- Email: [email protected]
Pictures in cell biology
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22 Hendzel, M.J. et al. (1997) Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 initiates primarily within pericentromeric heterochromatin during G2 and spreads in an ordered fashion coincident with mitotic chromosome condensation. Chromosoma 106, 348–360 23 Bischoff, J.R. et al. (1998) A homologue of Drosophila aurora kinase is oncogenic and amplified in human colorectal cancers. EMBO J. 17, 3052–3065 24 De Souza, C.P. et al. (2000) Mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation by the NIMA kinase in Aspergillus nidulans. Cell 102, 293–302 25 Schumacher, J.M. et al. (1998) AIR-2: An Aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase associated with chromosomes and midbody microtubules is required for polar body extrusion and cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1635–1646 26 Fraser, A.G. et al. (1999) Caenorhabditis elegans inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) homologue BIR-1 plays a conserved role in cytokinesis. Curr. Biol. 9, 292–301 27 Severson, A.F. et al. (2000) The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to the mitotic spindle at metaphase and is required for cytokinesis. Curr. Biol. 10, 1162–1171 28 Francisco, L. and Chan, C.S. (1994) Regulation of yeast chromosome segregation by Ipl1 protein kinase and type 1 protein phosphatase. Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 40, 207–213 29 Adams, R.R. et al. (1998) pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for
and surprises from BIR motifs. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 323–328 Reed, J.C. and Bischoff, J.R. (2000) BIRinging chromosomes through cell division – and survivin’ the experience. Cell 102, 545–548 Li, F. et al. (1998) Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin. Nature 396, 580–584 Li, F. et al. (1999) Pleiotropic cell-division defects and apoptosis induced by interference with survivin function. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 461–466 Uren, A.G. et al. (2000) Survivin and the inner centromere protein INCENP show similar cellcycle localization and gene knockout phenotype. Curr. Biol. 10, 1319–1328 Speliotes, E.K. et al. (2000) The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aurora-like kinase AIR-2 to affect chromosomes and the spindle midzone. Mol. Cell 6, 211–223 Kim, J.H. et al. (1999) Sli15 associates with the ipl1 protein kinase to promote proper chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 145, 1381–1394 Adams, R.R. et al. (2000) INCENP binds the Aurora-related kinase AIRK2 and is required to target it to chromosomes, the central spindle and the cleavage furrow. Curr. Biol. 10, 1075–1078 Kaitna, S. et al. (2000) Incenp and an Aurora-like kinase form a complex that is essential for chromosome segregation and for efficient completion of cytokinesis. Curr. Biol. 10, 1172–1181 Yoon, H.J. and Carbon, J. (1999) Participation of Bir1p, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family, in yeast chromosome segregation events. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 13208–13213
cytokinesis. Genes Dev. 12, 1483–1494 30 Geiser, J.R. et al. (1997) Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes required in the absence of the CIN8-encoded spindle motor act in functionally diverse mitotic pathways. Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 1035–1050 31 Uren, A.G. et al. (1999) Role for yeast inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like proteins in cell division. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 10170–10175 32 Vaux, D.L. and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1999) Cell death in development. Cell 96, 245–254 33 Zheng, T.S. and Flavell, R.A. (2000) Divinations and surprises: genetic analysis of caspase function in mice. Exp. Cell Res. 256, 67–73 34 Ainsztein, A.M. et al. (1998) INCENP centromere and spindle targeting: Identification of essential conserved motifs and involvement of heterochromatin protein HP1. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1763–1774 35 Jantsch-Plunger, V. et al. (2000) CYK-4: A Rho family GTPase activating protein (GAP) required for central spindle formation and cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 149, 1391–1404
Richard R. Adams Mar Carmena William C. Earnshaw* Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JR. *e-mail: [email protected]
Pictures in cell biology An increase in resolution Light microscopy has undergone something of a renaissance in cell biology since the advent of greenfluorescent protein (GFP) technology and the greater possibilities for imaging living cells. One of the key limitations of light microscopy is the resolution limit, known as the ‘diffraction resolution barrier’, resulting from the wave properties of light. A recent paper from the laboratory of Stefan Hell in Göttingen, Germany, describes a technique facilitating an increase in the optical resolution obtained by light microscopy (Fig. 1)1. The process, termed point spread function engineering by stimulated emission depletion (PSFE by STED), results in an increase in optical resolution from the 250–300 nm range classically observed with low-numerical-aperture oil-immersion objectives to 90–100 nm. Confocal sectioning is improved approximately five fold. Clearly, this type of technology will have many invaluable applications in the coming years. Reference 1 Klar, T.A. et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 8206–8210
Contributed by David Stephens e-mail: [email protected]
Fig. 1. Comparison between the confocal (a) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) (b) axial image from a membranelabeled live Escherichia coli bacterium, which is close to the surface of a dyecoated cover slip. The comparison between the images reveals a significantly improved resolution in the case of the STED image. Bar, 2 µm. Image kindly provided by Stefan W. Hell, Göttingen, Germany.
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(b)
http://tcb.trends.com 0962-8924/01/$ – see front matter © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0962-8924(00)01903-6
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TRENDS in Cell Biology Vol.11 No.2 February 2001
22 Hendzel, M.J. et al. (1997) Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 initiates primarily within pericentromeric heterochromatin during G2 and spreads in an ordered fashion coincident with mitotic chromosome condensation. Chromosoma 106, 348–360 23 Bischoff, J.R. et al. (1998) A homologue of Drosophila aurora kinase is oncogenic and amplified in human colorectal cancers. EMBO J. 17, 3052–3065 24 De Souza, C.P. et al. (2000) Mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation by the NIMA kinase in Aspergillus nidulans. Cell 102, 293–302 25 Schumacher, J.M. et al. (1998) AIR-2: An Aurora/Ipl1-related protein kinase associated with chromosomes and midbody microtubules is required for polar body extrusion and cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1635–1646 26 Fraser, A.G. et al. (1999) Caenorhabditis elegans inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) homologue BIR-1 plays a conserved role in cytokinesis. Curr. Biol. 9, 292–301 27 Severson, A.F. et al. (2000) The aurora-related kinase AIR-2 recruits ZEN-4/CeMKLP1 to the mitotic spindle at metaphase and is required for cytokinesis. Curr. Biol. 10, 1162–1171 28 Francisco, L. and Chan, C.S. (1994) Regulation of yeast chromosome segregation by Ipl1 protein kinase and type 1 protein phosphatase. Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 40, 207–213 29 Adams, R.R. et al. (1998) pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for
and surprises from BIR motifs. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 323–328 Reed, J.C. and Bischoff, J.R. (2000) BIRinging chromosomes through cell division – and survivin’ the experience. Cell 102, 545–548 Li, F. et al. (1998) Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin. Nature 396, 580–584 Li, F. et al. (1999) Pleiotropic cell-division defects and apoptosis induced by interference with survivin function. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 461–466 Uren, A.G. et al. (2000) Survivin and the inner centromere protein INCENP show similar cellcycle localization and gene knockout phenotype. Curr. Biol. 10, 1319–1328 Speliotes, E.K. et al. (2000) The survivin-like C. elegans BIR-1 protein acts with the Aurora-like kinase AIR-2 to affect chromosomes and the spindle midzone. Mol. Cell 6, 211–223 Kim, J.H. et al. (1999) Sli15 associates with the ipl1 protein kinase to promote proper chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 145, 1381–1394 Adams, R.R. et al. (2000) INCENP binds the Aurora-related kinase AIRK2 and is required to target it to chromosomes, the central spindle and the cleavage furrow. Curr. Biol. 10, 1075–1078 Kaitna, S. et al. (2000) Incenp and an Aurora-like kinase form a complex that is essential for chromosome segregation and for efficient completion of cytokinesis. Curr. Biol. 10, 1172–1181 Yoon, H.J. and Carbon, J. (1999) Participation of Bir1p, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family, in yeast chromosome segregation events. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 13208–13213
cytokinesis. Genes Dev. 12, 1483–1494 30 Geiser, J.R. et al. (1997) Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes required in the absence of the CIN8-encoded spindle motor act in functionally diverse mitotic pathways. Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 1035–1050 31 Uren, A.G. et al. (1999) Role for yeast inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like proteins in cell division. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 10170–10175 32 Vaux, D.L. and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1999) Cell death in development. Cell 96, 245–254 33 Zheng, T.S. and Flavell, R.A. (2000) Divinations and surprises: genetic analysis of caspase function in mice. Exp. Cell Res. 256, 67–73 34 Ainsztein, A.M. et al. (1998) INCENP centromere and spindle targeting: Identification of essential conserved motifs and involvement of heterochromatin protein HP1. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1763–1774 35 Jantsch-Plunger, V. et al. (2000) CYK-4: A Rho family GTPase activating protein (GAP) required for central spindle formation and cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 149, 1391–1404
Richard R. Adams Mar Carmena William C. Earnshaw* Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JR. *e-mail: [email protected]
Pictures in cell biology An increase in resolution Light microscopy has undergone something of a renaissance in cell biology since the advent of greenfluorescent protein (GFP) technology and the greater possibilities for imaging living cells. One of the key limitations of light microscopy is the resolution limit, known as the ‘diffraction resolution barrier’, resulting from the wave properties of light. A recent paper from the laboratory of Stefan Hell in Göttingen, Germany, describes a technique facilitating an increase in the optical resolution obtained by light microscopy (Fig. 1)1. The process, termed point spread function engineering by stimulated emission depletion (PSFE by STED), results in an increase in optical resolution from the 250–300 nm range classically observed with low-numerical-aperture oil-immersion objectives to 90–100 nm. Confocal sectioning is improved approximately five fold. Clearly, this type of technology will have many invaluable applications in the coming years. Reference 1 Klar, T.A. et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 8206–8210
Contributed by David Stephens e-mail: [email protected]
Fig. 1. Comparison between the confocal (a) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) (b) axial image from a membranelabeled live Escherichia coli bacterium, which is close to the surface of a dyecoated cover slip. The comparison between the images reveals a significantly improved resolution in the case of the STED image. Bar, 2 µm. Image kindly provided by Stefan W. Hell, Göttingen, Germany.
(a)
(b)
http://tcb.trends.com 0962-8924/01/$ – see front matter © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0962-8924(00)01903-6