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Physio-chemical analysis of airborne tire wear particles
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 189S (2009) S57–S273
E50 Necessity of the idea of “Environmental Universal Design” to protect health of future generations Emiko Todaka ∗ , Hiroko Nakaoka, Chisato Mori Chiba University, Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Kashiwa, Japan The number of children who shows allergic symptoms has increased four times in the past 20 years (Ministry of Environment of Japan). Indoor air quality is very important since humans stay most of the time in a building. Recently, sick-building syndrome (SBS), which indoor air chemicals cause headache and coughing on humans has increased in Japan. SBS has strong relationship with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoor air, and Japanese government set the target total VOC as 400 g/m3 . However, many people show symptoms with this level. We built a model town in a university campus called Chemiless Town in which houses and buildings are built with chemicals as few as possible. Thirty-three healthy volunteers stayed in two newly constructed houses and answered questionnaires asking about the feeling and symptoms. It became clear that if the total VOC was beyond 500 g/m3 , 13 people showed some symptoms, but when the total VOC is about 250 g/m3 , 6 people showed some symptoms. Focusing on sensitive people to chemicals, 80% of them showed symptoms in the room over 500 g/m3 , but only 40% of them showed some symptoms if the total VOC is about 250 g/m3 . As the result, if total VOC level is about 250 g/m3 , most of the people do not show the symptoms. We suggest the idea of Environmental Universal Design in which the standard of chemical use is more sensitive children. In the society made under the concept of Environmental Universal Design, future generations can be protected. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.619
E51 The fish embryo test as an alternative to acute fish toxicity testing: Optimisation for difficult compounds and role of metabolic activation Stefan Scholz 1,∗ , Melanie Knöbel 1 , Julia Ortmann 1 , Frans Busser 2 , Nynke Kramer 2 , Joop Hermens 2 , Katrin Tanneberger 3 , Kristin Schirmer 3 1
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany, 2 Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, Netherlands, 3 eawag, Environmental Toxicology, Duebendorf, Switzerland Registration of pesticides, biocides and chemicals requires the provision of acute fish toxicity data. Due to ethical aspects and the costs associated with animal experiments, alternative test methods are in high demand. The aim of the CEllSens project is to develop a strategy that allows for the application of cell line assays and/or fish embryo tests to predict acute toxicity to fish. On the basis of three data collections, a list of 60 model substances with different toxic potencies, physicochemical properties and modes of action has been created (Schirmer et al., 2008. Aquat. Toxicol., 90, 128–137). The aim of the presented sub-project is to measure zebrafish embryo toxicity for this list of chemicals and to investigate the effect of exposure methods, developmental stage and duration on the embryo toxicity. Existing embryo toxicity data and 20 compounds that have been additionally tested confirmed the strong correlation of the
S205
zebrafish embryo test with the acute fish test. The embryo test was optimised for the analysis of highly volatile compounds. Reduced toxicity due to evaporation losses could be further corrected by measured exposure concentrations. However, we identified three outliers with reduced sensitivity or no toxicity in the fish embryo. Gene expression of selected enzymes and metabolic activation is currently studied to verify whether limited metabolic capacity of the embryo is responsible for these outliers. We have also compared the toxicity in pre- and post-hatched stages and included sublethal effects (malformation, gene expression) as potential indicators for compounds with an enhanced chronic toxicity. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.620
E52 Physio-chemical analysis of airborne tire wear particles Britt McAtee 1 , Mats Gustafsson 2 , Göran Blomqvist 2 , Anders Gudmundsson 3 , Len Sweet 1 , Julie Panko 1,∗ , Brent Finley 4 ChemRisk, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 2 VTI - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linkoping, Sweden, 3 Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 4 ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA, United States
1
Respirable particulate matter (PM10) has been associated with human morbidity/mortality. Tire wear particles (TWP), produced from the interaction of pavement and tire surface, are thought to contribute to PM10; however, airborne TWP has not been well characterized. In order to characterize environmentally relevant TWP, PM10 samples were collected while running vehicle tires on a roadway simulator. The generation of PM10 was quantitated with an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS; 0.5 and 10 m) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS; 8–311 nm). Elemental analysis (Particle Induced X-ray Emission: PIXE) and particle morphology (scanning electron microscopy) were also examined. APS and SMPS data show concentrations of particles generated was low, seldom greater than 10–20 g/m3 . APS data indicated a bimodal distribution of the mass of particles, with peaks around 1 m and between 5 and 8 m. The SMPS data identified a peak in the number of particles generated between 10 and 100 m. PIXE analysis revealed that the coarse fraction of airborne particulate was dominated by pavement. Sulfur and zinc were both identified by PIXE. Sulfur is found in tires and bitumen, while zinc likely originates from the tires as zinc oxide is used as an activator for tire rubber vulcanization. While the ultrafine portion (<100 nm) of the PM10 generated from tires represents only a very small portion of the total mass of the PM10, this size fraction does contain material originating from the tire. Overall, emission of PM10 from tires is low and predominantly originates from the road surface. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.621
E50 Necessity of the idea of “Environmental Universal Design” to protect health of future generations Emiko Todaka ∗ , Hiroko Nakaoka, Chisato Mori Chiba University, Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Kashiwa, Japan The number of children who shows allergic symptoms has increased four times in the past 20 years (Ministry of Environment of Japan). Indoor air quality is very important since humans stay most of the time in a building. Recently, sick-building syndrome (SBS), which indoor air chemicals cause headache and coughing on humans has increased in Japan. SBS has strong relationship with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoor air, and Japanese government set the target total VOC as 400 g/m3 . However, many people show symptoms with this level. We built a model town in a university campus called Chemiless Town in which houses and buildings are built with chemicals as few as possible. Thirty-three healthy volunteers stayed in two newly constructed houses and answered questionnaires asking about the feeling and symptoms. It became clear that if the total VOC was beyond 500 g/m3 , 13 people showed some symptoms, but when the total VOC is about 250 g/m3 , 6 people showed some symptoms. Focusing on sensitive people to chemicals, 80% of them showed symptoms in the room over 500 g/m3 , but only 40% of them showed some symptoms if the total VOC is about 250 g/m3 . As the result, if total VOC level is about 250 g/m3 , most of the people do not show the symptoms. We suggest the idea of Environmental Universal Design in which the standard of chemical use is more sensitive children. In the society made under the concept of Environmental Universal Design, future generations can be protected. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.619
E51 The fish embryo test as an alternative to acute fish toxicity testing: Optimisation for difficult compounds and role of metabolic activation Stefan Scholz 1,∗ , Melanie Knöbel 1 , Julia Ortmann 1 , Frans Busser 2 , Nynke Kramer 2 , Joop Hermens 2 , Katrin Tanneberger 3 , Kristin Schirmer 3 1
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany, 2 Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, Netherlands, 3 eawag, Environmental Toxicology, Duebendorf, Switzerland Registration of pesticides, biocides and chemicals requires the provision of acute fish toxicity data. Due to ethical aspects and the costs associated with animal experiments, alternative test methods are in high demand. The aim of the CEllSens project is to develop a strategy that allows for the application of cell line assays and/or fish embryo tests to predict acute toxicity to fish. On the basis of three data collections, a list of 60 model substances with different toxic potencies, physicochemical properties and modes of action has been created (Schirmer et al., 2008. Aquat. Toxicol., 90, 128–137). The aim of the presented sub-project is to measure zebrafish embryo toxicity for this list of chemicals and to investigate the effect of exposure methods, developmental stage and duration on the embryo toxicity. Existing embryo toxicity data and 20 compounds that have been additionally tested confirmed the strong correlation of the
S205
zebrafish embryo test with the acute fish test. The embryo test was optimised for the analysis of highly volatile compounds. Reduced toxicity due to evaporation losses could be further corrected by measured exposure concentrations. However, we identified three outliers with reduced sensitivity or no toxicity in the fish embryo. Gene expression of selected enzymes and metabolic activation is currently studied to verify whether limited metabolic capacity of the embryo is responsible for these outliers. We have also compared the toxicity in pre- and post-hatched stages and included sublethal effects (malformation, gene expression) as potential indicators for compounds with an enhanced chronic toxicity. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.620
E52 Physio-chemical analysis of airborne tire wear particles Britt McAtee 1 , Mats Gustafsson 2 , Göran Blomqvist 2 , Anders Gudmundsson 3 , Len Sweet 1 , Julie Panko 1,∗ , Brent Finley 4 ChemRisk, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 2 VTI - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linkoping, Sweden, 3 Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 4 ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA, United States
1
Respirable particulate matter (PM10) has been associated with human morbidity/mortality. Tire wear particles (TWP), produced from the interaction of pavement and tire surface, are thought to contribute to PM10; however, airborne TWP has not been well characterized. In order to characterize environmentally relevant TWP, PM10 samples were collected while running vehicle tires on a roadway simulator. The generation of PM10 was quantitated with an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS; 0.5 and 10 m) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS; 8–311 nm). Elemental analysis (Particle Induced X-ray Emission: PIXE) and particle morphology (scanning electron microscopy) were also examined. APS and SMPS data show concentrations of particles generated was low, seldom greater than 10–20 g/m3 . APS data indicated a bimodal distribution of the mass of particles, with peaks around 1 m and between 5 and 8 m. The SMPS data identified a peak in the number of particles generated between 10 and 100 m. PIXE analysis revealed that the coarse fraction of airborne particulate was dominated by pavement. Sulfur and zinc were both identified by PIXE. Sulfur is found in tires and bitumen, while zinc likely originates from the tires as zinc oxide is used as an activator for tire rubber vulcanization. While the ultrafine portion (<100 nm) of the PM10 generated from tires represents only a very small portion of the total mass of the PM10, this size fraction does contain material originating from the tire. Overall, emission of PM10 from tires is low and predominantly originates from the road surface. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.621