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, using a
method based on the Pingree equation, indicates that the entire diversity of thermohaline fine structures can be interpreted in terms of stepped and intrusive types. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
B. MARINE METEOROLOGY B50. Common atmospheric properties ( t e m p e r a t u r e , h u m i d i t y , etc.) 89:1425 Jones, P.D., 1988. Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: recent trends and an update to 1987. J. Climate, 1(6):654-660. The hemispheric mean land-surface air temperature series developed for both hemispheres by Jones et al. are updated through 1987. The global temperature estimate for 1987 is the third warmest on record, 1858-1987. Recent warming over the last 20 years (1967-86) is shown to be centered on middle latitude belts in both hemispheres. Climate Res. Unit, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
B80. Radiation 89:1426 Gautier, Catherine, 1988. Surface solar irradiance in the central Pacific during Tropic Heat [experiment]: comparisons between in-situ measurements and satellite estimates. J. Climate, 1(6): 600-608. Surface solar irradiance measurements taken from the Tropic Heat Buoy 3, R / V Wecoma, and the Pacific island of Hiva Oa are compared with satellite-estimated solar irradiance. An accuracy of ~ 1 2 W m 2 over the range of observed values (240-310 W m 2) is indicated although the results are not yet significant. A comparison of satellite estimates to island measurements reveals significant topographic influences caused by daily orographic cloud formation; the ocean data indicate that the satellite data represent oceanic conditions better than the island measurements. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (emm)
89:1427 Jordan, M.B., 1988. A new submersible recording scalar light sensor array. Deep-Sea Res., 35(8): 1411-1423. An array of recording, submersible light sensors continuously records both scalar and net-vector irradiance from 13 depths. Two solid diffusing spheres in each sensor are utilized, one measuring downwelling 2~r radiation and the other upwelling 2~ radiation; the sum of the irradiance collected by these spheres is the scalar irradiance, and the difference is the net-vector irradiance. From these measurements the attenuation coefficients and adsorption coefficients can be calculated. The construction and calibration of the instrument are described, and results from two deployments in the Irish Sea are shown. NERC, Plymouth Mar. Lab., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
Bll0. Climate, climatology 89:1428 Gaffney, D. and T. Casey, 1987. Seasonal climate summary Southern Hemisphere (autumn 1987): a season of continuing ENSO anomalies. A ust. met. Mug., 35(4):133-141. An analysis of the Southern Hemisphere climate and circulation for the autumn months March to May 1987 is presented with emphasis on the Australian region which is roughly bounded by the Equator, Antarctica, 90°E and the dateline. Anomalies associated with an ENSO warm episode in the Pacific Ocean are discussed, together with related broadscale features around the hemisphere. Head Office, Bur. of Meteorol., Melbourne, Australia.