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Physically active lifestyle does not decrease the risk of fattening
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Abstracts / Appetite 52 (2009) 815–868
weight gain differences associated with antipsychotic treatment. As data collection continues, we will be better able to tease apart the effects of these medications on satiety signaling. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.201
supplements to ameliorate current trends in overweight and obesity. ARC, Horizon Science. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.203
Gastrin releasing peptide activates the dorsal vagal complex and the submucosal plexus of the jejunum in the rat M.C. WASHINGTON 1,∗ , C. LARSEN 1 , J.R. REEVE 2 , A.I. SAYEGH 1 1 College of Vet. Med., Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA 2 UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Early-life short-term voluntary exercise attenuates obesity in adult OLETF rats A. WELLER ∗ , M. SCHROEDER, L. SHBIRO, V. GELBER Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
We have shown that gastrin releasing peptide-29 (GRP-29) reduces food intake in rats. Here, we investigate a possible pathway for this reduction by detecting Fos-like immunoreactivity (FosLI; a marker for neuronal activation) in the feeding areas of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the hindbrain, and in the enteric (myenteric and submucosal) neurons of the gastrointestinal tract in response to GRP-29. Eighteen male Sprague–Dawley rats were deprived of food but not water overnight. The next morning, the rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of GRP-29 (12 g/kg), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8, 5 g/kg) or saline, and were sacrificed 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post injection to determine maximum Fos expression in the DVC, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon. We found that GRP-29 increased Fos-LI in the DVC 30 and 60 min post injection, in the submucosal plexus of the jejunum 30, 60 and 90 min post injection and in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum 60 and 90 min post injection. As reported previously, CCK-8 increased Fos-LI in the DVC and enteric neurons of duodenum and jejunum. In conclusion, GRP may reduce food intake by activating the DVC directly (endocrine route) or through activating enteric neurons of the gut by vagal or sympathetic routes. The lack of activation in the stomach, the main source of peripheral GRP, may indicate that GRP does require the enteric neurons of the stomach to reduce food intake or dose not stimulate c-Fos. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.202
Sugarcane-derived polyphenols decrease diet-induced obesity R.S. WEISINGER 1,∗ , D.P. BEGG 1 , M. JOIS 1 , B. GUIDICE 1 , D. KANNAR 2 , B. KITCHEN 2 1 LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia 2 Horizon Science, Melbourne, Australia Polyphenols are plant metabolites characterized by aromatic rings and hydroxy groups. Sugarcane contains a unique mix of antioxidant polyphenols such as hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acids. Our aim was to investigate the effect of sugarcane-derived polyphenols (SDP) on diet-induced obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control (CON) or experimental groups, n = 12 mice/group. All groups were fed a high fat (21%) diet for 16 weeks; the experimental groups were supplemented with 200 or 400 mg/100 g diet, SDP200 or SDP400. Body weight, food and water intakes, body composition (DEXA); energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), energy content of faeces (bomb calorimetry); glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity (following glucose load) were determined. The results indicated that relative to CON, food intake was decreased and fluid intakes were increased during the experimental period. Body weight was decreased by 15% (SDP200) and 30% (SDP400). Adipose tissue mass was decreased in both SDP groups, and fat-free mass was increased in the SDP400 group. Compared to CON, animals in both SDP groups had increased energy expenditure and increased faecal energy content. Animals in the SDP400 group had increased glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the addition of SDP to a high-fat diet reduced diet-induced obesity, possibly via mechanisms that include decreased energy intake, increased energy expenditure, and increased energy excretion, suggesting their potential use as
OLETF rats lacking functional CCK1 receptors are a model of early-onset hyperphagia-induced obesity, used to study the early origins and neurobiology of obesity. OLETF pups present high body weight, adiposity (adipocyte hypertrophy) and leptin already during the suckling period. In the present study, we attempted to bias their obesity tendency towards a more “lean” adulthood providing access to running wheels from weaning until day 45, a critical period regarding adipocyte development. Long-term influences of the manipulation were examined in males and females. Early voluntary exercise reduced long-term intake, adiposity and leptin in OLETF males together with a sharp reduction in adipocyte size. Control males presented stable intake, but reduced body fat and increased plasma creatinine, suggesting increased muscle mass. OLETF females showed only a tendency to reduced body fat, primarily by slight reduction in adipocyte number. Control females showed an increase in intake, body weight and creatinine, but a reduction in body fat via reduction in adipocyte number. Overall, OLETF rats presented higher adiponectin levels than controls in both basal and post-exercise conditions. A follow-up study showed that early long-term access to running wheels (from days 22 to 70) successfully reduced obesity levels in 4-month-old OLETF females. The results suggest an effective early time frame, where OLETF males can be “re-programmed” by voluntary exercise; these results can only be observed in OLETF females after prolonged exercise. Findings also expose sex-different peripheral mechanisms in coping with energy challenges. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.204
Physically active lifestyle does not decrease the risk of fattening K.R. WESTERTERP 1,∗ , G. PLASQUI 2 1 Maastricht University, Maastricht, Namibia 2 Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Increasing age is associated with declining physical activity and a gain in fat mass. The objective was to observe the consequence of the age-associated reduction in physical activity for the maintenance of energy balance as reflected in the fat store of the body. Young adults were observed over an average time interval of more than 10 years. Physical activity was measured over two-week periods with doubly labeled water and doubly labeled water validated tri-axial accelerometers, and body fat gain was measured with isotope dilution. Body mass index increased from 22.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2 at baseline to 24.3 ± 2.6 kg/m2 at follow-up (P < 0.01). Total energy expenditure (TEE) showed a non-significant decrease and resting energy expenditure (REE) showed a non-significant increase, in combination resulting in a significant decrease of activity energy expenditure from 4.21 ± 1.05 MJ/d to 3.92 ± 1.19 MJ/d (P < 0.05). The physical activity level (TEE/REE) decreased significantly (P < 0.01) from 1.81 ± 0.16 (range 1.51–2.15) to 1.75 ± 0.11 (range 1.58–2.03). There was a significant association between the change in physical activity and the change in body fat, where a high initial activity level was predictive for a higher fat gain. In conclusion, the change from a physically active to a more sedentary routine does not induce an equivalent reduction of energy intake and requires cognitive restriction to maintain energy balance. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.205
Abstracts / Appetite 52 (2009) 815–868
weight gain differences associated with antipsychotic treatment. As data collection continues, we will be better able to tease apart the effects of these medications on satiety signaling. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.201
supplements to ameliorate current trends in overweight and obesity. ARC, Horizon Science. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.203
Gastrin releasing peptide activates the dorsal vagal complex and the submucosal plexus of the jejunum in the rat M.C. WASHINGTON 1,∗ , C. LARSEN 1 , J.R. REEVE 2 , A.I. SAYEGH 1 1 College of Vet. Med., Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA 2 UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Early-life short-term voluntary exercise attenuates obesity in adult OLETF rats A. WELLER ∗ , M. SCHROEDER, L. SHBIRO, V. GELBER Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
We have shown that gastrin releasing peptide-29 (GRP-29) reduces food intake in rats. Here, we investigate a possible pathway for this reduction by detecting Fos-like immunoreactivity (FosLI; a marker for neuronal activation) in the feeding areas of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the hindbrain, and in the enteric (myenteric and submucosal) neurons of the gastrointestinal tract in response to GRP-29. Eighteen male Sprague–Dawley rats were deprived of food but not water overnight. The next morning, the rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of GRP-29 (12 g/kg), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8, 5 g/kg) or saline, and were sacrificed 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post injection to determine maximum Fos expression in the DVC, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon. We found that GRP-29 increased Fos-LI in the DVC 30 and 60 min post injection, in the submucosal plexus of the jejunum 30, 60 and 90 min post injection and in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum 60 and 90 min post injection. As reported previously, CCK-8 increased Fos-LI in the DVC and enteric neurons of duodenum and jejunum. In conclusion, GRP may reduce food intake by activating the DVC directly (endocrine route) or through activating enteric neurons of the gut by vagal or sympathetic routes. The lack of activation in the stomach, the main source of peripheral GRP, may indicate that GRP does require the enteric neurons of the stomach to reduce food intake or dose not stimulate c-Fos. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.202
Sugarcane-derived polyphenols decrease diet-induced obesity R.S. WEISINGER 1,∗ , D.P. BEGG 1 , M. JOIS 1 , B. GUIDICE 1 , D. KANNAR 2 , B. KITCHEN 2 1 LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia 2 Horizon Science, Melbourne, Australia Polyphenols are plant metabolites characterized by aromatic rings and hydroxy groups. Sugarcane contains a unique mix of antioxidant polyphenols such as hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acids. Our aim was to investigate the effect of sugarcane-derived polyphenols (SDP) on diet-induced obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control (CON) or experimental groups, n = 12 mice/group. All groups were fed a high fat (21%) diet for 16 weeks; the experimental groups were supplemented with 200 or 400 mg/100 g diet, SDP200 or SDP400. Body weight, food and water intakes, body composition (DEXA); energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), energy content of faeces (bomb calorimetry); glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity (following glucose load) were determined. The results indicated that relative to CON, food intake was decreased and fluid intakes were increased during the experimental period. Body weight was decreased by 15% (SDP200) and 30% (SDP400). Adipose tissue mass was decreased in both SDP groups, and fat-free mass was increased in the SDP400 group. Compared to CON, animals in both SDP groups had increased energy expenditure and increased faecal energy content. Animals in the SDP400 group had increased glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the addition of SDP to a high-fat diet reduced diet-induced obesity, possibly via mechanisms that include decreased energy intake, increased energy expenditure, and increased energy excretion, suggesting their potential use as
OLETF rats lacking functional CCK1 receptors are a model of early-onset hyperphagia-induced obesity, used to study the early origins and neurobiology of obesity. OLETF pups present high body weight, adiposity (adipocyte hypertrophy) and leptin already during the suckling period. In the present study, we attempted to bias their obesity tendency towards a more “lean” adulthood providing access to running wheels from weaning until day 45, a critical period regarding adipocyte development. Long-term influences of the manipulation were examined in males and females. Early voluntary exercise reduced long-term intake, adiposity and leptin in OLETF males together with a sharp reduction in adipocyte size. Control males presented stable intake, but reduced body fat and increased plasma creatinine, suggesting increased muscle mass. OLETF females showed only a tendency to reduced body fat, primarily by slight reduction in adipocyte number. Control females showed an increase in intake, body weight and creatinine, but a reduction in body fat via reduction in adipocyte number. Overall, OLETF rats presented higher adiponectin levels than controls in both basal and post-exercise conditions. A follow-up study showed that early long-term access to running wheels (from days 22 to 70) successfully reduced obesity levels in 4-month-old OLETF females. The results suggest an effective early time frame, where OLETF males can be “re-programmed” by voluntary exercise; these results can only be observed in OLETF females after prolonged exercise. Findings also expose sex-different peripheral mechanisms in coping with energy challenges. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.204
Physically active lifestyle does not decrease the risk of fattening K.R. WESTERTERP 1,∗ , G. PLASQUI 2 1 Maastricht University, Maastricht, Namibia 2 Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Increasing age is associated with declining physical activity and a gain in fat mass. The objective was to observe the consequence of the age-associated reduction in physical activity for the maintenance of energy balance as reflected in the fat store of the body. Young adults were observed over an average time interval of more than 10 years. Physical activity was measured over two-week periods with doubly labeled water and doubly labeled water validated tri-axial accelerometers, and body fat gain was measured with isotope dilution. Body mass index increased from 22.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2 at baseline to 24.3 ± 2.6 kg/m2 at follow-up (P < 0.01). Total energy expenditure (TEE) showed a non-significant decrease and resting energy expenditure (REE) showed a non-significant increase, in combination resulting in a significant decrease of activity energy expenditure from 4.21 ± 1.05 MJ/d to 3.92 ± 1.19 MJ/d (P < 0.05). The physical activity level (TEE/REE) decreased significantly (P < 0.01) from 1.81 ± 0.16 (range 1.51–2.15) to 1.75 ± 0.11 (range 1.58–2.03). There was a significant association between the change in physical activity and the change in body fat, where a high initial activity level was predictive for a higher fat gain. In conclusion, the change from a physically active to a more sedentary routine does not induce an equivalent reduction of energy intake and requires cognitive restriction to maintain energy balance. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.205