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Plant folk medicines for gastrointestinal disorders among the main tribes of Sonora, Mexico
Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132 – 141 www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote
Short report (Ethno)
Plant folk medicines for gastrointestinal disorders among the main tribes of Sonora, Mexico S.F. Moreno-Salazar a,⁎, R.E. Robles-Zepeda b , D.E. Johnson a,✠ b
a Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Niños Héroes, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Niños Héroes Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Received 7 May 2005; accepted 20 July 2007 Available online 9 August 2007
Abstract This paper describes the herbal remedies used by ethnic groups from Sonora, Mexico, for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Twelve types of these illnesses are cured using 85 different species which belong to 38 families. Thirty nine spp. are used to treat diarrhea, 28 for stomach-ache, 12 for constipation, 9 for intestinal parasites, 6 for indigestion, 3 for stomach or intestinal cancer, 3 for stomach inflammation and only 1 to treat gastrointestinal sicknesses, ulcers, gastritis, colitis and colic. Regarding the use of species of plant per ethnic group the following was observed: Mayo 47; Seri, 27; Yaqui, 13; Guarijio, 12, Pima, 5 and Papago, 3. The plants are used by two or more tribes, for the same or different illness but always related to the gastrointestinal system. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Medicinal plants; Traditional Mexican medicine; Gastrointestinal diseases
Study area The study region is located in the State of Sonora, in Northwestern Mexico. The geographical coordinates of the main ethnic groups are: Yaqui (110° 23′ W; 27° 39′ N), Mayo (109° 30′ W; 26° 54′ N), Pima (108° 47′ W; 28° 24′ N), Seri (112° 10′ W; 28° 59′ N), Papago (112° 57′ W; 31° 52′N) and Guarijio (108° 50′ W; 27° 38′ N). Population The tribes considered in this study were: Yaqui, Mayo, Pima, Guarijio, Papago and Seri, and include about 117 people. They are constituted as entities with their own culture and territory well defined. The six tribes are bilingual. In addition to Spanish they have their own language. In general, only old men and small children are monolingual. The Mayo, Yaqui, Guarijio, Pima and Papago languages are similar, belong to the family taracahíta of the trunks yuto-nahua and yuto-azteca, both derived from Aztec culture. ⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +52 662-2138006. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.F. Moreno-Salazar). ✠ Deceased. 0367-326X/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.07.009
Table 1 Plants used by ethnic groups of Sonora, Mexico to heal gastrointestinal diseases a Local names
Parts used
Ailments treated
Preparations
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
Agave schotii Engelm. (00151)
Agavaceae
Maguey amole
Root and leaves
Constipation
Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Seri
1
33
Agave shrevei Gentry (04132)
Agavaceae
Maguey, mezcal del monte
Leaves
Constipation
The roots and the leaves are boiled in water like tea The leaves are roasted in a pit, then the sap is extracted and boiled.
Mayo
1
33
Amaranthus hibridus L. (no voucher)
Amaranthaceae
Bledo, quelite
Mayo
1
66
Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats (02160)
Amaranthaceae
Asclepias albicans S. Wats (no voucher) Ambrosia confertiflora DC., (00081)
Asclepiadaceae
Leaves and branches Bledo, quelite Leaves and branches Júmate, yumate Roots
Asteraceae
Estafiate
Leaves
Stomach-ache and inflammation
Baccharis glutinosa Pers., (03950)
Asteraceae
Leaves
Stomach-ache
Eupatorium collinum DC., (04212)
Asteraceae
Batamote, jarilla, hierba del pasmo, bachomo Hierba del ángel
Intestinal parasites
Gnaphalium leucocephalum A. Gray, (00400) Gnaphalium oxyphyllum DC., (no voucher)
Asteraceae
Talampacate
Branches and leaves Whole plant
Asteraceae
Gordolobo
Stomach-ache
A tea is prepared from the flowers and stems
Asteraceae
Arnica amarilla, gordolobo
Flowers and stems Branches
Stomach-ache and ulcer
Prepare a tea with the branches
Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. and Rusby, (02654)
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea from the leaves and the branches
One cup of sap is taken during fasting (men for 3 days and women for 4 days) Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea from the leaves and the branches
Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Mayo
1
33
Intestinal parasites
A tea prepared with the plant roots is recommended For stomach-ache, the young leaves are mashed until they turn into little balls which are then swallowed with water. For stomach inflammation a cup of tea is prepared with young leaves The leaves are ground and turned into small balls similar to capsule size and swallowed. Prepare an infusion with the branches and the leaves Any part of the plant is boiled in water
Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Mayo
2
66
In both diseases, drink a cup of the extract, three times daily until alleviation.
Mayo, Yaqui 6
100
For children a cup of tea. Adults drink three times daily until alleviation Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Yaqui
3
100
Mayo
2
66
It is drank as tea or as normal drinking water Drink as tea
Mayo
3
100
Mayo, Yaqui
6
100
Pima
2
66
Indigestion
Drink the tea three times daily until alleviation
(continued on next page)
133
Family
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Botanical name and voucher specimen
134
Table 1 (continued ) Family
Local names
Parts used
Ailments treated
Hymenoclea monogyra Torr. and Gray, (00228) Milleria quinqueflora L., (01424) Parthenium tomentosum Greene, (02875)
Asteraceae
Jécota, técota
Branches
Stomach-ache
Asteraceae
Cocolmeca
Roots
Asteraceae
Ocotillo
Stems
Porophyllum gracile Benth., (04141) Tagetes filifolia Lag., (04678)
Asteraceae
Roots
Diarrhea
Asteraceae
Hierba del venado Anisillo
Branches
Stomach-ache
Zinnia acerosa (DC.) A. Gray, (01038) Begonia portillana S. Wats, (no voucher) Bignonia unguis-cati L., (no voucher)
Asteraceae
Zinia
Diarrhea
Begoniaceae
Chocopala
Bignoniaceae
Hiedra, mano de cachora
Heliotropium curassavicum L., (00397) Tiquilia palmeri (Gray) A. Richardson, (06919) Rorippa nasturiumaquaticum L, Schinz and Thell., (05243) Opuntia acantocarpa Engelm. and Bigelow, (no voucher) Opuntia fulgida cv. fulgida Engelm., (01678)
Boraginaceae
Cola de mico, cola de alacrán Hierba de la virgen Berro
Whole plant Root and fruits Branches and leaves Branches
Indigestion
Root
Stomach-ache
Leaves
Constipation
Opuntia reflexispina Wiggins and Rollins, (no voucher) Opuntia thurberi Engelm., (04243) Pachycereus pectinaboriginum
Boraginaceae Brassicaceae
Preparations
Prepare a tea with the branches Stomach inflammation Prepare a tea with the roots Stomach-ache Bark of the stems are used to make a tea Prepare a tea 23with the roots Prepare a tea with the branches
Prepare a infusion with any part of plant Indigestion Prepare a tea with roots and fruits Intestinal inflammation Prepare a tea with the branches and the leaves
Cactaceae
Nopal silvestre, Fruits choya
Diarrhea
Cactaceae
Choya
Fruit shell Persistent diarrhea
Cactaceae
Choya
Roots
Diarrhea
Cactaceae
Choya
Cactaceae
Echo
Roots and fruits Roots and fruits
Diarrhea, stomach-ache Colic, gastritis, ulcer, colitis
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
Drink the tea three times daily until alleviation Drink the tea while the inflammation persist Drink a cup twice a day, in the morning and another at night Drink the tea while the diarrhea persist A cup of tea is prescribed when the pain is present and before sleeping Drink tea while the diarrhea persist Drink tea while the indigestion persist Drink tea twice daily until alleviation
Seri
3
100
Mayo
3
100
Mayo
3
100
Seri
2
66
Pima
3
100
Pima
1
33
Guarijio
2
66
Mayo
1
33
Prepare a tea with the branches Prepare a tea with the main part of the root The leaves are boiled in water and the tea is used
Drink a tea while the indigestion persist Drink tea twice daily until alleviation Drink daily to induce defecation
Mayo
2
66
Seri
2
66
Mayo
3
100
The fruits are roasted
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Mayo
3
100
The meaty shell of the fruit is boiled and eaten with some pulp and seeds to give it a more acid taste The roots are roasted in hot ashes
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Seri
3
100
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Seri
3
100
The roots or fruits are roasted in hot ashes The roots and the fruits are boiled in water
Eat while the diarrhea or Mayo 3 stomach-ache persist To drink daily Mayo, Yaqui 5 as drinking water
100 83
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Botanical name and voucher specimen
(Engelm.) Britt at Rose, (no voucher) Pereskiopsis aquosa (Weber) Britt. and Rose, (no voucher)
The fruit are boiled in water
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Mayo
2
66
Stomach-ache
Prepare a tea with leaves and branches
Drink daily as drinking water
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Constipation
Prepare a tea with the roots
Drink a cup twice a day
Seri
3
100
Seeds
Stomach-ache
1
33
Leaves
Stomach-ache
Seri
3
100
Chenopodiaceae Epazote
Branches and roots
Intestinal parasites
Mayo, Yaqui 6
100
Combretaceae
Mangle blanco
Bark
Diarrhea
Yaqui
2
66
Cyperaceae
Coquillo
Tubers
Mayo
2
66
Euphorbiaceae
Seri
1
33
Euphorbiaceae
Hierba del Branches cáncer Croton, ocotillo Branches
Drink daily as drinking water Drink a cup of tea until for induce the vomit Drink the liquid as daily drinking water for the necessary days Drink daily as drinking water Use as daily drinking water Tea is used as every day drinking water Tea is used as every day drinking water
Seri
Chenopodiaceae Chamizo
The seeds are put in water Prepare a tea with the leaves Boil branches and roots in water
Guarijio, Mayo
6
100
Croton corymbulosus Engelm., (no voucher)
Euphorbiaceae
Encinilla
Leaves
Drink tea while the ache persist
Mayo
3
100
Croton fragiles H.B.K., (no voucher) Euphorbia hirta L., (04028) Euphorbia leucophylla Benth., (03792)
Euphorbiaceae
Vara blanca
Bark
Guarijio
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Picachali
Leaves
Mayo
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Golondrina
Whole plant
The infusion is drunk while diarrhea persist The tea is used as every day drinking water Tea is used as every day drinking water
Seri
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Golondrina
Roots
Seri
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Candelilla china
Sap
Senna covesii (Gray) Irwin and Barneby, (01226) Cleome tenuis (S. Wats), (03987) Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., (00444) Chenopodium ambrosioides L., (01577) Laguncularia racemosa L. Gaertn., (02199) Cyperus esculentus L., (02519) Acalypha californica Benth., (00078) Croton alamosanum Rose, (01649)
Euphorbia misera Benth, (03660) Euphorbia plicata S. Wats, (no voucher)
Tuna de agua
Fruits
Caesalpiniaceae Bagote, retama, Leaves guacoporo and branches Caesalpiniaceae Dais, Rosa Roots María Capparidaceae
Cleome
The tea extracted from the bark is recommended Stomach-ache and Put ground tubers in diarrhea in children water Stomach and The branches are intestinal cancer macerated in hot water Stomach and The branches are intestinal cancer cut in pieces and boiled in water Stomach-ache Tea prepared from the leaves is used to alleviate stomach-ache Diarrhea Prepare a infusion with the bark Stomach-ache, diarrhea, Prepare a tea with the intestinal parasites leaves Stomach-ache Any part of the plant is effective against stomach-ache administered in the form of a tea Stomach-ache Prepare a root tea Indigestion, intestinal parasites
Some drops of sap are diluted in water
Drink tea while the ache persist The liquid is used as every day drinking water
Mayo, Yaqui 2
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Diarrhea
Parkinsonia aculeata L., (01494)
Cactaceae
33
135
(continued on next page)
136
Table 1 (continued ) Family
Local names
Parts used
Pedilanthus macrocarpus Benth., (no voucher) Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn., (00142) Koberlinia spinosa Zucc., (no voucher) Krameria erecta Willd., (02314)
Euphorbiaceae
Candelilla, candetia Otatillo
Milky sap Constipation
Krameriaceae
Corona de cristo Cosahui
Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit., (00057)
Lamiaceae
Marrubium vulgare L., (00032) Mentha spicata L., (no voucher)
Gramineae
Ailments treated
Leaves
Indigestion
Flowers
Diarrhea
Chía, konivari
Branches, stems and roots Seeds
Diarrhea, stomach and intestinal cancer Constipation, indigestion
Lamiaceae
Marrubio
Seeds
Lamiaceae
Yerba buena
Leaves and stems
Stomach-ache, intestinal parasites Stomach-ache
Monarda austromontana Epling, (02152)
Lamiaceae
Orégano
Seeds
Stomach-ache
Acacia angustissima Mill., (00217)
Mimosaseae
Guajillo, vinorama
Diarrhea, intestinal inflammation
Acacia constricta Benth., (00059)
Mimosaseae
Vinorama
Flowers, seeds, leaves, bark Leaves and seeds
Acacia farnesiana L., Willd., (01671)
Mimosaseae
Huizache, vinorama
Bark and thorns
Diarrhea
Coursetia glandulosa A. Gray, (03165)
Fabaceae
Zámota
Gum
Diarrhea
Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney, (03365)
Fabaceae
Chilicote, colorin
Seeds
Diarrhea
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., (04262)
Fabaceae
Añil
Leaves
Constipation
Koberliniaceae
Stomach-ache, diarrhea
Preparations
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
In a cup of water add two drops of sap Prepare a tea with leaves Prepare a infusion with the flowers Prepare a tea from branch, stem or root
Drink daily to induce defecation Drink a cup of tea
Mayo
3
100
Guarijio
2
66
Seri
3
100
Mayo
3
100
The seeds are submerged in water and allowed to rest. The seeds are macerated in cold water Prepare a tea with the leaves and stems The seeds are submerged in cold water and allowed to rest. Prepare a tea with any part of the plant
The seeds and leaves are mashed and macerated in hot water Three thorns per cup of water or a piece of bark are boiled Prepare a cup of hot and concentrated tea from the gum The seeds are submerged in water and allowed to rest for some hours. A powder is prepared of the leaaves and extracted in water
Drink the tea while the diarrhea persist The tea is used as every day drinking water The infusion is drunk as normal water
Mayo, Yaqui 4
66
Mayo, Yaqui 6
100
Mayo
3
100
Guarijio
2
66
Drink while diarrhea persist
Mayo
2
66
The infusion is drunk as a tea
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Drink as substituting drinking water
Mayo
2
66
Drink a cup of tea when you have an ache and before you sleep The infusion is drunk as normal water
Pima
3
100
Seri
3
100
Drink the extract prepared with powder as laxative
Mayo
3
100
The infusion is drunk as a tea The tea is used as every day drinking water The infusion is drunk as normal water
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Botanical name and voucher specimen
Lysiloma divaricata (Jacq.) J.F. Macbride, (07212) Lysiloma watsoni Rose, (03340)
Mimosaseae
Diarrhea, stomach-ache
Prepare a tea from bark
Drink tea until problems disappear
Guarijio
3
100
Diarrhea, stomach-ache
An infusion is extracted from the bark
Guarijio
3
100
Fabaceae
Trébol agrio, trébol amargo
Stomach-ache
Prepare a tea with the branches and the flowers
Mayo, Seri
4
66
Olneya tesota A. Gray, (00271)
Fabaceae
Palo fierro
Branches and flowers, Bark
Diarrhea and stomach-ache
The bark is ground and macerated in hot water
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., (00158)
Mimosaseae
Guamúchil
Bark
Diarrhea, stomach-ache
A piece of bark is boiled in a liter of water
Yaqui
3
100
Prosopis glandulosa Torr., (01046)
Mimosaseae
Mezquite
Stems
Constipation
Mayo
2
66
Linum usitatissimum L., (no voucher)
Linaceae
Lino
Whole plant
Constipation
Drink the tea
Mayo
3
100
Lobelia laxiflora H.B.K., (01027)
Lobeliaceae
Chilpanxochitl
Roots
Intestinal parasites
Charcoal is placed in a glass of water, it is shaken, then left to rest Boiling any part of the plant produces a tea with laxatives properties The roots are infused
Drink as tea when fasting. If the pain is very strong, tea can be drunk three times, a day maximum Drink tea while the stomach-ache persist A cup of infusion is taken whenever the person feels pain, until the diarrhea has disappeared A cup of tea is given before each meal until the problem has been alleviated Drink the infusion as normal water
Melilotus indica All., (01830)
Mayo
2
66
Phorandedron californicum Nutt., (01656)
Loranthaceae
Tóji
Branches
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea with the branches
Mayo
3
100
Phorandedron diguetianum Van Tieghem, (06898)
Loranthaceae
Tóji
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea with the stem and leaves
Seri
3
100
Struthantus haenkeanus Standley, (no voucher)
Loranthaceae
Toji
Stems and leaves Stems and leaves
Drink the tea everyday until the parasites are eliminated A cup of tea is drunk three times a day Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Diarrhea
The stems and leaves are used to produce an infusion which is prescribed to treat bloody diarrhea
Seri
3
100
Mimosaseae
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
137
(continued on next page)
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Mauto, quiebra Bark hacha, vara blanca Tepehuaje, Bark machahui
138
Table 1 (continued ) Family
Local names
Parts used
Ailments treated
Preparations
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
Mascagnia macroptera (Ses. and Moc.) Niedenzu, (no voucher) Malva parviflora L., (01823) Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray, (01001)
Malpighiaceae
Gallinita, matanene
Leaves and roots
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea with leaves and roots
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Malvaceae
Malva
Leaves Roots
Mayo, Yaqui. Seri
83
Mal de ojo
Drink tea while inflammation persist Drink tea while diarrhea persist
5
Malvaceae
3
100
Allionia incarnata L., (03614)
Nyctaginaceae
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Seri
3
100
Fraxinus standleyi Rehder, (no voucher)
Olereaceae
Guapile, hierba Whole del golpe, plant papalote Fresno Leaves and sap
Intestinal inflammation Prepare a tea with leaves Diarrhea Prepare a tea from the foamy and drolly pulp Diarrhea Prepare a tea with the whole plant Diarrhea, constipation
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Guarijio
2
66
Fraxinus velutina Torr.,(00178)
Olereaceae
Fresno
Leaves and sap
Diarrhea, constipation
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Guarijio
2
66
Plantago fastigiata (Morris), Jeps., (03634)
Plantaginaceae
Pastora
Seeds
Stomach-ache
Drink the water twice a day
Seri
3
66
Antigonon leptopus Hook and Arn., (00244) Potentilla thurberi Gray, (02243) Hintonia latiflora (Sesee. and Moc.) Bullock, (01916)
Polygonaceae
San miguelito
Leaves and roots
Stomach-ache
Drink tea when the ache is present
Guarijio, 8 Mayo, Yaqui
88
Rosaceae
Hierba colorada Copalquin, capichogua
Roots
Constipation, intestinal parasites Diarrhea
Drink until complete elimination of parasites Take a dose of one spoonful before each meal
Guarijio, 5 Mayo, Pima Mayo 3
55
Rubiaceae
Bark
Prepare a tea with the leaves and sap. Also the sap diluted in water is recommended Prepare a tea with the leaves and sap. Also the sap diluted in water is recommended The seeds are mixed with water and are allowed to rest half an hour. The gelatinous mass is eaten to calm the pain. It is considered very good for children Prepare a tea with the leaves and roots Prepare a infusion with roots Boil the bark in water
100
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Botanical name and voucher specimen
Solanum hindsianum Benth., (00047) Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., (00591)
Mariola
Sterculiaceae
Guázima
Flowers and roots Stem without bark
Celtis reticulata Torr., (01405)
Ulmaceae
Cúmaro
Leaves
Diarrhea
Lantana camara L., (01100) Lantana horrida H.B.K., (05133) Zostera marina L., (no voucher)
Verbenaceae
Confiturilla
Leaves
Diarrhea
Verbenaceae
Confiturilla
Roots
Diarrhea
Zosteraceae
Trigo de mar
Seeds
Diarrhea
Larrea tridentata Coville, (00118)
Zygophyllaceae Hediondilla, gobernadora
Leaves and roots
Intestinal parasites
a
These species are listed in alphabetic order by families.
Diarrhea Stomach-ache, diarrhea
Prepare a tea with the flowers and roots For diarrhea, the stem without the bark is boiled. For stomach-ache, boil the stem heart with some sugar or leave it soaking all night without boiling The leaves are mashed and put into a half liter of water, then are squeezed until water turns green Prepare a tea with the leaves Boil the roots in water Prepare a thick beverage (atole) with the seeds Prepare a tea with the leaves and roots
Drink tea while diarrhea persist For diarrhea to drink everyday. For stomach-ache, the infusion is used as daily drinking water
Seri
3
100
Guarijio
3
100
Take a spoonful before each meal
Yaqui
3
100
Drink tea while diarrhea persist Drink liquid once a day
Mayo
3
100
Mayo
2
66
Use as remedy for diarrhea in children
Seri
2
66
Drink tea as daily drinking water until the elimination of all parasites
Mayo, Seri
4
66
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Solanaceae
139
140
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The majority of these indigenous people are dedicated to agriculture as field laborers [1]. The Guarijio, Yaqui and Mayo mix their religious belief with the application of cures, while the Seri, Pima and Papago are more pragmatic since they only administer the remedy. Aim of study In this paper, the plants utilized by the indigenous tribes from Sonora to treat gastrointestinal diseases are reported, indicating the species of plant, common name, form of usage, parts of the plant used and the specific sickness that is treated. Previous knowledge on local folk medicine This study is complementary and part of greater work denominated Compendio Fitoquímico de la Medicina Tradicional Herbolaria de Sonora [2]. This is the only systematic study made on the medicinal plants used by these ethnic groups. Methodology Three of the most famous and reliable practitioners of traditional indigenous medicine, from each predominant ethnic group (Mayo, Yaqui, Pima, Seri, Guarijio and Papago), were chosen as informants. Interviews with these healers have helped us to determine which plants are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The questionnaire answered by each healer included several aspects such as local name of the plant, sickness treated, mode of use and part of the plant used. The plants are arranged under their particular family in alphabetical order, as well as the names of the species in each family. Plants were identified by comparison with Herbarium specimens of the Universidad de Sonora Herbarium, in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Results Reported in Table 1. Conclusions In this study, the data analysis, shows that 12 types of gastrointestinal illnesses are cured using 85 different species of plant which belong to 38 families and 68 spp., all are part of the traditional herbal medicine of Sonora. 39 species of plants are used to treat diarrhea, 28 for stomach-ache, 12 for constipation, 9 for intestinal parasites, 6 for indigestion, 3 for stomach or intestinal cancer, 3 for stomach inflammation and only 1 for the treatment of the following gastrointestinal sicknesses or disorders: ulcers, gastritis, colitis and colic. In several cases the same species of plant is used for more than one disease. Regarding the use of species per ethnic group the following was observed: Mayo used 47 species; Seri, 27; Yaqui, 13; Guarijio, 12; Pima, 5; and Papago, 3. Moreover, there are species that are used by two or more tribes, sometimes for the same or different illnesses but always related to the gastrointestinal system. Parkinsonia aculeate is recommended by both Mayo and Seri to alleviate stomach-ache, Chenopodium ambrosioides, is used for intestinal parasite elimination by the Mayo as well as the Yaqui. Ambrosia confertiflora, which Yaqui prescribes for stomach-ache, is used by Mayo for stomach inflammation. Some species listed in this article have been formerly reported as medicinal plants in other parts of the world as Krameria spp. for the treatment for stomach-ache and diarrhea [3]. Other studies report the traditional medicinal of peculiar region or ethnic group [4–8]. With this study we have started an integral program for the compilation, for the first time, of a list of plants used by the indigenous tribes of Sonora for medical purposes attesting the great utility that they represent in the life of these ethnic groups. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico (CONACYT) for the grant for this project.
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141
References [1] Aguilar-Zeleny A. Etnografía contemporánea de los pueblos indígenas de México. Región Noroeste. Ed. INI/SEDESOL, Mexico, 1995. [2] Johnson DE, Moreno-Salazar SF, López-Estudillo R. Compendio fitoquímico de la medicina tradicional herbolaria de Sonora. Ed. Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, 1996. [3] Simpson BB. Econ Bot 1991;45:397. [4] Bhandari MJ, Chandrashekhar KR, Kaveriappa KM. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;47:149. [5] Bhandari MJ, Chandrashekhar KR, Kaveriappa KM. J Econ Taxon Bot Addit Ser 1996;12:244. [6] Maruthi KR, Krishna V, Manjunatha BK, Nagaraja VP. Environ Ecol 2000;18:441. [7] Harsha VH, Hebra SS, Hedge GR, Shripathi V. Fitoterapia 2002;73:281. [8] Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O. Fitoterapia 2003;74:98.
Short report (Ethno)
Plant folk medicines for gastrointestinal disorders among the main tribes of Sonora, Mexico S.F. Moreno-Salazar a,⁎, R.E. Robles-Zepeda b , D.E. Johnson a,✠ b
a Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Niños Héroes, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Niños Héroes Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Received 7 May 2005; accepted 20 July 2007 Available online 9 August 2007
Abstract This paper describes the herbal remedies used by ethnic groups from Sonora, Mexico, for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Twelve types of these illnesses are cured using 85 different species which belong to 38 families. Thirty nine spp. are used to treat diarrhea, 28 for stomach-ache, 12 for constipation, 9 for intestinal parasites, 6 for indigestion, 3 for stomach or intestinal cancer, 3 for stomach inflammation and only 1 to treat gastrointestinal sicknesses, ulcers, gastritis, colitis and colic. Regarding the use of species of plant per ethnic group the following was observed: Mayo 47; Seri, 27; Yaqui, 13; Guarijio, 12, Pima, 5 and Papago, 3. The plants are used by two or more tribes, for the same or different illness but always related to the gastrointestinal system. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Medicinal plants; Traditional Mexican medicine; Gastrointestinal diseases
Study area The study region is located in the State of Sonora, in Northwestern Mexico. The geographical coordinates of the main ethnic groups are: Yaqui (110° 23′ W; 27° 39′ N), Mayo (109° 30′ W; 26° 54′ N), Pima (108° 47′ W; 28° 24′ N), Seri (112° 10′ W; 28° 59′ N), Papago (112° 57′ W; 31° 52′N) and Guarijio (108° 50′ W; 27° 38′ N). Population The tribes considered in this study were: Yaqui, Mayo, Pima, Guarijio, Papago and Seri, and include about 117 people. They are constituted as entities with their own culture and territory well defined. The six tribes are bilingual. In addition to Spanish they have their own language. In general, only old men and small children are monolingual. The Mayo, Yaqui, Guarijio, Pima and Papago languages are similar, belong to the family taracahíta of the trunks yuto-nahua and yuto-azteca, both derived from Aztec culture. ⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +52 662-2138006. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.F. Moreno-Salazar). ✠ Deceased. 0367-326X/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.07.009
Table 1 Plants used by ethnic groups of Sonora, Mexico to heal gastrointestinal diseases a Local names
Parts used
Ailments treated
Preparations
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
Agave schotii Engelm. (00151)
Agavaceae
Maguey amole
Root and leaves
Constipation
Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Seri
1
33
Agave shrevei Gentry (04132)
Agavaceae
Maguey, mezcal del monte
Leaves
Constipation
The roots and the leaves are boiled in water like tea The leaves are roasted in a pit, then the sap is extracted and boiled.
Mayo
1
33
Amaranthus hibridus L. (no voucher)
Amaranthaceae
Bledo, quelite
Mayo
1
66
Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats (02160)
Amaranthaceae
Asclepias albicans S. Wats (no voucher) Ambrosia confertiflora DC., (00081)
Asclepiadaceae
Leaves and branches Bledo, quelite Leaves and branches Júmate, yumate Roots
Asteraceae
Estafiate
Leaves
Stomach-ache and inflammation
Baccharis glutinosa Pers., (03950)
Asteraceae
Leaves
Stomach-ache
Eupatorium collinum DC., (04212)
Asteraceae
Batamote, jarilla, hierba del pasmo, bachomo Hierba del ángel
Intestinal parasites
Gnaphalium leucocephalum A. Gray, (00400) Gnaphalium oxyphyllum DC., (no voucher)
Asteraceae
Talampacate
Branches and leaves Whole plant
Asteraceae
Gordolobo
Stomach-ache
A tea is prepared from the flowers and stems
Asteraceae
Arnica amarilla, gordolobo
Flowers and stems Branches
Stomach-ache and ulcer
Prepare a tea with the branches
Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. and Rusby, (02654)
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea from the leaves and the branches
One cup of sap is taken during fasting (men for 3 days and women for 4 days) Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea from the leaves and the branches
Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Mayo
1
33
Intestinal parasites
A tea prepared with the plant roots is recommended For stomach-ache, the young leaves are mashed until they turn into little balls which are then swallowed with water. For stomach inflammation a cup of tea is prepared with young leaves The leaves are ground and turned into small balls similar to capsule size and swallowed. Prepare an infusion with the branches and the leaves Any part of the plant is boiled in water
Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Mayo
2
66
In both diseases, drink a cup of the extract, three times daily until alleviation.
Mayo, Yaqui 6
100
For children a cup of tea. Adults drink three times daily until alleviation Drink the tea as daily drinking water
Yaqui
3
100
Mayo
2
66
It is drank as tea or as normal drinking water Drink as tea
Mayo
3
100
Mayo, Yaqui
6
100
Pima
2
66
Indigestion
Drink the tea three times daily until alleviation
(continued on next page)
133
Family
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Botanical name and voucher specimen
134
Table 1 (continued ) Family
Local names
Parts used
Ailments treated
Hymenoclea monogyra Torr. and Gray, (00228) Milleria quinqueflora L., (01424) Parthenium tomentosum Greene, (02875)
Asteraceae
Jécota, técota
Branches
Stomach-ache
Asteraceae
Cocolmeca
Roots
Asteraceae
Ocotillo
Stems
Porophyllum gracile Benth., (04141) Tagetes filifolia Lag., (04678)
Asteraceae
Roots
Diarrhea
Asteraceae
Hierba del venado Anisillo
Branches
Stomach-ache
Zinnia acerosa (DC.) A. Gray, (01038) Begonia portillana S. Wats, (no voucher) Bignonia unguis-cati L., (no voucher)
Asteraceae
Zinia
Diarrhea
Begoniaceae
Chocopala
Bignoniaceae
Hiedra, mano de cachora
Heliotropium curassavicum L., (00397) Tiquilia palmeri (Gray) A. Richardson, (06919) Rorippa nasturiumaquaticum L, Schinz and Thell., (05243) Opuntia acantocarpa Engelm. and Bigelow, (no voucher) Opuntia fulgida cv. fulgida Engelm., (01678)
Boraginaceae
Cola de mico, cola de alacrán Hierba de la virgen Berro
Whole plant Root and fruits Branches and leaves Branches
Indigestion
Root
Stomach-ache
Leaves
Constipation
Opuntia reflexispina Wiggins and Rollins, (no voucher) Opuntia thurberi Engelm., (04243) Pachycereus pectinaboriginum
Boraginaceae Brassicaceae
Preparations
Prepare a tea with the branches Stomach inflammation Prepare a tea with the roots Stomach-ache Bark of the stems are used to make a tea Prepare a tea 23with the roots Prepare a tea with the branches
Prepare a infusion with any part of plant Indigestion Prepare a tea with roots and fruits Intestinal inflammation Prepare a tea with the branches and the leaves
Cactaceae
Nopal silvestre, Fruits choya
Diarrhea
Cactaceae
Choya
Fruit shell Persistent diarrhea
Cactaceae
Choya
Roots
Diarrhea
Cactaceae
Choya
Cactaceae
Echo
Roots and fruits Roots and fruits
Diarrhea, stomach-ache Colic, gastritis, ulcer, colitis
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
Drink the tea three times daily until alleviation Drink the tea while the inflammation persist Drink a cup twice a day, in the morning and another at night Drink the tea while the diarrhea persist A cup of tea is prescribed when the pain is present and before sleeping Drink tea while the diarrhea persist Drink tea while the indigestion persist Drink tea twice daily until alleviation
Seri
3
100
Mayo
3
100
Mayo
3
100
Seri
2
66
Pima
3
100
Pima
1
33
Guarijio
2
66
Mayo
1
33
Prepare a tea with the branches Prepare a tea with the main part of the root The leaves are boiled in water and the tea is used
Drink a tea while the indigestion persist Drink tea twice daily until alleviation Drink daily to induce defecation
Mayo
2
66
Seri
2
66
Mayo
3
100
The fruits are roasted
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Mayo
3
100
The meaty shell of the fruit is boiled and eaten with some pulp and seeds to give it a more acid taste The roots are roasted in hot ashes
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Seri
3
100
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Seri
3
100
The roots or fruits are roasted in hot ashes The roots and the fruits are boiled in water
Eat while the diarrhea or Mayo 3 stomach-ache persist To drink daily Mayo, Yaqui 5 as drinking water
100 83
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Botanical name and voucher specimen
(Engelm.) Britt at Rose, (no voucher) Pereskiopsis aquosa (Weber) Britt. and Rose, (no voucher)
The fruit are boiled in water
Eat while the diarrhea persist
Mayo
2
66
Stomach-ache
Prepare a tea with leaves and branches
Drink daily as drinking water
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Constipation
Prepare a tea with the roots
Drink a cup twice a day
Seri
3
100
Seeds
Stomach-ache
1
33
Leaves
Stomach-ache
Seri
3
100
Chenopodiaceae Epazote
Branches and roots
Intestinal parasites
Mayo, Yaqui 6
100
Combretaceae
Mangle blanco
Bark
Diarrhea
Yaqui
2
66
Cyperaceae
Coquillo
Tubers
Mayo
2
66
Euphorbiaceae
Seri
1
33
Euphorbiaceae
Hierba del Branches cáncer Croton, ocotillo Branches
Drink daily as drinking water Drink a cup of tea until for induce the vomit Drink the liquid as daily drinking water for the necessary days Drink daily as drinking water Use as daily drinking water Tea is used as every day drinking water Tea is used as every day drinking water
Seri
Chenopodiaceae Chamizo
The seeds are put in water Prepare a tea with the leaves Boil branches and roots in water
Guarijio, Mayo
6
100
Croton corymbulosus Engelm., (no voucher)
Euphorbiaceae
Encinilla
Leaves
Drink tea while the ache persist
Mayo
3
100
Croton fragiles H.B.K., (no voucher) Euphorbia hirta L., (04028) Euphorbia leucophylla Benth., (03792)
Euphorbiaceae
Vara blanca
Bark
Guarijio
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Picachali
Leaves
Mayo
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Golondrina
Whole plant
The infusion is drunk while diarrhea persist The tea is used as every day drinking water Tea is used as every day drinking water
Seri
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Golondrina
Roots
Seri
3
100
Euphorbiaceae
Candelilla china
Sap
Senna covesii (Gray) Irwin and Barneby, (01226) Cleome tenuis (S. Wats), (03987) Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., (00444) Chenopodium ambrosioides L., (01577) Laguncularia racemosa L. Gaertn., (02199) Cyperus esculentus L., (02519) Acalypha californica Benth., (00078) Croton alamosanum Rose, (01649)
Euphorbia misera Benth, (03660) Euphorbia plicata S. Wats, (no voucher)
Tuna de agua
Fruits
Caesalpiniaceae Bagote, retama, Leaves guacoporo and branches Caesalpiniaceae Dais, Rosa Roots María Capparidaceae
Cleome
The tea extracted from the bark is recommended Stomach-ache and Put ground tubers in diarrhea in children water Stomach and The branches are intestinal cancer macerated in hot water Stomach and The branches are intestinal cancer cut in pieces and boiled in water Stomach-ache Tea prepared from the leaves is used to alleviate stomach-ache Diarrhea Prepare a infusion with the bark Stomach-ache, diarrhea, Prepare a tea with the intestinal parasites leaves Stomach-ache Any part of the plant is effective against stomach-ache administered in the form of a tea Stomach-ache Prepare a root tea Indigestion, intestinal parasites
Some drops of sap are diluted in water
Drink tea while the ache persist The liquid is used as every day drinking water
Mayo, Yaqui 2
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Diarrhea
Parkinsonia aculeata L., (01494)
Cactaceae
33
135
(continued on next page)
136
Table 1 (continued ) Family
Local names
Parts used
Pedilanthus macrocarpus Benth., (no voucher) Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn., (00142) Koberlinia spinosa Zucc., (no voucher) Krameria erecta Willd., (02314)
Euphorbiaceae
Candelilla, candetia Otatillo
Milky sap Constipation
Krameriaceae
Corona de cristo Cosahui
Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit., (00057)
Lamiaceae
Marrubium vulgare L., (00032) Mentha spicata L., (no voucher)
Gramineae
Ailments treated
Leaves
Indigestion
Flowers
Diarrhea
Chía, konivari
Branches, stems and roots Seeds
Diarrhea, stomach and intestinal cancer Constipation, indigestion
Lamiaceae
Marrubio
Seeds
Lamiaceae
Yerba buena
Leaves and stems
Stomach-ache, intestinal parasites Stomach-ache
Monarda austromontana Epling, (02152)
Lamiaceae
Orégano
Seeds
Stomach-ache
Acacia angustissima Mill., (00217)
Mimosaseae
Guajillo, vinorama
Diarrhea, intestinal inflammation
Acacia constricta Benth., (00059)
Mimosaseae
Vinorama
Flowers, seeds, leaves, bark Leaves and seeds
Acacia farnesiana L., Willd., (01671)
Mimosaseae
Huizache, vinorama
Bark and thorns
Diarrhea
Coursetia glandulosa A. Gray, (03165)
Fabaceae
Zámota
Gum
Diarrhea
Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney, (03365)
Fabaceae
Chilicote, colorin
Seeds
Diarrhea
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill., (04262)
Fabaceae
Añil
Leaves
Constipation
Koberliniaceae
Stomach-ache, diarrhea
Preparations
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
In a cup of water add two drops of sap Prepare a tea with leaves Prepare a infusion with the flowers Prepare a tea from branch, stem or root
Drink daily to induce defecation Drink a cup of tea
Mayo
3
100
Guarijio
2
66
Seri
3
100
Mayo
3
100
The seeds are submerged in water and allowed to rest. The seeds are macerated in cold water Prepare a tea with the leaves and stems The seeds are submerged in cold water and allowed to rest. Prepare a tea with any part of the plant
The seeds and leaves are mashed and macerated in hot water Three thorns per cup of water or a piece of bark are boiled Prepare a cup of hot and concentrated tea from the gum The seeds are submerged in water and allowed to rest for some hours. A powder is prepared of the leaaves and extracted in water
Drink the tea while the diarrhea persist The tea is used as every day drinking water The infusion is drunk as normal water
Mayo, Yaqui 4
66
Mayo, Yaqui 6
100
Mayo
3
100
Guarijio
2
66
Drink while diarrhea persist
Mayo
2
66
The infusion is drunk as a tea
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Drink as substituting drinking water
Mayo
2
66
Drink a cup of tea when you have an ache and before you sleep The infusion is drunk as normal water
Pima
3
100
Seri
3
100
Drink the extract prepared with powder as laxative
Mayo
3
100
The infusion is drunk as a tea The tea is used as every day drinking water The infusion is drunk as normal water
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Botanical name and voucher specimen
Lysiloma divaricata (Jacq.) J.F. Macbride, (07212) Lysiloma watsoni Rose, (03340)
Mimosaseae
Diarrhea, stomach-ache
Prepare a tea from bark
Drink tea until problems disappear
Guarijio
3
100
Diarrhea, stomach-ache
An infusion is extracted from the bark
Guarijio
3
100
Fabaceae
Trébol agrio, trébol amargo
Stomach-ache
Prepare a tea with the branches and the flowers
Mayo, Seri
4
66
Olneya tesota A. Gray, (00271)
Fabaceae
Palo fierro
Branches and flowers, Bark
Diarrhea and stomach-ache
The bark is ground and macerated in hot water
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., (00158)
Mimosaseae
Guamúchil
Bark
Diarrhea, stomach-ache
A piece of bark is boiled in a liter of water
Yaqui
3
100
Prosopis glandulosa Torr., (01046)
Mimosaseae
Mezquite
Stems
Constipation
Mayo
2
66
Linum usitatissimum L., (no voucher)
Linaceae
Lino
Whole plant
Constipation
Drink the tea
Mayo
3
100
Lobelia laxiflora H.B.K., (01027)
Lobeliaceae
Chilpanxochitl
Roots
Intestinal parasites
Charcoal is placed in a glass of water, it is shaken, then left to rest Boiling any part of the plant produces a tea with laxatives properties The roots are infused
Drink as tea when fasting. If the pain is very strong, tea can be drunk three times, a day maximum Drink tea while the stomach-ache persist A cup of infusion is taken whenever the person feels pain, until the diarrhea has disappeared A cup of tea is given before each meal until the problem has been alleviated Drink the infusion as normal water
Melilotus indica All., (01830)
Mayo
2
66
Phorandedron californicum Nutt., (01656)
Loranthaceae
Tóji
Branches
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea with the branches
Mayo
3
100
Phorandedron diguetianum Van Tieghem, (06898)
Loranthaceae
Tóji
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea with the stem and leaves
Seri
3
100
Struthantus haenkeanus Standley, (no voucher)
Loranthaceae
Toji
Stems and leaves Stems and leaves
Drink the tea everyday until the parasites are eliminated A cup of tea is drunk three times a day Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Diarrhea
The stems and leaves are used to produce an infusion which is prescribed to treat bloody diarrhea
Seri
3
100
Mimosaseae
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
137
(continued on next page)
S.F. Moreno-Salazar et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 132–141
Mauto, quiebra Bark hacha, vara blanca Tepehuaje, Bark machahui
138
Table 1 (continued ) Family
Local names
Parts used
Ailments treated
Preparations
Modes of use
Tribal affiliation
Citations Citations (n) (%)
Mascagnia macroptera (Ses. and Moc.) Niedenzu, (no voucher) Malva parviflora L., (01823) Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray, (01001)
Malpighiaceae
Gallinita, matanene
Leaves and roots
Diarrhea
Prepare a tea with leaves and roots
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Mayo, Seri
6
100
Malvaceae
Malva
Leaves Roots
Mayo, Yaqui. Seri
83
Mal de ojo
Drink tea while inflammation persist Drink tea while diarrhea persist
5
Malvaceae
3
100
Allionia incarnata L., (03614)
Nyctaginaceae
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Seri
3
100
Fraxinus standleyi Rehder, (no voucher)
Olereaceae
Guapile, hierba Whole del golpe, plant papalote Fresno Leaves and sap
Intestinal inflammation Prepare a tea with leaves Diarrhea Prepare a tea from the foamy and drolly pulp Diarrhea Prepare a tea with the whole plant Diarrhea, constipation
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Guarijio
2
66
Fraxinus velutina Torr.,(00178)
Olereaceae
Fresno
Leaves and sap
Diarrhea, constipation
Drink tea while diarrhea persist
Guarijio
2
66
Plantago fastigiata (Morris), Jeps., (03634)
Plantaginaceae
Pastora
Seeds
Stomach-ache
Drink the water twice a day
Seri
3
66
Antigonon leptopus Hook and Arn., (00244) Potentilla thurberi Gray, (02243) Hintonia latiflora (Sesee. and Moc.) Bullock, (01916)
Polygonaceae
San miguelito
Leaves and roots
Stomach-ache
Drink tea when the ache is present
Guarijio, 8 Mayo, Yaqui
88
Rosaceae
Hierba colorada Copalquin, capichogua
Roots
Constipation, intestinal parasites Diarrhea
Drink until complete elimination of parasites Take a dose of one spoonful before each meal
Guarijio, 5 Mayo, Pima Mayo 3
55
Rubiaceae
Bark
Prepare a tea with the leaves and sap. Also the sap diluted in water is recommended Prepare a tea with the leaves and sap. Also the sap diluted in water is recommended The seeds are mixed with water and are allowed to rest half an hour. The gelatinous mass is eaten to calm the pain. It is considered very good for children Prepare a tea with the leaves and roots Prepare a infusion with roots Boil the bark in water
100
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Botanical name and voucher specimen
Solanum hindsianum Benth., (00047) Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., (00591)
Mariola
Sterculiaceae
Guázima
Flowers and roots Stem without bark
Celtis reticulata Torr., (01405)
Ulmaceae
Cúmaro
Leaves
Diarrhea
Lantana camara L., (01100) Lantana horrida H.B.K., (05133) Zostera marina L., (no voucher)
Verbenaceae
Confiturilla
Leaves
Diarrhea
Verbenaceae
Confiturilla
Roots
Diarrhea
Zosteraceae
Trigo de mar
Seeds
Diarrhea
Larrea tridentata Coville, (00118)
Zygophyllaceae Hediondilla, gobernadora
Leaves and roots
Intestinal parasites
a
These species are listed in alphabetic order by families.
Diarrhea Stomach-ache, diarrhea
Prepare a tea with the flowers and roots For diarrhea, the stem without the bark is boiled. For stomach-ache, boil the stem heart with some sugar or leave it soaking all night without boiling The leaves are mashed and put into a half liter of water, then are squeezed until water turns green Prepare a tea with the leaves Boil the roots in water Prepare a thick beverage (atole) with the seeds Prepare a tea with the leaves and roots
Drink tea while diarrhea persist For diarrhea to drink everyday. For stomach-ache, the infusion is used as daily drinking water
Seri
3
100
Guarijio
3
100
Take a spoonful before each meal
Yaqui
3
100
Drink tea while diarrhea persist Drink liquid once a day
Mayo
3
100
Mayo
2
66
Use as remedy for diarrhea in children
Seri
2
66
Drink tea as daily drinking water until the elimination of all parasites
Mayo, Seri
4
66
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Solanaceae
139
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The majority of these indigenous people are dedicated to agriculture as field laborers [1]. The Guarijio, Yaqui and Mayo mix their religious belief with the application of cures, while the Seri, Pima and Papago are more pragmatic since they only administer the remedy. Aim of study In this paper, the plants utilized by the indigenous tribes from Sonora to treat gastrointestinal diseases are reported, indicating the species of plant, common name, form of usage, parts of the plant used and the specific sickness that is treated. Previous knowledge on local folk medicine This study is complementary and part of greater work denominated Compendio Fitoquímico de la Medicina Tradicional Herbolaria de Sonora [2]. This is the only systematic study made on the medicinal plants used by these ethnic groups. Methodology Three of the most famous and reliable practitioners of traditional indigenous medicine, from each predominant ethnic group (Mayo, Yaqui, Pima, Seri, Guarijio and Papago), were chosen as informants. Interviews with these healers have helped us to determine which plants are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The questionnaire answered by each healer included several aspects such as local name of the plant, sickness treated, mode of use and part of the plant used. The plants are arranged under their particular family in alphabetical order, as well as the names of the species in each family. Plants were identified by comparison with Herbarium specimens of the Universidad de Sonora Herbarium, in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Results Reported in Table 1. Conclusions In this study, the data analysis, shows that 12 types of gastrointestinal illnesses are cured using 85 different species of plant which belong to 38 families and 68 spp., all are part of the traditional herbal medicine of Sonora. 39 species of plants are used to treat diarrhea, 28 for stomach-ache, 12 for constipation, 9 for intestinal parasites, 6 for indigestion, 3 for stomach or intestinal cancer, 3 for stomach inflammation and only 1 for the treatment of the following gastrointestinal sicknesses or disorders: ulcers, gastritis, colitis and colic. In several cases the same species of plant is used for more than one disease. Regarding the use of species per ethnic group the following was observed: Mayo used 47 species; Seri, 27; Yaqui, 13; Guarijio, 12; Pima, 5; and Papago, 3. Moreover, there are species that are used by two or more tribes, sometimes for the same or different illnesses but always related to the gastrointestinal system. Parkinsonia aculeate is recommended by both Mayo and Seri to alleviate stomach-ache, Chenopodium ambrosioides, is used for intestinal parasite elimination by the Mayo as well as the Yaqui. Ambrosia confertiflora, which Yaqui prescribes for stomach-ache, is used by Mayo for stomach inflammation. Some species listed in this article have been formerly reported as medicinal plants in other parts of the world as Krameria spp. for the treatment for stomach-ache and diarrhea [3]. Other studies report the traditional medicinal of peculiar region or ethnic group [4–8]. With this study we have started an integral program for the compilation, for the first time, of a list of plants used by the indigenous tribes of Sonora for medical purposes attesting the great utility that they represent in the life of these ethnic groups. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico (CONACYT) for the grant for this project.
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