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Piezoelectric and ferroelectric energy conversion
it
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ABSTRACTS Copies of original articles are best obtained by writing direct to the journal in which they appeared. The addresses of journals can be found in a reference book such as 'World List of Scientific and Technical Publications', 'Willings Press Guide', 'Newspaper Press Directory' and f o r American journals only, 'Ayers'.
AKULICHEV, V. A. Experimemtul study of a s i m p l e cavitation region. Almstlcheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 337-343 The analy sis of a cavitation region is simpl e r when the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l i n e a r dimensions of the region a r e much s m a l l e r than the wavelength of the acoustic field. The feature of this cavitation region is that all the cavitation bubbles fluctuate in phase in the acoustic wave. The p r o p e r t i e s of this region a r e investigated with the aid of highspeed microphotography. The t i m e necess a r y for the region to develop is about 10 periods of the acoustic field. The concentration of cavitation nuclei and of bubbles is estimated, and it is established that the bubble concentration reaches an extremum as the power supplied to the cavitation region is increased. Measurements of the cavitation index are used to calculate the wave impedance of the fluid in the cavitation region. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 850) ALIPPI, A., PALMIERI~ L. New holographic method for the investigation of light diffraction by u l t r a s o n i c standing waves. Acustica~ Vol 20, No 2 (1968) pp 84-87 A holographic method is described which p e r m i t s the m e a s u r e m e n t of the r e l a t i v e light intensities of the single optical subcomponents p r e s e n t in the various diffraction o r d e r s of an ultrasonic standing wave. Such diffraction o r d e r s can be c l a s s i f i e d into two main groups, the odd and the even o r d e r s . Experimental r e s u l t s show that the optical subcomponents which have not undergone Doppler frequency shift a r e present only in the even ord ers, confirming the theory of Raman and Nath for the zeroth, second and fourth o r d e r s . (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 851) ARKHANGEL'SKII, M. E. Developmemt of a photosensitive l a y e r i n a low-frequency u l t r a s o n i c field. Akustlchesldi Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 458-459 The development of an exposed l i g h t - s e n s i tive l a y e r can be a c c e l e r a t e d by placing it in a standing wave of frequency above 500kHz. This occu rs at the standing-wave antinodes so that the final image has a periodic s t r u c ture. It is now reported that the phenomenon can also be detected at lower frequencies, and an account is given of an experimental study in the frequency range 18-70kHz. The dependence of the phenomenon on the presence of cavitation in the medium is investigated. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 852) ARKIN, M. Ya, GONCHAROVA, I. F., MIRo'rvoRsKII, V. S. ConiaCtless gemeratlon of u l t r a s o n i c vibrations in multem m e t a l s . Almsticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 344350 P o s s i b l e ways of electrodynamic excitation of o s c i l l a t i o n s in molten m e t a l s are c l a s s i fied. The intensity of u l t r a s o n i c waves in a metal is estimated for r e a l i s t i c values of the p a r a m e t e r s . When the attenuation of ultrasound in the w a l l s of the container is
taken into account, the p r e s s u r e amplitude along the axis of a c yl i ndri c a l container under resonance conditions should be about 2atm. The most important limitation is that the resonance conditions must be s t r i c t l y satisfied, that is, the working frequency of the generator must be maintained constant to within 0.01-O. 001%. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 853)
BACKERS, F. TH. An u l t r a s o n i c delay line for PAL colour television r e c e i v e r s . Philips Technical Review, Vol 29, No 8/9 (1968) In the PAL d colour television r e c e i v e r a delay line is used which delays the chrominance signal by one line interval. In the decoding, which i s done by s i mpl e addition and subtraction of the delayed and undelayed signals, the group delay has to be equal to the line interval. The value of the phase delay has to be such that the phase shift of the s u b c a r r i e r must be an i nt e gra l multiple of ~ radians. The a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s a t e m p e r a t u r e - self- compensating g l a s s delay line through which a re propagated ul t ra s oni c shear waves. The signal i s generated and r e c e i v e d by p i e z o e l e c t r i c t r a n s d u c e r s . The g l a s s block has a reflecting face which is ground away until the re qui re d phase shift is obtained and the design causes p a r a s i t i c signals which a r e suppressed. Finally, two decoder c i r c u i t s a re d i s c u s s e d which use a delay line of the type d e s c r i b e d in this a r t i c l e . (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 854)
BARDATI, F., BARYILAI, G., GF.ROSA, G. E l a s t i c wave excitation in p i e z o e l e c t r i c slabs. Institute of E l e c t r i c a l and Elect r o n i c s Engineers Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol SU-15, No 4 (October 1968) pp 193-202 The following problem i s considered: an em wave obliquely impinging in a vacuum on a slab of p i e z o e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l bounded on the opposite side by an infinife tsotropic e l a s t i c medium. The total field a s s o c i a t e d with the s t r u c t u r e can be determined by considering f i r s t the em problem d i s r e g a r d i n g the piezoe l e c t r i c p r o p e r t i e s of the slab and then considering a purely e l a s t i c inhomogeneous problem with the i m p r e s s e d s o u r c e s calculated from the em problem. N ume ri c a l computations a re c a r r i e d out and the ma xi mum amplitude of the e l a s t i c wave de t e rmined. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 855)
BARYSHEV, S. E., ET AL Ultranmflc sheet inspection apparatus for the automatic monitoring of sheets. Defektoskopiya, No 2 (1968) pp 37-41 A short description i s given of the c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s and operation of ul t ra s oni c sheet monitoring in s t a l l a t i ons for the automatic finw-line monitoring of sheets. The i ns t a l lations a r e based on equipment available in the USSR and w e re f i r s t introduced on indust r i a l s c a l e in 1965-1966. Quantitative t e s t data a r e not reported but 'positive r e s u l t s ' are said to have been achieved in quality control. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 856)
BELINSKII, B. A., ERGOPULO, E.V. A study of the dependence of the u l t r a sonic p a r a m e t e r s of m - c r e s o l and ethylene glycol on the state of the medium. Akusticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No I (1968) pp 124-125 Measurements of v i s c o s i t y and density as function of P, V and T in the t e m p e r a t u r e range 15-90°C and p r e s s u r e range 1-900kg/ cm 2 have shown that for these m a t e r i a l s the ' m o l a r velocity of sound' i s a slowly i n c r e a s -
hag function of p r e s s u r e in these two ranges. It was found that the super-Stokes absorption r e m a i n s constant and independent of p r e s s ure in a broad range of frequencies (20-620MHz). The absorption coefficient for ultrasound is a quadratic function of frequency. ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 857) BE LLE, T. S. Calculation of the field due to a slightly convex s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t o r in the Klrchhoff approximation. Akusticheskli Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 351-358 Although t he re i s an extensive l i t e r a t u r e on focusing, that is, concave, s p h e r i c a l and cylind r i c a l r a d i a t o r s t r e a t e d on the Kirchhoff approximation, the case of a convex s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t o r has not been considered although it is widely used. The aim of this paper is to fi l l the gap. The following s pe c i a l c a s e s a r e considered: 1 the field on the axis of the radiator, 2 the field at a s m a l l angle to the axis, and 3 the field at l a r g e di s t a nc e s from the ra di a t or but at an a r b i t r a r y angle to the axis. N ume ri c a l calculations w e r e pe r formed on a computer and w e r e based on the derived analytical formulae. Graphs a r e given of the re s ul t i ng angular distributions. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 858) BERLINCOURT, D. A. P i e z o e l e c t r i c and f e r r o e l e c t r i c e n e r g y conversion. Institute of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers Tra ns a c t i on s on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol SU-15, No 2 (April 1968) pp 89-97 D i s c us s i on is limited to p i e z o e l e c t r i c and f e r r o e l e c t r i c c e r a m i c s in which l a r g e energy de ns i t i e s a r e being converted: 1 l i ne a r e l e c t rome c ha ni c a l energy conversion; 2 nonl i ne a r f e r r o e l e c t r i c energy conversion; 3 forced t ra ns i t i on energy conversion. Under 1 above, e x p r e s s i o n s a r e derived for the effective static coupling fa c t ors for mechan i c a l - t o - e l e c t r i c a l and e l e c t r i c a l - t o mechanical conversions which show that ideally the cycle is r e v e r s i b l e : also, PZT-8 i s d e c l a r e d to have the lowest l os s factors. Under 2 above, it i s shown that the energy available to a l i n e a r load in a single use mechanical-to- e l e c t r i c a l conversion with a suitable specimen thickness, the c o r r e c t electrode configuration and a m i c r o c r y s t a l line texture may exceed 1 J / c m 3. Under 3 above, with ideal loading conditions, with compositions adjusted so that f e r r o e l e c t r i c and a n t i f e r r o e l e c t r i c s t a t e s a re f a i r l y close in fre e energy over a r e l a t i v e l y wide tem p e r a t u r e range, energy d e n s i t i e s of over 1 J / c m 3. (10 References, 18 Figures, 1 Table) ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 859)
BOGUSLAVSKIL Yu. Ya. Onset and development of a cavitation r a r e f a c t i o n wave. Soviet Physics--Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June 1968) pp. 459-461 When a piston moves non-uniformly in a liquid to develop cavitation, the ge ne ral Riemann equation between the velocity, density and p r e s s u r e of a t r a v e l l i n g plane wave of finite amplitude may be used to pre di ct the following: the p r e s s u r e of the cavitation ra re fa c t i on wave, the radius of the cavitation bubbles and the equation of motion of the piston. (5 References) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 660) BONDARENKO, A. V., BRUSNITSINA, N. V. Effect ef acoustic o s e ~ s on the c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e of e l e c t r o l y t i c m e t a l deposits. Elektrokhirnia, Vol 4, No 6 (1968) pp 693-697 Standing and p r o g r e s s i v e ul t ra s oni c waves ULTRASONICS January 1969
77
.
ABSTRACTS Copies of original articles are best obtained by writing direct to the journal in which they appeared. The addresses of journals can be found in a reference book such as 'World List of Scientific and Technical Publications', 'Willings Press Guide', 'Newspaper Press Directory' and f o r American journals only, 'Ayers'.
AKULICHEV, V. A. Experimemtul study of a s i m p l e cavitation region. Almstlcheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 337-343 The analy sis of a cavitation region is simpl e r when the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l i n e a r dimensions of the region a r e much s m a l l e r than the wavelength of the acoustic field. The feature of this cavitation region is that all the cavitation bubbles fluctuate in phase in the acoustic wave. The p r o p e r t i e s of this region a r e investigated with the aid of highspeed microphotography. The t i m e necess a r y for the region to develop is about 10 periods of the acoustic field. The concentration of cavitation nuclei and of bubbles is estimated, and it is established that the bubble concentration reaches an extremum as the power supplied to the cavitation region is increased. Measurements of the cavitation index are used to calculate the wave impedance of the fluid in the cavitation region. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 850) ALIPPI, A., PALMIERI~ L. New holographic method for the investigation of light diffraction by u l t r a s o n i c standing waves. Acustica~ Vol 20, No 2 (1968) pp 84-87 A holographic method is described which p e r m i t s the m e a s u r e m e n t of the r e l a t i v e light intensities of the single optical subcomponents p r e s e n t in the various diffraction o r d e r s of an ultrasonic standing wave. Such diffraction o r d e r s can be c l a s s i f i e d into two main groups, the odd and the even o r d e r s . Experimental r e s u l t s show that the optical subcomponents which have not undergone Doppler frequency shift a r e present only in the even ord ers, confirming the theory of Raman and Nath for the zeroth, second and fourth o r d e r s . (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 851) ARKHANGEL'SKII, M. E. Developmemt of a photosensitive l a y e r i n a low-frequency u l t r a s o n i c field. Akustlchesldi Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 458-459 The development of an exposed l i g h t - s e n s i tive l a y e r can be a c c e l e r a t e d by placing it in a standing wave of frequency above 500kHz. This occu rs at the standing-wave antinodes so that the final image has a periodic s t r u c ture. It is now reported that the phenomenon can also be detected at lower frequencies, and an account is given of an experimental study in the frequency range 18-70kHz. The dependence of the phenomenon on the presence of cavitation in the medium is investigated. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 852) ARKIN, M. Ya, GONCHAROVA, I. F., MIRo'rvoRsKII, V. S. ConiaCtless gemeratlon of u l t r a s o n i c vibrations in multem m e t a l s . Almsticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 344350 P o s s i b l e ways of electrodynamic excitation of o s c i l l a t i o n s in molten m e t a l s are c l a s s i fied. The intensity of u l t r a s o n i c waves in a metal is estimated for r e a l i s t i c values of the p a r a m e t e r s . When the attenuation of ultrasound in the w a l l s of the container is
taken into account, the p r e s s u r e amplitude along the axis of a c yl i ndri c a l container under resonance conditions should be about 2atm. The most important limitation is that the resonance conditions must be s t r i c t l y satisfied, that is, the working frequency of the generator must be maintained constant to within 0.01-O. 001%. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 853)
BACKERS, F. TH. An u l t r a s o n i c delay line for PAL colour television r e c e i v e r s . Philips Technical Review, Vol 29, No 8/9 (1968) In the PAL d colour television r e c e i v e r a delay line is used which delays the chrominance signal by one line interval. In the decoding, which i s done by s i mpl e addition and subtraction of the delayed and undelayed signals, the group delay has to be equal to the line interval. The value of the phase delay has to be such that the phase shift of the s u b c a r r i e r must be an i nt e gra l multiple of ~ radians. The a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s a t e m p e r a t u r e - self- compensating g l a s s delay line through which a re propagated ul t ra s oni c shear waves. The signal i s generated and r e c e i v e d by p i e z o e l e c t r i c t r a n s d u c e r s . The g l a s s block has a reflecting face which is ground away until the re qui re d phase shift is obtained and the design causes p a r a s i t i c signals which a r e suppressed. Finally, two decoder c i r c u i t s a re d i s c u s s e d which use a delay line of the type d e s c r i b e d in this a r t i c l e . (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 854)
BARDATI, F., BARYILAI, G., GF.ROSA, G. E l a s t i c wave excitation in p i e z o e l e c t r i c slabs. Institute of E l e c t r i c a l and Elect r o n i c s Engineers Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol SU-15, No 4 (October 1968) pp 193-202 The following problem i s considered: an em wave obliquely impinging in a vacuum on a slab of p i e z o e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l bounded on the opposite side by an infinife tsotropic e l a s t i c medium. The total field a s s o c i a t e d with the s t r u c t u r e can be determined by considering f i r s t the em problem d i s r e g a r d i n g the piezoe l e c t r i c p r o p e r t i e s of the slab and then considering a purely e l a s t i c inhomogeneous problem with the i m p r e s s e d s o u r c e s calculated from the em problem. N ume ri c a l computations a re c a r r i e d out and the ma xi mum amplitude of the e l a s t i c wave de t e rmined. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 855)
BARYSHEV, S. E., ET AL Ultranmflc sheet inspection apparatus for the automatic monitoring of sheets. Defektoskopiya, No 2 (1968) pp 37-41 A short description i s given of the c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s and operation of ul t ra s oni c sheet monitoring in s t a l l a t i ons for the automatic finw-line monitoring of sheets. The i ns t a l lations a r e based on equipment available in the USSR and w e re f i r s t introduced on indust r i a l s c a l e in 1965-1966. Quantitative t e s t data a r e not reported but 'positive r e s u l t s ' are said to have been achieved in quality control. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 856)
BELINSKII, B. A., ERGOPULO, E.V. A study of the dependence of the u l t r a sonic p a r a m e t e r s of m - c r e s o l and ethylene glycol on the state of the medium. Akusticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No I (1968) pp 124-125 Measurements of v i s c o s i t y and density as function of P, V and T in the t e m p e r a t u r e range 15-90°C and p r e s s u r e range 1-900kg/ cm 2 have shown that for these m a t e r i a l s the ' m o l a r velocity of sound' i s a slowly i n c r e a s -
hag function of p r e s s u r e in these two ranges. It was found that the super-Stokes absorption r e m a i n s constant and independent of p r e s s ure in a broad range of frequencies (20-620MHz). The absorption coefficient for ultrasound is a quadratic function of frequency. ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 857) BE LLE, T. S. Calculation of the field due to a slightly convex s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t o r in the Klrchhoff approximation. Akusticheskli Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 351-358 Although t he re i s an extensive l i t e r a t u r e on focusing, that is, concave, s p h e r i c a l and cylind r i c a l r a d i a t o r s t r e a t e d on the Kirchhoff approximation, the case of a convex s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t o r has not been considered although it is widely used. The aim of this paper is to fi l l the gap. The following s pe c i a l c a s e s a r e considered: 1 the field on the axis of the radiator, 2 the field at a s m a l l angle to the axis, and 3 the field at l a r g e di s t a nc e s from the ra di a t or but at an a r b i t r a r y angle to the axis. N ume ri c a l calculations w e r e pe r formed on a computer and w e r e based on the derived analytical formulae. Graphs a r e given of the re s ul t i ng angular distributions. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 858) BERLINCOURT, D. A. P i e z o e l e c t r i c and f e r r o e l e c t r i c e n e r g y conversion. Institute of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers Tra ns a c t i on s on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol SU-15, No 2 (April 1968) pp 89-97 D i s c us s i on is limited to p i e z o e l e c t r i c and f e r r o e l e c t r i c c e r a m i c s in which l a r g e energy de ns i t i e s a r e being converted: 1 l i ne a r e l e c t rome c ha ni c a l energy conversion; 2 nonl i ne a r f e r r o e l e c t r i c energy conversion; 3 forced t ra ns i t i on energy conversion. Under 1 above, e x p r e s s i o n s a r e derived for the effective static coupling fa c t ors for mechan i c a l - t o - e l e c t r i c a l and e l e c t r i c a l - t o mechanical conversions which show that ideally the cycle is r e v e r s i b l e : also, PZT-8 i s d e c l a r e d to have the lowest l os s factors. Under 2 above, it i s shown that the energy available to a l i n e a r load in a single use mechanical-to- e l e c t r i c a l conversion with a suitable specimen thickness, the c o r r e c t electrode configuration and a m i c r o c r y s t a l line texture may exceed 1 J / c m 3. Under 3 above, with ideal loading conditions, with compositions adjusted so that f e r r o e l e c t r i c and a n t i f e r r o e l e c t r i c s t a t e s a re f a i r l y close in fre e energy over a r e l a t i v e l y wide tem p e r a t u r e range, energy d e n s i t i e s of over 1 J / c m 3. (10 References, 18 Figures, 1 Table) ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 859)
BOGUSLAVSKIL Yu. Ya. Onset and development of a cavitation r a r e f a c t i o n wave. Soviet Physics--Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June 1968) pp. 459-461 When a piston moves non-uniformly in a liquid to develop cavitation, the ge ne ral Riemann equation between the velocity, density and p r e s s u r e of a t r a v e l l i n g plane wave of finite amplitude may be used to pre di ct the following: the p r e s s u r e of the cavitation ra re fa c t i on wave, the radius of the cavitation bubbles and the equation of motion of the piston. (5 References) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 660) BONDARENKO, A. V., BRUSNITSINA, N. V. Effect ef acoustic o s e ~ s on the c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e of e l e c t r o l y t i c m e t a l deposits. Elektrokhirnia, Vol 4, No 6 (1968) pp 693-697 Standing and p r o g r e s s i v e ul t ra s oni c waves ULTRASONICS January 1969
77