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Physiological methods in space medicine
763
ABSTRACTS *V. V.
MATVEYEV and A. D. SOKOLOV: Determination
of induced radio activity in the second cosmic space
satellite (pp. 4243).
A detector consisting of two spectrometric scintillation counters was used to investigate the residual gamma activity of a bio-element carried in the second artificial earth satellite. The investigations showed that, if there is any residual gamma activity, then 15 days after returning to the earth this does not exceed 10ml” g equivalent of radium. ZHUKOV-VEREZHNIKOV, I. N. MAISKII, V. 1. YAZDOVSKII, A. P. PEKHOV, A. A. GYUDZHIAN, N. P. NEFED’YEVA, M. M. KAPICHNIKOV, I. I. PODOPLELOV,N. I. RYBAKOV, N. N. KLEMPARSKAYA, V. Yu. KLIMOV. S. N. NOVIKOV. I. S. NOVIKOVA. R. V. PETROV,N. G. SUSHKOV,YE. P. UGRYUMOV, G. I. FEDOROVA, A. F. ZA~HAROV,~. N. V;NOGRADOVA, K: G. CHAMOVA and E. A. BUIKO: Results of the first microbiological
N. N.
and cytological experiments
in earth satellites in cosmic space (pp. 42-67).
In the second Soviet earth satellite experiments were set up to study the conditions of life in space and the genetic effects of space flight. Methods employed involved determination of the number of viable cells in microbe suspensions and determination of the number of phage particles in phage filters. Other investigations concerned the viability of human cell cultures, the viability and acclimatizability of shreds of human and rabbit skin on autotransplantation, and the multiplication of bacteria in space. In the experiments on genetic effects observations were made on auxotrophic mutations in bacteria. Tests were also made with suspensions of lysogenic bacteria to determine the number of phage particles produced after exposure in space. Mutations in the shape of phage colonies and the physical and immunological properties of desoxyribonucleic acid were also studied. The main results are as follows. Viable cells were discovered on skin transplants when these were exposed to a nutritive medium after return from space. Regrafting to the same donor showed that the degree of acclimatizability of the test samples was the same as that of the controls. Cancerous cells tested as single-layer cultures revealed practically the same ratio of live to dead cells as in the control. There were no differences in immunological properties. A system of automatic bloelements using butyric acid bacteria is useful as a tool for studying the effects of space environment since it permits transmission to the earth of data on the viability of bacteria. Exposure of Escherichia coli K-12 and Aerobacter aerogenus 1321 produced no change in the number of viable cells; nor were any genetic changes observed. The number of “lambda” phage colonies produced in space by Escherichia coli K-12 bacteria was practically no greater than that of the control. Solutions of desoxyribonucleic acid exhibited no changes in optical density, thermal stability or in antigenic and serological properties. 0. G. GAZENKO and R. M. BAYEVSKII: Physiological methods in space medicine
(pp. 68-77).
The normal laboratory and clinical methods of physiological investigation are not suitable for use on space flights. They mostly need radical modification and, furthermore, the data obtained have to be transmitted through the telemetry channels, while there are severe limitations on the weight and size of the equipment. The sensing probes used must exhibit unvarying operating characteristics and they must not cause discomfort to a cosmonaut. Biological data have to be transmitted through radio channels and there arises the problem of the amount of data to be transmitted and the capacity of the channel. The important parameters are the number of signals to be transmitted and the necessary rate of transmission. Suitable coding can condense the information so that a given amount can be sent through a channel of smaller capacity. Methodscurrently used in space physiology are put into three groups: (a) methods for medical control of man or animals in flight; (b) methods for studying the effects of space flight on hving matter; (c) methods of biological indication of conditions hazardous to man. The study of the behaviour and capabilities of cosmonauts is very important, especially in early flights or where new conditions are encountered. The main methods of investigation in space physiology (Soviet experience with some of them being mentioned) are electrocardiography, sersmocardiography, phonocardiography, arterial oscillography. sphygmography, pneumography, electromyography, actography and thermometry. Each of these methods is discussed briefly, in some cases with examples. Studies of higher nervous activity and coordination of movement are extremely important. A useful approach with animals is to observe the preservation of conditioned reflexes developed in them before the flight. For a human being, psychological methods, encephalography, radio conversations and diaries must also be used. GYURDZHIAN, N. N. DEMIN, N. Y. KORNEYEVA, T. S. L’VOVA, L. T. TUTOCHKINA, M. S. USPENSKAYA and T. A. FEDOROVA: Some aspects of the metabolism of animals which have undertaken space flights (pp.
A. A.
78-86). The work described here was undertaken in order to study some of the biological changes occurring in animals subjected to special training and to flights in rockets and earth satellites. In the experiments eighteen
ABSTRACTS *V. V.
MATVEYEV and A. D. SOKOLOV: Determination
of induced radio activity in the second cosmic space
satellite (pp. 4243).
A detector consisting of two spectrometric scintillation counters was used to investigate the residual gamma activity of a bio-element carried in the second artificial earth satellite. The investigations showed that, if there is any residual gamma activity, then 15 days after returning to the earth this does not exceed 10ml” g equivalent of radium. ZHUKOV-VEREZHNIKOV, I. N. MAISKII, V. 1. YAZDOVSKII, A. P. PEKHOV, A. A. GYUDZHIAN, N. P. NEFED’YEVA, M. M. KAPICHNIKOV, I. I. PODOPLELOV,N. I. RYBAKOV, N. N. KLEMPARSKAYA, V. Yu. KLIMOV. S. N. NOVIKOV. I. S. NOVIKOVA. R. V. PETROV,N. G. SUSHKOV,YE. P. UGRYUMOV, G. I. FEDOROVA, A. F. ZA~HAROV,~. N. V;NOGRADOVA, K: G. CHAMOVA and E. A. BUIKO: Results of the first microbiological
N. N.
and cytological experiments
in earth satellites in cosmic space (pp. 42-67).
In the second Soviet earth satellite experiments were set up to study the conditions of life in space and the genetic effects of space flight. Methods employed involved determination of the number of viable cells in microbe suspensions and determination of the number of phage particles in phage filters. Other investigations concerned the viability of human cell cultures, the viability and acclimatizability of shreds of human and rabbit skin on autotransplantation, and the multiplication of bacteria in space. In the experiments on genetic effects observations were made on auxotrophic mutations in bacteria. Tests were also made with suspensions of lysogenic bacteria to determine the number of phage particles produced after exposure in space. Mutations in the shape of phage colonies and the physical and immunological properties of desoxyribonucleic acid were also studied. The main results are as follows. Viable cells were discovered on skin transplants when these were exposed to a nutritive medium after return from space. Regrafting to the same donor showed that the degree of acclimatizability of the test samples was the same as that of the controls. Cancerous cells tested as single-layer cultures revealed practically the same ratio of live to dead cells as in the control. There were no differences in immunological properties. A system of automatic bloelements using butyric acid bacteria is useful as a tool for studying the effects of space environment since it permits transmission to the earth of data on the viability of bacteria. Exposure of Escherichia coli K-12 and Aerobacter aerogenus 1321 produced no change in the number of viable cells; nor were any genetic changes observed. The number of “lambda” phage colonies produced in space by Escherichia coli K-12 bacteria was practically no greater than that of the control. Solutions of desoxyribonucleic acid exhibited no changes in optical density, thermal stability or in antigenic and serological properties. 0. G. GAZENKO and R. M. BAYEVSKII: Physiological methods in space medicine
(pp. 68-77).
The normal laboratory and clinical methods of physiological investigation are not suitable for use on space flights. They mostly need radical modification and, furthermore, the data obtained have to be transmitted through the telemetry channels, while there are severe limitations on the weight and size of the equipment. The sensing probes used must exhibit unvarying operating characteristics and they must not cause discomfort to a cosmonaut. Biological data have to be transmitted through radio channels and there arises the problem of the amount of data to be transmitted and the capacity of the channel. The important parameters are the number of signals to be transmitted and the necessary rate of transmission. Suitable coding can condense the information so that a given amount can be sent through a channel of smaller capacity. Methodscurrently used in space physiology are put into three groups: (a) methods for medical control of man or animals in flight; (b) methods for studying the effects of space flight on hving matter; (c) methods of biological indication of conditions hazardous to man. The study of the behaviour and capabilities of cosmonauts is very important, especially in early flights or where new conditions are encountered. The main methods of investigation in space physiology (Soviet experience with some of them being mentioned) are electrocardiography, sersmocardiography, phonocardiography, arterial oscillography. sphygmography, pneumography, electromyography, actography and thermometry. Each of these methods is discussed briefly, in some cases with examples. Studies of higher nervous activity and coordination of movement are extremely important. A useful approach with animals is to observe the preservation of conditioned reflexes developed in them before the flight. For a human being, psychological methods, encephalography, radio conversations and diaries must also be used. GYURDZHIAN, N. N. DEMIN, N. Y. KORNEYEVA, T. S. L’VOVA, L. T. TUTOCHKINA, M. S. USPENSKAYA and T. A. FEDOROVA: Some aspects of the metabolism of animals which have undertaken space flights (pp.
A. A.
78-86). The work described here was undertaken in order to study some of the biological changes occurring in animals subjected to special training and to flights in rockets and earth satellites. In the experiments eighteen