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Pigments, and introduction to their physical chemistry
Book Reviews Solvent Properties of Surfaetant Solutions. E d i t e d b y K. SmNODA. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1967. 376 pp. $18.50 This volume consists of seven chapters, each, aside from t h e first two, b y a different author. The title suggests t h a t a full t r e a t m e n t of the p h e n o m e n o n of solubilization is to be presented b u t the reader expecting this will be disappointed. In t h e opinion of the reviewer this is u n f o r t u n a t e . A more comprehensive i n t r o d u c t i o n section and, in particular, a m u c h fuller first (general) chapter would have been beneficial. Scarcely any m e n t i o n is made, for example, of the i m p o r t a n t area of dye solubilization b y aqueous s u r f a c t a n t s . T h e first c h a p t e r does, however, include a firm r e b u t t a l by H u t c h i n s o n and Shinoda of the idea, expressed some years ago, t h a t solubilization is an a r t i f a c t associated w i t h t h e presence of impurities in t h e employed s u r f a c t a n t s . This r e b u t t a l will find widespread endorsement. The c h a p t e r s which follow t r e a t several different topics. T h a t b y Shinoda on nonionic detergents presents extensive phase and micellar d a t a on aqueous systems with and w i t h o u t a t h i r d (oily) component. The c h a p t e r b y Fowkes is a timely t r e a t m e n t of the properties of solutions of s u r f a c t a n t s in nonaqueous solvents. I n explaining observed b e h a v i o r m u c h use is made of the concepts of regular solution and of Lewis acids and bases (including the current classifications of Pearson) and generally to very good effect. S t u d e n t s of the i n t e r a c t i o n of colloidal particles and of t h e detergency process will p a r t i c u l a r l y welcome the c h a p t e r by Lange which contains up-to-date i n f o r m a t i o n on direct measurements, and a theoretical analysis, of p a r t i c l e / s u b s t r a t e i n t e r a c t i o n forces. Aside from an isolated notion or two which some m a y question (such as the exclusion of the possible existence of double layers at solid/solid interfaces), this m u s t surely r a n k as the most significant t r e a t m e n t of the subjeet of detergency since the appearance of Durh a m ' s book seven years ago. Two f u r t h e r chapters deal with the application of s u r f a c t a n t s in the realm of p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s and of pesticides. The former is by way of a v e r y extensive review b y SjSblom; t h e latter, b y v a n Valkenberg, in addition to reviewing the field, calls a t t e n t i o n to the i n t e r e s t i n g problem of adherence of liquid droplets to a solid surface on impact. T h e last chapter, 175
by v a n der Hoff, is a well-presented account of the current s t a t e of knowledge of emulsion polymerization. F u n d a m e n t a l aspects are emphasized and a t t e n t i o n is d r a w n to t h e m a n y areas requiring f u r t h e r investigation. In s u m m a r y , the book covers m a n y diverse fields concerned with t h e application of surfaceactive agents. I t contains a great deal of valuable i n f o r m a t i o n which, a l t h o u g h of p a r t i c u l a r use to workers in applied research, will also i n t e r e s t those concerned with the f u n d a m e n t a l aspects of colloid chemistry. E. D. GODDARD Research Center Lever Brothers Co. Edgewater, N . J. 07020 Pigments, an Introduction to Their Physi c a l C h e m i s t r y . Editor, D a v i d P a t t e r s o n . E l sevier Publishing C o m p a n y Ltd., Barking, England, 1967. 200 pp. This s h o r t book is unique among those which bear the same or similar maj or title, a n d indeed, it is the s u b t i t l e which provides the key description to the context. Summarized in a concise and lucid context are " t h e f u n d a m e n t a l knowledge and theories from a n u m b e r of scientific specializat i o n s - w h i c h can point the way to the solution of some of the complex problems of pigment technology." The i n f o r m a t i o n is based p r i m a r i l y on a series of g r a d u a t e level lectures t h a t comprised a s u m m e r school course on the c h e m i s t r y and technology of pigments held at the U n i v e r s i t y of Leeds in 1964. Each of the ten chapters treats in an abbreviated but authoritative fashion the available theory in the appropriate subject area. The first four chapters emphasize the physics of color in inorganic and organic materials, the influence of pigment crystal habit, and the role of electronic properties in the degradation of organic molecules. Chapters 5 and 6 concern nucleation and growth of particles followed by measurement and significance of particle sizes. The next two chapters describe instrumental methods of color measurement and color match prediction. The final two chapters concern surface chemistry including the theories of surface activity, dispersion, flocculation, and flotation. Each chapter contains a brief list of references, many of which have been up-
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, VoL 28, No. i, September 1968
176
BOOK REVIEWS
dated through 1965, and the book closes with a comprehensive subject index. Several of the subject areas included in this volume are treated much more comprehensively in modern texts on solid state physics, particle size measurements, instrumental methods of color analysis, and surface chemistry. Indeed some readers will be disappointed by the limited treatment given to areas of interest and, in a few chapters, by the relatively few examples involving pigmentary raaterials. Nevertheless the surveys are sufficiently broad to extend the perspective of most readers in the theoretical areas of physical sciences pertinent to pigment properties and applications. The audience for this book seems limited. The graduate physicist and chemist in the pigment manufacturing and consuming industries will find useful the introductions to one another's areas. The technologist, however, for whom several books on pigment composition, manufacture, and use are available, will find this book difficult. Any effort invested in a study will be amply rewarded in a new understanding of the behavior of pigments. In this connection, selective reading is recommended as an introduction to virtually any of the several topic areas surveyed. W. D. SCHAEFFER F i l m - F o r m i n g C o m p o s it io n s , Part I. Edited by RAYMOND R. MYERS and J. S. LONG. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1967. 564 pp. $35.00. This is the first of an extensive series of books, 12 volumes, planned by the editors to comprise a "Treatise on Coatings." The apparent intent of the editors is to update the work first undertaken in this country by Mattiello some 20 years ago. The editors emphasize in their introduction the numerous scientific advances that have been made in these years. The large number of new chemical components available for coatings, the new methods of application, the new analytical and physical tools available to the chemist all have opened new vistas in coatings capabilities. The problems, however, of formulating, manufacturing, applying, and evaluating the performance of coatings have become more diverse and complex. The new series can serve a valuable function in organizing major elements of the information available in these fields and making the knowledge readily retrievable. For this purpose, t,he editors have assembled contributions from individuals skilled in specialized areas and knowledgeable in coatings and their applications.
The present book is the first of three books comprising Volume I on "Film-Forming Compositions." Each of the chapters treats a given chemical class of film-forming materials, e.g., urethane coatings, except for brief chapters on solvents, driers, and vehicle manufacturing equipment. The authors apparently were given considerable leeway in determining the coverages of their subjects. Treatments range accordingly from encyclopedic coverage of materials, chemistry, trade names, physical properties, formulations, application methods, and coatings evaluation to somewhat shorter summaries which effectively direct the reader to manufacturers' literature for detailed information. Within the present context, the comprehensive chapters, which are in the majority, establish the better impression on the reviewer because they directly serve most of the reader's purposes rather than forcing him to additional researching. The chapter reference lists are generally comprehensive and up-to-date, and materials sources are included. In addition to determining the coverage of their subjects, the authors were given sufficient leeway in style to develop a few inconsistencies that detract from the over-all uniformity of presentation. Thus, tables appear with or without titles and the benzene symbol varies from one chapter to another. The book, however, is remarkably free of errors; only one mistaken supplier and a few incorrect spellings were noted. The nine-page subject index, although adequate for the present book, could be more extensively cross-indexed if it is to be used as a part of a larger index for the complete series. The reproduction quality is excellent and worthy of an encyclopedia. The publisher is to be congratulated on his choice of paper, which provides good contrast, sharp printing, and comfort~ able reading unlike many of the glossy papers which recently have been used widely. The price of the book, notwithstanding a 20% discount on orders for the entire series, places it outside the budget of the vast majority of technicians and chemists interested in coatings. As a consequence, the book and the following members of the series, if they are constructed and priced similarly, will be restricted to the reference library. Perhaps this is not a major limitation in view of the widespread interest in the subject. Dn. WILLIAM D. SCHAEFF~R
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol.28, No. 1, September 1968
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.
by v a n der Hoff, is a well-presented account of the current s t a t e of knowledge of emulsion polymerization. F u n d a m e n t a l aspects are emphasized and a t t e n t i o n is d r a w n to t h e m a n y areas requiring f u r t h e r investigation. In s u m m a r y , the book covers m a n y diverse fields concerned with t h e application of surfaceactive agents. I t contains a great deal of valuable i n f o r m a t i o n which, a l t h o u g h of p a r t i c u l a r use to workers in applied research, will also i n t e r e s t those concerned with the f u n d a m e n t a l aspects of colloid chemistry. E. D. GODDARD Research Center Lever Brothers Co. Edgewater, N . J. 07020 Pigments, an Introduction to Their Physi c a l C h e m i s t r y . Editor, D a v i d P a t t e r s o n . E l sevier Publishing C o m p a n y Ltd., Barking, England, 1967. 200 pp. This s h o r t book is unique among those which bear the same or similar maj or title, a n d indeed, it is the s u b t i t l e which provides the key description to the context. Summarized in a concise and lucid context are " t h e f u n d a m e n t a l knowledge and theories from a n u m b e r of scientific specializat i o n s - w h i c h can point the way to the solution of some of the complex problems of pigment technology." The i n f o r m a t i o n is based p r i m a r i l y on a series of g r a d u a t e level lectures t h a t comprised a s u m m e r school course on the c h e m i s t r y and technology of pigments held at the U n i v e r s i t y of Leeds in 1964. Each of the ten chapters treats in an abbreviated but authoritative fashion the available theory in the appropriate subject area. The first four chapters emphasize the physics of color in inorganic and organic materials, the influence of pigment crystal habit, and the role of electronic properties in the degradation of organic molecules. Chapters 5 and 6 concern nucleation and growth of particles followed by measurement and significance of particle sizes. The next two chapters describe instrumental methods of color measurement and color match prediction. The final two chapters concern surface chemistry including the theories of surface activity, dispersion, flocculation, and flotation. Each chapter contains a brief list of references, many of which have been up-
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, VoL 28, No. i, September 1968
176
BOOK REVIEWS
dated through 1965, and the book closes with a comprehensive subject index. Several of the subject areas included in this volume are treated much more comprehensively in modern texts on solid state physics, particle size measurements, instrumental methods of color analysis, and surface chemistry. Indeed some readers will be disappointed by the limited treatment given to areas of interest and, in a few chapters, by the relatively few examples involving pigmentary raaterials. Nevertheless the surveys are sufficiently broad to extend the perspective of most readers in the theoretical areas of physical sciences pertinent to pigment properties and applications. The audience for this book seems limited. The graduate physicist and chemist in the pigment manufacturing and consuming industries will find useful the introductions to one another's areas. The technologist, however, for whom several books on pigment composition, manufacture, and use are available, will find this book difficult. Any effort invested in a study will be amply rewarded in a new understanding of the behavior of pigments. In this connection, selective reading is recommended as an introduction to virtually any of the several topic areas surveyed. W. D. SCHAEFFER F i l m - F o r m i n g C o m p o s it io n s , Part I. Edited by RAYMOND R. MYERS and J. S. LONG. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1967. 564 pp. $35.00. This is the first of an extensive series of books, 12 volumes, planned by the editors to comprise a "Treatise on Coatings." The apparent intent of the editors is to update the work first undertaken in this country by Mattiello some 20 years ago. The editors emphasize in their introduction the numerous scientific advances that have been made in these years. The large number of new chemical components available for coatings, the new methods of application, the new analytical and physical tools available to the chemist all have opened new vistas in coatings capabilities. The problems, however, of formulating, manufacturing, applying, and evaluating the performance of coatings have become more diverse and complex. The new series can serve a valuable function in organizing major elements of the information available in these fields and making the knowledge readily retrievable. For this purpose, t,he editors have assembled contributions from individuals skilled in specialized areas and knowledgeable in coatings and their applications.
The present book is the first of three books comprising Volume I on "Film-Forming Compositions." Each of the chapters treats a given chemical class of film-forming materials, e.g., urethane coatings, except for brief chapters on solvents, driers, and vehicle manufacturing equipment. The authors apparently were given considerable leeway in determining the coverages of their subjects. Treatments range accordingly from encyclopedic coverage of materials, chemistry, trade names, physical properties, formulations, application methods, and coatings evaluation to somewhat shorter summaries which effectively direct the reader to manufacturers' literature for detailed information. Within the present context, the comprehensive chapters, which are in the majority, establish the better impression on the reviewer because they directly serve most of the reader's purposes rather than forcing him to additional researching. The chapter reference lists are generally comprehensive and up-to-date, and materials sources are included. In addition to determining the coverage of their subjects, the authors were given sufficient leeway in style to develop a few inconsistencies that detract from the over-all uniformity of presentation. Thus, tables appear with or without titles and the benzene symbol varies from one chapter to another. The book, however, is remarkably free of errors; only one mistaken supplier and a few incorrect spellings were noted. The nine-page subject index, although adequate for the present book, could be more extensively cross-indexed if it is to be used as a part of a larger index for the complete series. The reproduction quality is excellent and worthy of an encyclopedia. The publisher is to be congratulated on his choice of paper, which provides good contrast, sharp printing, and comfort~ able reading unlike many of the glossy papers which recently have been used widely. The price of the book, notwithstanding a 20% discount on orders for the entire series, places it outside the budget of the vast majority of technicians and chemists interested in coatings. As a consequence, the book and the following members of the series, if they are constructed and priced similarly, will be restricted to the reference library. Perhaps this is not a major limitation in view of the widespread interest in the subject. Dn. WILLIAM D. SCHAEFF~R
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol.28, No. 1, September 1968
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.