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Physiological effects of exercise in male and female Saanen goats at the same body weight but different feed intake
Small Ruminant Research ELSEVIER
Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 83-86
Technical note
Physiological effects of exercise in male and female Saanen goats at the same body weight but different feed intake I.W. Kasa a7*, M.K. Hill b, C.J. Thwaites b, N.D. Baillie b aDepartment of Biology, LIdayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia ’ Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 23.51,Australia Accepted 9 May 1994
Abstract Effects of treadmill exercise in males were 25% higher respiration rates (RR) in comparison to females (P < 0.05). After 1 h exerciseRR increasedaround6-fold (P < 0.001). With feed,RRincreasedgradually (P
1. Introduction In a preliminary experiment (Kasa and Thwaites, unpublished data), male Saanen goats responded to walking at 3 km/h on a treadmill with higher respiratory rates than females ( 137.9 + 82.4 vs. 5 1.5 f 40.01 min, respectively P < 0.001). Although of the same age (34 yr), the two sexes varied in BW (99.8 270.3 vs. 49.8 k 0.3 kg), feed intake ( 1500 vs. 750 g DM/day) and body condition (2.8 vs. 2.6) in males and females, respectively. Greater weight is associated with greater muscle mass (Murray and Yeates, 1967)) higher feed intake * Corresponding author. Animal Science Department, land University, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
New Eng-
0921~4488/95/$09.50 0 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved .SSDI0921-4488(94)00050-H
with increased heat production (Murray et al., 1981)) body condition with heat regulation (Clark and Quin, 1947)) and any or all of these factors could have contributed to the observed responses. The current experiments were designed to investigate these possible effects by comparing responses to walking in male and female goats of the same live weight but differing in feed intake.
2. Materials and methods Four Saanen goats, two males and two females, with BW of 30.3 f 0.3 kg were employed in this experiment. During a lo-wk pre-experimental period the animals were differentially fed a commercial goat pellet (25%
84
I. W. Kasa et al. /Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 8336
cracked grain; 75% roughage, including minerals and vitamins) in order to bring them all to a similar BW of 30 kg. When not being used for observations, goats were individually housed (150 X80X50 cm iron pens) in a room, which controlled temperature to within f l”C, adjusted to a mean 20°C; relative humidity (RH) to 50f2%. A 2 X 3 X 3 X 4 factorial design, two different times just before, and after 1 h exercise, three levels of feeding regime (400,600 and 1200 g) ,3 d treatment, and four animals of two sexes were used. For analyses with a NEVA computer program (Burr, 1982), data corresponding to successive l-h intervals of exercise (TO = immediately before; T2 = at completion) were extracted from the continuous records. The animals were individually exercised for 1 h, with 2 d of rest in the control room between successive tests. The treadmill geared to 3.0 km/h was located in the adjacent room which was controlled at 30 f 1°C and 50 _+1% RH. For each test, a goat was allocated at random. Rectal (RT) and skin temperature (ST) on the rump, loin and ear were continuously monitored at 10-s intervals by thermocouples and a multi-channel potentiometric recorder, respiration rate (RR) by pneumograph belt and chart recorder.
3. Results and discussion 3. I. Respiration rate Between sexes, RR differed significantly (Table 1; P < 0.05). In males RR were 25% higher in comparison to females. After 1 h exercise, RR increased 6-fold (P < 0.001). With feed, RR increased gradually (P < 0.001); the comparisons were 1.O:1.3:3.9 at low (400 g) , medium (600 g) and high ( 1200 g) feed intake, respectively. Differences (P < 0.05) were also found between sex X feed interactions; RR increased markedly with feed and males were higher than females, particularly at medium and high feeding levels. A similar pattern occurred in sexX time interactions (P < 0.05). These findings were in general agreement with Robinson and Lee ( 1947)) who found that there was a definite increase of RR in ewes on a high-plane diet during hot conditions greater than that of the low-plane animals, since the low, medium and high feeding levels (600, 1200 and 1800 g dried grass
Table 1 Mean RR, RT, RST, LST and EST of male (sex 1) and female (sex 2) Saanen goats during treadmill exercise with 3 km/h for 1 h at 30°C environmental temperature and 400,600 and 1200g feed intake d:
dl
d2
d3
SEM Level of significance
RR&n RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C) Feed intake (g):
71.8’ 39.7” 36.7” 36.6a 35.2” 400
64.3” 39.6” 36.8” 36.7” 34.8ab 600
65.3” 39.4” 37.2b 37.0” 34.3b 1200
1.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 SEM
ns ** ** t t Level of significance
RR/min RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C) h:
32.1” 39.4” 36.5” 36.3” 33.4” Oh
42.ga 39.6b 37.0b 36.8b 35.2b lh
126.4b 1.0 39.8’ 0.01 37.2’ 0.02 37.2’ 0.03 35.7’ 0.05 SEM
*** ** ** * ** “* Level of significance
RR/min RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C) Sex:
17.5a 116.8b 38.9” 40.3b 36.0” 37.8b 36. la 37.4b 32.9” 36.6b male female
0.7 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 SEM
*** *** *** ** * *** Level of significance
RR/min RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C)
74.9” 39.7” 37.0” 36.8” 34.5”
0.7 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04
* + t ns t
59.4b 39.5b 36.8b 36.7” 35.1b
l
l
Values with dissimilar superscripts within line differed signiticantly (ns = non significant; *“P
cubes, respectively) produced higher energy of 1340, 2tMl and 2400 cal/24 h (Graham et al., 1959). Similar patterns were also found by Clark and Quin ( 1947) in sheep, namely, poor diet showed RR approx. 20/min, while the well-nourished animals had RR of 40/min, and this depression in RR can be attributed to a decreased tissue metabolism and lesser absorption of carbon dioxide from the alimentary tract. 3.2. Rectal temperature Data on RT (Table 1) revealed differences between sexes (P < 0.1) and males were less tolerant (0.2”C higher) than females. With time, RT differed (P < 0.001) and increased by 3.6% after 1 h exercise. At different levels of feed, RT increased gradually by
I.W. Kasa et al. /Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 83-86
0.2 and 0.4”C at medium and high level, respectively, compared to low feeding (P < 0.001). Differences were also significant (P < 0.1) with sex X feeding level interactions, and males were less tolerant (0.2 and 0.3”C higher in RT) within medium and high level. Increase in RT during exercise supported the finding of Hodgson et al. (1993) that mean RT rose from 38.4 + 0.1 at rest to 40.3 f 0.2”C during treadmill exercise at a speed of 2-10 m/s for 5-20 min in horses. The findings were also in general agreement with Enguelle et al. ( 1993). 3.3. Skin temperature Data on rump skin temperature (RST) showed differences between sexes (P < 0.1; Table 1) ; the male was 0.2”C higher than female. Results were also different (P < 0.001) in time and feed (Table 1). Compared to low feeding, the medium and high levels were 0.5 and 0.7”C higher RST, respectively. Feed and sex interactions also differed (P
85
temperatures were 15 and 33°C respectively, in cattle grazing outdoors. A possible explanation for sex differences may be, as with cattle (Murray and Yeates, 1967) that the inferior walking performance of males is due to greater muscle mass and heat production during exercise. By their nature, males are heavier than females. It has been noted by Sahoo and Mishra (1990) on Binjharpuri cattle that birth weights of male and female calves were 18.2 + 0.36 and 14.7 + 0.34 kg, respectively. In addition, Taylor et al. ( 1989) reported that mature carcass weights of male sheep were higher than of females ( 16.3 + 4.2 and 13.1 k 3.2 kg, respectively). Similar results were also reported by Sahoo and Mishra ( 1989) and Panda and Mishra ( 1990). Since during exercise, blood glucose is converted (e.g., from 5.OkO.l to 4.2kO.2 mM for 3 h exercise in man) and produces heat as reported by Koivisto et al. ( 1993)) greater muscle mass and higher feeding level would produce more heat. A report on carbohydrate oxidation was also made by Bosch et al. (1993). The rest&s indicate that an increase in the level of feed intake experienced by goats during exercise was followed by significant increases in RR, RT, RST and LST, and showed the significant importance of the ear as a thermoregulatory avenue.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by AIDAB and by a grant from the University of New England. We thank G. Chisholm for technical assistance.
References Bosch, A.N., Dennis, S.C. and Nor&es, T.D., 1993. Influence of carbohydrate loading on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 1921-1927. Burr, E.J., 1982. Analysis of Variance for CompleteFactorialExperiments. “NEVA User’s Manual”, 3rd edn., Computer Centre, University of New England, NSW, Australia. Clark, R. and Quin, J.I., 1947. The effect of diet and body condition on the heat regulating system of the Merino sheep. Onderstepoott J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind., 21: 317-327. Enguelle, SO., Heitz, A., Marbach, J., Ott, C., Pape, A. and Freund, H., 1993. Heat stress does not modify lactate exchange and removal abilities during recovery from short exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 1248-1255.
I. W. Kasa et al. /Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 83-86
86
Graham, N.M., Wainman, F.W., Blaxter, K.L. and Armstrong, 1959. Environmental temperature, energy metabolism regulation in sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 52: 13-24. Hodgson, D.R., McCutcheon, W.M. Brengelmann,
D.G.,
and heat
L.J., Byrd, S.K., Brown, W.S. Bayly,
G.L. and Gollnick, P.D., 1993. Dissipation
of metabolic heat in the horse during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 1161-1170. Koivisto, V.A., Bourey, R.E., Markkola, H.V. and Koranyi, L., 1993. Exercise reduces muscle glucose transport
protein (GLUT-4)
mRNA in type 1 diabetic patients. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 17551760. Murray, D.M. and Yeates, N.T.M., 1967. Walking trials with cattle. II. A comparison
of bulls, steers and heifers. J. Agric. Sci. Camb.,
69:71-78. Murray, D.M., Schmidt, P.J. and Yeates, N.T.M., 1981. Effects of nutritional state on responses of Hereford steers to enforced exercise in a hot environment.
Aust. J. Agric. Res., 32: 149-159.
Panda, L.K. and Mishra, M., 1990. Characteristics and performance of Motu cattle. Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 6: 213-217. Robinson, K.W. and Lee, D.H.K., 1947. The effect of the nutritional plane upon the reactions of animals to heat. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 182194. Sahoo, U.K. and Mishra, M., 1989. Characteristics and performance of Ghumsuri cattle. Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 5: 105-111. Sahoo, U.K. and Mishra, M., 1990. Characteristics and performance of Binjharpuri cattle. Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 6: 218-223. Taylor, C.S., Murray, J.I. and Thonney, M.L., 1989. Breed and sex differences among equally mature sheep and goats. 4. Carcass, musle and bone. Anim. Prod., 49: 385-409. Thomas, C.K. and Pearson, R.A., 1986. Effects of ambient temperature and cooling on energy expenditure, food intake and heat tolerance of B&man and Brahman X Friesian cattle working on treadmills. Anim. Prod., 43: 83-90. Yeates, N.T.M. and Murray, D.M., 1966. Walking trials with cattle. I. A breed comparison in moderate heat. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 67: 353-358.
Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 83-86
Technical note
Physiological effects of exercise in male and female Saanen goats at the same body weight but different feed intake I.W. Kasa a7*, M.K. Hill b, C.J. Thwaites b, N.D. Baillie b aDepartment of Biology, LIdayana University, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia ’ Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 23.51,Australia Accepted 9 May 1994
Abstract Effects of treadmill exercise in males were 25% higher respiration rates (RR) in comparison to females (P < 0.05). After 1 h exerciseRR increasedaround6-fold (P < 0.001). With feed,RRincreasedgradually (P
1. Introduction In a preliminary experiment (Kasa and Thwaites, unpublished data), male Saanen goats responded to walking at 3 km/h on a treadmill with higher respiratory rates than females ( 137.9 + 82.4 vs. 5 1.5 f 40.01 min, respectively P < 0.001). Although of the same age (34 yr), the two sexes varied in BW (99.8 270.3 vs. 49.8 k 0.3 kg), feed intake ( 1500 vs. 750 g DM/day) and body condition (2.8 vs. 2.6) in males and females, respectively. Greater weight is associated with greater muscle mass (Murray and Yeates, 1967)) higher feed intake * Corresponding author. Animal Science Department, land University, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
New Eng-
0921~4488/95/$09.50 0 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved .SSDI0921-4488(94)00050-H
with increased heat production (Murray et al., 1981)) body condition with heat regulation (Clark and Quin, 1947)) and any or all of these factors could have contributed to the observed responses. The current experiments were designed to investigate these possible effects by comparing responses to walking in male and female goats of the same live weight but differing in feed intake.
2. Materials and methods Four Saanen goats, two males and two females, with BW of 30.3 f 0.3 kg were employed in this experiment. During a lo-wk pre-experimental period the animals were differentially fed a commercial goat pellet (25%
84
I. W. Kasa et al. /Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 8336
cracked grain; 75% roughage, including minerals and vitamins) in order to bring them all to a similar BW of 30 kg. When not being used for observations, goats were individually housed (150 X80X50 cm iron pens) in a room, which controlled temperature to within f l”C, adjusted to a mean 20°C; relative humidity (RH) to 50f2%. A 2 X 3 X 3 X 4 factorial design, two different times just before, and after 1 h exercise, three levels of feeding regime (400,600 and 1200 g) ,3 d treatment, and four animals of two sexes were used. For analyses with a NEVA computer program (Burr, 1982), data corresponding to successive l-h intervals of exercise (TO = immediately before; T2 = at completion) were extracted from the continuous records. The animals were individually exercised for 1 h, with 2 d of rest in the control room between successive tests. The treadmill geared to 3.0 km/h was located in the adjacent room which was controlled at 30 f 1°C and 50 _+1% RH. For each test, a goat was allocated at random. Rectal (RT) and skin temperature (ST) on the rump, loin and ear were continuously monitored at 10-s intervals by thermocouples and a multi-channel potentiometric recorder, respiration rate (RR) by pneumograph belt and chart recorder.
3. Results and discussion 3. I. Respiration rate Between sexes, RR differed significantly (Table 1; P < 0.05). In males RR were 25% higher in comparison to females. After 1 h exercise, RR increased 6-fold (P < 0.001). With feed, RR increased gradually (P < 0.001); the comparisons were 1.O:1.3:3.9 at low (400 g) , medium (600 g) and high ( 1200 g) feed intake, respectively. Differences (P < 0.05) were also found between sex X feed interactions; RR increased markedly with feed and males were higher than females, particularly at medium and high feeding levels. A similar pattern occurred in sexX time interactions (P < 0.05). These findings were in general agreement with Robinson and Lee ( 1947)) who found that there was a definite increase of RR in ewes on a high-plane diet during hot conditions greater than that of the low-plane animals, since the low, medium and high feeding levels (600, 1200 and 1800 g dried grass
Table 1 Mean RR, RT, RST, LST and EST of male (sex 1) and female (sex 2) Saanen goats during treadmill exercise with 3 km/h for 1 h at 30°C environmental temperature and 400,600 and 1200g feed intake d:
dl
d2
d3
SEM Level of significance
RR&n RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C) Feed intake (g):
71.8’ 39.7” 36.7” 36.6a 35.2” 400
64.3” 39.6” 36.8” 36.7” 34.8ab 600
65.3” 39.4” 37.2b 37.0” 34.3b 1200
1.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 SEM
ns ** ** t t Level of significance
RR/min RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C) h:
32.1” 39.4” 36.5” 36.3” 33.4” Oh
42.ga 39.6b 37.0b 36.8b 35.2b lh
126.4b 1.0 39.8’ 0.01 37.2’ 0.02 37.2’ 0.03 35.7’ 0.05 SEM
*** ** ** * ** “* Level of significance
RR/min RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C) Sex:
17.5a 116.8b 38.9” 40.3b 36.0” 37.8b 36. la 37.4b 32.9” 36.6b male female
0.7 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 SEM
*** *** *** ** * *** Level of significance
RR/min RT (“C) RST (“C) LST (“C) EST (“C)
74.9” 39.7” 37.0” 36.8” 34.5”
0.7 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04
* + t ns t
59.4b 39.5b 36.8b 36.7” 35.1b
l
l
Values with dissimilar superscripts within line differed signiticantly (ns = non significant; *“P
cubes, respectively) produced higher energy of 1340, 2tMl and 2400 cal/24 h (Graham et al., 1959). Similar patterns were also found by Clark and Quin ( 1947) in sheep, namely, poor diet showed RR approx. 20/min, while the well-nourished animals had RR of 40/min, and this depression in RR can be attributed to a decreased tissue metabolism and lesser absorption of carbon dioxide from the alimentary tract. 3.2. Rectal temperature Data on RT (Table 1) revealed differences between sexes (P < 0.1) and males were less tolerant (0.2”C higher) than females. With time, RT differed (P < 0.001) and increased by 3.6% after 1 h exercise. At different levels of feed, RT increased gradually by
I.W. Kasa et al. /Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 83-86
0.2 and 0.4”C at medium and high level, respectively, compared to low feeding (P < 0.001). Differences were also significant (P < 0.1) with sex X feeding level interactions, and males were less tolerant (0.2 and 0.3”C higher in RT) within medium and high level. Increase in RT during exercise supported the finding of Hodgson et al. (1993) that mean RT rose from 38.4 + 0.1 at rest to 40.3 f 0.2”C during treadmill exercise at a speed of 2-10 m/s for 5-20 min in horses. The findings were also in general agreement with Enguelle et al. ( 1993). 3.3. Skin temperature Data on rump skin temperature (RST) showed differences between sexes (P < 0.1; Table 1) ; the male was 0.2”C higher than female. Results were also different (P < 0.001) in time and feed (Table 1). Compared to low feeding, the medium and high levels were 0.5 and 0.7”C higher RST, respectively. Feed and sex interactions also differed (P
85
temperatures were 15 and 33°C respectively, in cattle grazing outdoors. A possible explanation for sex differences may be, as with cattle (Murray and Yeates, 1967) that the inferior walking performance of males is due to greater muscle mass and heat production during exercise. By their nature, males are heavier than females. It has been noted by Sahoo and Mishra (1990) on Binjharpuri cattle that birth weights of male and female calves were 18.2 + 0.36 and 14.7 + 0.34 kg, respectively. In addition, Taylor et al. ( 1989) reported that mature carcass weights of male sheep were higher than of females ( 16.3 + 4.2 and 13.1 k 3.2 kg, respectively). Similar results were also reported by Sahoo and Mishra ( 1989) and Panda and Mishra ( 1990). Since during exercise, blood glucose is converted (e.g., from 5.OkO.l to 4.2kO.2 mM for 3 h exercise in man) and produces heat as reported by Koivisto et al. ( 1993)) greater muscle mass and higher feeding level would produce more heat. A report on carbohydrate oxidation was also made by Bosch et al. (1993). The rest&s indicate that an increase in the level of feed intake experienced by goats during exercise was followed by significant increases in RR, RT, RST and LST, and showed the significant importance of the ear as a thermoregulatory avenue.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by AIDAB and by a grant from the University of New England. We thank G. Chisholm for technical assistance.
References Bosch, A.N., Dennis, S.C. and Nor&es, T.D., 1993. Influence of carbohydrate loading on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 1921-1927. Burr, E.J., 1982. Analysis of Variance for CompleteFactorialExperiments. “NEVA User’s Manual”, 3rd edn., Computer Centre, University of New England, NSW, Australia. Clark, R. and Quin, J.I., 1947. The effect of diet and body condition on the heat regulating system of the Merino sheep. Onderstepoott J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind., 21: 317-327. Enguelle, SO., Heitz, A., Marbach, J., Ott, C., Pape, A. and Freund, H., 1993. Heat stress does not modify lactate exchange and removal abilities during recovery from short exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 1248-1255.
I. W. Kasa et al. /Small Ruminant Research 16 (1995) 83-86
86
Graham, N.M., Wainman, F.W., Blaxter, K.L. and Armstrong, 1959. Environmental temperature, energy metabolism regulation in sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 52: 13-24. Hodgson, D.R., McCutcheon, W.M. Brengelmann,
D.G.,
and heat
L.J., Byrd, S.K., Brown, W.S. Bayly,
G.L. and Gollnick, P.D., 1993. Dissipation
of metabolic heat in the horse during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 1161-1170. Koivisto, V.A., Bourey, R.E., Markkola, H.V. and Koranyi, L., 1993. Exercise reduces muscle glucose transport
protein (GLUT-4)
mRNA in type 1 diabetic patients. J. Appl. Physiol., 74: 17551760. Murray, D.M. and Yeates, N.T.M., 1967. Walking trials with cattle. II. A comparison
of bulls, steers and heifers. J. Agric. Sci. Camb.,
69:71-78. Murray, D.M., Schmidt, P.J. and Yeates, N.T.M., 1981. Effects of nutritional state on responses of Hereford steers to enforced exercise in a hot environment.
Aust. J. Agric. Res., 32: 149-159.
Panda, L.K. and Mishra, M., 1990. Characteristics and performance of Motu cattle. Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 6: 213-217. Robinson, K.W. and Lee, D.H.K., 1947. The effect of the nutritional plane upon the reactions of animals to heat. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 182194. Sahoo, U.K. and Mishra, M., 1989. Characteristics and performance of Ghumsuri cattle. Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 5: 105-111. Sahoo, U.K. and Mishra, M., 1990. Characteristics and performance of Binjharpuri cattle. Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 6: 218-223. Taylor, C.S., Murray, J.I. and Thonney, M.L., 1989. Breed and sex differences among equally mature sheep and goats. 4. Carcass, musle and bone. Anim. Prod., 49: 385-409. Thomas, C.K. and Pearson, R.A., 1986. Effects of ambient temperature and cooling on energy expenditure, food intake and heat tolerance of B&man and Brahman X Friesian cattle working on treadmills. Anim. Prod., 43: 83-90. Yeates, N.T.M. and Murray, D.M., 1966. Walking trials with cattle. I. A breed comparison in moderate heat. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 67: 353-358.