- Email: [email protected]
Plasma Torch Reactions in the Skin*
Vol. 48, No. 5
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
Copyright
Printed in U.S.A.
1967 by The Williams & Wilkins Co.
Preliminary and Short Report PLASMA TORCH REACTIONS IN THE SKIN* LEON GOLDMAN, M.D., HERMAN SOLOMON, JR., M.D., R. J. ROCKWELL, JR., M.SC., ROBERT MEYER, ROBERT OTTEN AND ROBERT EPSTEIN
procedures. For example, the plasma cloud area
A recent development in modern industrial technology which is of interest to dermatologists is the use of plasma. Plasma, in the physical sense, is an ionized gaseous state of matter. Positive ions and free electrons are mingled with molecules. In na-
is inhomogeneous in temperature and density with
the highest intensity at the center of the cone,
ture, plasma is found about the sun and stars. In industry, plasma has been used in arcs, in studies
and varying from one radial zone to another. High magnetic and high electrical fields in the vicinity of the arc affect the transducers and thermocouples
used to study the reactions in tissue. The actual temperatures of the plasma torch are difficult to It has been used also for describing the plume of measure, and cannot be done with thermocouples, the impact of the laser on tissue (2). since a thermocouple is usually limited to measIn the plasma torch, a continued plasma is ob- uring temperatures up to 3,500° F. In our experitained by gases at tremendous velocities (up to jet ments thermocouples have been used to measure velocities of 10,000 miles per hour) passing through temperatures in tissues at a distance from the site an electric arc. Temperatures in the plasma may of direct exposure to the plasma torch. The other extend up to 60,000° F. The prcsent commercial controls that we have been able to do in these iniapplications of the plasma torch include heating, tial experiments is to list the rheostat reading, to cutting, welding, metalizing; and in chemistry, record the pressures of helium and argon, to measure the duration of contact with the plasma torch, synthesizing of new compounds. of the exhausts of rockets, and in spectroscopy (1).
and to record the width of the burn produced. Original studies on the biomedical applications of
Basic studies on the occupational hazards of the
plasma torch have been done by Speicher (3),
the plasma torch have been done by Shaw and Sheer (5), who are developing a precise cutting
Grimm (4), and Kusnetz (5). At present, with Key (6) and Powell (7), this laboratory is studying thc detailed picture of the occupational hazards of the plasma torch. These hazards include such factors as radiation, ultraviolet, visible infrared and, perhaps, Grenz rays; noise and dust hazards, especially in certain commercial operations; and the formation of oxides of nitrogen and oxygen in the air.
tool with narrow-beam width. Recently Shaw has succeeded in producing a flexible, small high output plasma torch. This can be used as an excellent prototype to develop plasma torch surgery. Our
own research and development in the plasma
torch is concerned with basic studies on thermal effects in tissues as related to impacts with plasma torch and the laser.
DEscRiPTION OF INSTRUMENTATION
Comparative studies in instrumentation in these Our present instrumentation is a model U-S torch, S-40 control, with a model TDB1A-14 preliminary series of experiments have included (Thermal Dynamics Corporation, Lebanon, New the miniature welding tool with maximum temHampshire). The gases used in this torch arc peratures of 6,300° F, the high frequency electro-
helium and argon. Special pistol-grip attachments surgical unit, and a 20-watt carbon dioxide laser have been devised by us to enable us to manipu- with wave lengths of 106,000 A in the far infrared.
late the torch more precisely. The temperature produced by this model is in the range of 20,000° F.
TEdilNIcs OF EXPOSURE
Special exposure chambers havo been devised for exposing animals to the plasma torch and for pro-
The experiments were done first on excised tissue to study the intensity of the charring effect of the plasma torch. Normal skin, nevi and seborrheic keratnses were exposed to the plasma torch and
tection of the operator. Eye protection has been obtained by colored glasses. Asbestos gloves are used to protect the hands. Exhaust hoods or ade-
were photographed. Microscopic sections were ob-
quate ventilation systems may be used. There are many parameters of this plasma torch which are very difficult to control for experimental
tained. In some tissues, half of the specimen was treated with the plasma torch and the other half with the carbon dioxide laser or electrocoagulation. In heavily keratinized tissues, only superficial char-
Received for publication November 23, 1966.
ring of the surface was observed after exposure
* From the Plasma Torch Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, UniNerslty of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Oluo. Supported in part by U. S. Public Health Service Grant No.
to the plasma torch.
In animal experiments, the plasma torch was
OH-001 18-05.
used over the shaven skin (usually abdominal) of anesthetized animals. Guinea pigs, hamsters, rab-
478
PLASMA TORCH REACTIONS IN THE SKIN
bits
479
and the miniature pig were used. In the
miniature pig, exposures were made on the flanks. Efforts were made to set up control areas adjacent
to the plasma torch by exposure to the carbon
dioxide laser and to the high frequency electrical current. Microscopic sections were made of the early lesion and also of the late lesion.
With the instrumentation available to us, the
band of charring from the plasma torch is from 5 mm to 2 cm wide. aE5ULTS AND DISCUSSION
The plasma torch reaction in animal skin and in freshly excised tissue produces a charring effect which cannot be distinguished from the ordinary heat cautery, the electrocoagulation or the impact of the carbon dioxide laser. On gross inspection,
the skin appears discolored, hut exhibits only
superficial charring. However, the burn reaction goes down deep into the underlying tissue. Efforts were made to study the temperature in the tissues adjacent to the path of the plasma torch and in deep tissues directly in the path of the plasma torch.
In one series of experiments in a hamster, the temperature of the shaven skin, 5—6 mm below the
surface, before plasma torch impact was 33° C. Thermocouple reading with the thermocouple imEm. 1. Showing plasma torch with its plasma planted at the depth indicated, at first impact and operating console; operator wearing protective was 43° C. A second impact produced a temperature of 450 C. The plasma torch was used for an gloves and also eye protection.
't.
Fic. 2. Showing deep charring effect of the plasma torch across clipped skin of the abdomen of the anesthetized hamster; immediately after impact.
480
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
tr
c.'—S.—., ••.4••• :t-.: -
-.
•
•1'
.
it..
ii FIG. 3. Microscopic section of biopsy specimen of miniature pig skin immediately after impact of carbon dioxide laser, 106,000 A, 20 watts output 1 second duration, showing separation of epidermis, coagulation necrosis and homogenization of upper dermis. Hematoxylineosin X100.
exposure time of 1/5 second with a 2-em sweep
reaction was much deeper in tissues than had been
nozzle of the torch. The console readings were 20
In superficial lesions from the plasma torch in hamsters, the burns healed. No tissue reactions
over the skin at a distance of 4 em from the suspected from the gross clinical appearance. volts and 100 amperes, rheostat at 7.
In the hamster spleen and liver, the Bovie dee-
trosurgieal instrument produces much sharper lesions without bleeding of these tissues. There was gross charring effect of the plasma torch. With the
plasma torch instrumentation available, it was
suggestive of radiation changes were found in early
or late plasma-torch lesions after several months. CONCLU5ION5
difficult to do precise impacts, especially of liver The plasma torch, using continued high temand spleen, without burning adjacent tissues. Alu- perature plasmas, produces a non-specific coagulaminum and asbestos templates were used about the tion necrosis of animal skin and freshly excised target areas to limit the plasma torch exposures. tissue of man. These changes are similar to the These were only partially successful. coagulation necrosis induced by heat burns, highMicroscopic sections showed non-specific char- frequency electrical currents, and the laser. ring effect with deep band zones of homogenization
and coagulation necrosis of tissue. Vaporization REFERENCES may cause not only "steam bubbles" in the epi1. Potter, Charles C.: personal communications. dermis but also separation of collagen fibers in 2. Goldman, Leon and Hornby, Peter: Personnel the dermis. These forms of coagulation necrosis protection from high energy lasers. Amer. Inreactions were non-specific. In the different species of animals used, the reactions varied quantitatively
dustr. Hyg. Ass. J., 26:
553, 1965.
3. Speieher, H. Wilbur: Plasma jet. Arch. Environ.
but not qualitatively. The pilosebaeeous unit of Health, (Chicago), 2: 228, 1961. the miniature pig skin appeared to show some 4. Grimm, Roger C. and Kusnetz, Howard L.: The plasma torch: Industrial hygiene aspects. resistance to the passage of the plasma torch beam. Arch. Environ. Health (Chicago), 4: 295, 1962. In guinea pig skin tattooed with blue and red pigments, the plasma torch, as would be expected, had no color selectivity as do reactions in the skin from the ruby and neodymium lasers. In general, microscopic sections showed that the plasma torch
5. Kusnetz, Howard L.: Personal communications. 6. Key, Marcus: Personal communications. 7. Powell, Chas. C.: Personal communications.
S. Shaw, Robert F. and Sheer, Chas.: Personal communications.
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
94
linolenic acid extract. Arch. This pdf is a scanned copy UV of irradiated a printed document.
24. Wynn, C. H. and Iqbal, M.: Isolation of rat
skin lysosomes and a comparison with liver Path., 80: 91, 1965. and spleen lysosomes. Biochem. J., 98: lOP, 37. Nicolaides, N.: Lipids, membranes, and the 1966.
human epidermis, p. 511, The Epidermis
Eds., Montagna, W. and Lobitz, W. C. Acascopic localization of acid phosphatase in demic Press, New York. human epidermis. J. Invest. Derm., 46: 431, 38. Wills, E. D. and Wilkinson, A. E.: Release of 1966. enzymes from lysosomes by irradiation and 26. Rowden, C.: Ultrastructural studies of kerathe relation of lipid peroxide formation to tinized epithelia of the mouse. I. Combined enzyme release. Biochem. J., 99: 657, 1966. electron microscope and cytochemical study 39. Lane, N. I. and Novikoff, A. B.: Effects of of lysosomes in mouse epidermis and esoarginine deprivation, ultraviolet radiation and X-radiation on cultured KB cells. J. phageal epithelium. J. Invest. Derm., 49: 181, 25. Olson, R. L. and Nordquist, R. E.: Ultramicro-
No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published dermal cells. Nature, 216: 1031, 1967. version of1965. the material. vest. Derm., 45: 448, 28. Hall, J. H., Smith, J. G., Jr. and Burnett, S. 41. Daniels, F., Jr. and Johnson, B. E.: In prepa1967.
Cell Biol., 27: 603, 1965.
27. Prose, P. H., Sedlis, E. and Bigelow, M.: The 40. Fukuyama, K., Epstein, W. L. and Epstein, demonstration of lysosomes in the diseased J. H.: Effect of ultraviolet light on RNA skin of infants with infantile eczema. J. Inand protein synthesis in differentiated epi-
C.: The lysosome in contact dermatitis: A ration. histochemical study. J. Invest. Derm., 49: 42. Ito, M.: Histochemical investigations of Unna's oxygen and reduction areas by means of 590, 1967. 29. Pearse, A. C. E.: p. 882, Histochemistry Theoultraviolet irradiation, Studies on Melanin, retical and Applied, 2nd ed., Churchill, London, 1960.
30. Pearse, A. C. E.: p. 910, Histacheini.stry Thearetscal and Applied, 2nd ed., Churchill, London, 1960.
31. Daniels, F., Jr., Brophy, D. and Lobitz, W. C.: Histochemical responses of human skin fol-
lowing ultraviolet irradiation. J. Invest. Derm.,37: 351, 1961.
32. Bitensky, L.: The demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing section method. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 103: 205, 1952.
33. Diengdoh, J. V.: The demonstration of lysosomes in mouse skin. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 105: 73, 1964.
34. Jarret, A., Spearman, R. I. C. and Hardy, J. A.:
Tohoku, J. Exp. Med., 65: Supplement V, 10, 1957.
43. Bitcnsky, L.: Lysosomes in normal and pathological cells, pp. 362—375, Lysasames Eds., de Reuck, A. V. S. and Cameron, M. Churchill, London, 1953.
44. Janoff, A. and Zweifach, B. W.: Production of inflammatory changes in the microcirculation by cationic proteins extracted from lysosomes. J. Exp. Med., 120: 747, 1964.
45. Herion, J. C., Spitznagel, J. K., Walker, R. I. and Zeya, H. I.: Pyrogenicity of granulocyte lysosomes. Amer. J. Physiol., 211: 693, 1966.
46. Baden, H. P. and Pearlman, C.: The effect of ultraviolet light on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the epidermis. J. Invest. Derm.,
Histochemistry of keratinization. Brit. J. 43: 71, 1964. Derm., 71: 277, 1959. 35. De Duve, C. and Wattiaux, R.: Functions of 47. Bullough, W. S. and Laurence, E. B.: Mitotic control by internal secretion: the role of lysosomes. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 28: 435, 1966. the chalone-adrenalin complex. Exp. Cell. 36. Waravdekar, V. S., Saclaw, L. D., Jones, W. A. and Kuhns, J. C.: Skin changes induced by
Res., 33: 176, 1964.
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
94
linolenic acid extract. Arch. This pdf is a scanned copy UV of irradiated a printed document.
24. Wynn, C. H. and Iqbal, M.: Isolation of rat
skin lysosomes and a comparison with liver Path., 80: 91, 1965. and spleen lysosomes. Biochem. J., 98: lOP, 37. Nicolaides, N.: Lipids, membranes, and the 1966.
human epidermis, p. 511, The Epidermis
Eds., Montagna, W. and Lobitz, W. C. Acascopic localization of acid phosphatase in demic Press, New York. human epidermis. J. Invest. Derm., 46: 431, 38. Wills, E. D. and Wilkinson, A. E.: Release of 1966. enzymes from lysosomes by irradiation and 26. Rowden, C.: Ultrastructural studies of kerathe relation of lipid peroxide formation to tinized epithelia of the mouse. I. Combined enzyme release. Biochem. J., 99: 657, 1966. electron microscope and cytochemical study 39. Lane, N. I. and Novikoff, A. B.: Effects of of lysosomes in mouse epidermis and esoarginine deprivation, ultraviolet radiation and X-radiation on cultured KB cells. J. phageal epithelium. J. Invest. Derm., 49: 181, 25. Olson, R. L. and Nordquist, R. E.: Ultramicro-
No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published dermal cells. Nature, 216: 1031, 1967. version of1965. the material. vest. Derm., 45: 448, 28. Hall, J. H., Smith, J. G., Jr. and Burnett, S. 41. Daniels, F., Jr. and Johnson, B. E.: In prepa1967.
Cell Biol., 27: 603, 1965.
27. Prose, P. H., Sedlis, E. and Bigelow, M.: The 40. Fukuyama, K., Epstein, W. L. and Epstein, demonstration of lysosomes in the diseased J. H.: Effect of ultraviolet light on RNA skin of infants with infantile eczema. J. Inand protein synthesis in differentiated epi-
C.: The lysosome in contact dermatitis: A ration. histochemical study. J. Invest. Derm., 49: 42. Ito, M.: Histochemical investigations of Unna's oxygen and reduction areas by means of 590, 1967. 29. Pearse, A. C. E.: p. 882, Histochemistry Theoultraviolet irradiation, Studies on Melanin, retical and Applied, 2nd ed., Churchill, London, 1960.
30. Pearse, A. C. E.: p. 910, Histacheini.stry Thearetscal and Applied, 2nd ed., Churchill, London, 1960.
31. Daniels, F., Jr., Brophy, D. and Lobitz, W. C.: Histochemical responses of human skin fol-
lowing ultraviolet irradiation. J. Invest. Derm.,37: 351, 1961.
32. Bitensky, L.: The demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing section method. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 103: 205, 1952.
33. Diengdoh, J. V.: The demonstration of lysosomes in mouse skin. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 105: 73, 1964.
34. Jarret, A., Spearman, R. I. C. and Hardy, J. A.:
Tohoku, J. Exp. Med., 65: Supplement V, 10, 1957.
43. Bitcnsky, L.: Lysosomes in normal and pathological cells, pp. 362—375, Lysasames Eds., de Reuck, A. V. S. and Cameron, M. Churchill, London, 1953.
44. Janoff, A. and Zweifach, B. W.: Production of inflammatory changes in the microcirculation by cationic proteins extracted from lysosomes. J. Exp. Med., 120: 747, 1964.
45. Herion, J. C., Spitznagel, J. K., Walker, R. I. and Zeya, H. I.: Pyrogenicity of granulocyte lysosomes. Amer. J. Physiol., 211: 693, 1966.
46. Baden, H. P. and Pearlman, C.: The effect of ultraviolet light on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the epidermis. J. Invest. Derm.,
Histochemistry of keratinization. Brit. J. 43: 71, 1964. Derm., 71: 277, 1959. 35. De Duve, C. and Wattiaux, R.: Functions of 47. Bullough, W. S. and Laurence, E. B.: Mitotic control by internal secretion: the role of lysosomes. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 28: 435, 1966. the chalone-adrenalin complex. Exp. Cell. 36. Waravdekar, V. S., Saclaw, L. D., Jones, W. A. and Kuhns, J. C.: Skin changes induced by
Res., 33: 176, 1964.
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
Copyright
Printed in U.S.A.
1967 by The Williams & Wilkins Co.
Preliminary and Short Report PLASMA TORCH REACTIONS IN THE SKIN* LEON GOLDMAN, M.D., HERMAN SOLOMON, JR., M.D., R. J. ROCKWELL, JR., M.SC., ROBERT MEYER, ROBERT OTTEN AND ROBERT EPSTEIN
procedures. For example, the plasma cloud area
A recent development in modern industrial technology which is of interest to dermatologists is the use of plasma. Plasma, in the physical sense, is an ionized gaseous state of matter. Positive ions and free electrons are mingled with molecules. In na-
is inhomogeneous in temperature and density with
the highest intensity at the center of the cone,
ture, plasma is found about the sun and stars. In industry, plasma has been used in arcs, in studies
and varying from one radial zone to another. High magnetic and high electrical fields in the vicinity of the arc affect the transducers and thermocouples
used to study the reactions in tissue. The actual temperatures of the plasma torch are difficult to It has been used also for describing the plume of measure, and cannot be done with thermocouples, the impact of the laser on tissue (2). since a thermocouple is usually limited to measIn the plasma torch, a continued plasma is ob- uring temperatures up to 3,500° F. In our experitained by gases at tremendous velocities (up to jet ments thermocouples have been used to measure velocities of 10,000 miles per hour) passing through temperatures in tissues at a distance from the site an electric arc. Temperatures in the plasma may of direct exposure to the plasma torch. The other extend up to 60,000° F. The prcsent commercial controls that we have been able to do in these iniapplications of the plasma torch include heating, tial experiments is to list the rheostat reading, to cutting, welding, metalizing; and in chemistry, record the pressures of helium and argon, to measure the duration of contact with the plasma torch, synthesizing of new compounds. of the exhausts of rockets, and in spectroscopy (1).
and to record the width of the burn produced. Original studies on the biomedical applications of
Basic studies on the occupational hazards of the
plasma torch have been done by Speicher (3),
the plasma torch have been done by Shaw and Sheer (5), who are developing a precise cutting
Grimm (4), and Kusnetz (5). At present, with Key (6) and Powell (7), this laboratory is studying thc detailed picture of the occupational hazards of the plasma torch. These hazards include such factors as radiation, ultraviolet, visible infrared and, perhaps, Grenz rays; noise and dust hazards, especially in certain commercial operations; and the formation of oxides of nitrogen and oxygen in the air.
tool with narrow-beam width. Recently Shaw has succeeded in producing a flexible, small high output plasma torch. This can be used as an excellent prototype to develop plasma torch surgery. Our
own research and development in the plasma
torch is concerned with basic studies on thermal effects in tissues as related to impacts with plasma torch and the laser.
DEscRiPTION OF INSTRUMENTATION
Comparative studies in instrumentation in these Our present instrumentation is a model U-S torch, S-40 control, with a model TDB1A-14 preliminary series of experiments have included (Thermal Dynamics Corporation, Lebanon, New the miniature welding tool with maximum temHampshire). The gases used in this torch arc peratures of 6,300° F, the high frequency electro-
helium and argon. Special pistol-grip attachments surgical unit, and a 20-watt carbon dioxide laser have been devised by us to enable us to manipu- with wave lengths of 106,000 A in the far infrared.
late the torch more precisely. The temperature produced by this model is in the range of 20,000° F.
TEdilNIcs OF EXPOSURE
Special exposure chambers havo been devised for exposing animals to the plasma torch and for pro-
The experiments were done first on excised tissue to study the intensity of the charring effect of the plasma torch. Normal skin, nevi and seborrheic keratnses were exposed to the plasma torch and
tection of the operator. Eye protection has been obtained by colored glasses. Asbestos gloves are used to protect the hands. Exhaust hoods or ade-
were photographed. Microscopic sections were ob-
quate ventilation systems may be used. There are many parameters of this plasma torch which are very difficult to control for experimental
tained. In some tissues, half of the specimen was treated with the plasma torch and the other half with the carbon dioxide laser or electrocoagulation. In heavily keratinized tissues, only superficial char-
Received for publication November 23, 1966.
ring of the surface was observed after exposure
* From the Plasma Torch Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, UniNerslty of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Oluo. Supported in part by U. S. Public Health Service Grant No.
to the plasma torch.
In animal experiments, the plasma torch was
OH-001 18-05.
used over the shaven skin (usually abdominal) of anesthetized animals. Guinea pigs, hamsters, rab-
478
PLASMA TORCH REACTIONS IN THE SKIN
bits
479
and the miniature pig were used. In the
miniature pig, exposures were made on the flanks. Efforts were made to set up control areas adjacent
to the plasma torch by exposure to the carbon
dioxide laser and to the high frequency electrical current. Microscopic sections were made of the early lesion and also of the late lesion.
With the instrumentation available to us, the
band of charring from the plasma torch is from 5 mm to 2 cm wide. aE5ULTS AND DISCUSSION
The plasma torch reaction in animal skin and in freshly excised tissue produces a charring effect which cannot be distinguished from the ordinary heat cautery, the electrocoagulation or the impact of the carbon dioxide laser. On gross inspection,
the skin appears discolored, hut exhibits only
superficial charring. However, the burn reaction goes down deep into the underlying tissue. Efforts were made to study the temperature in the tissues adjacent to the path of the plasma torch and in deep tissues directly in the path of the plasma torch.
In one series of experiments in a hamster, the temperature of the shaven skin, 5—6 mm below the
surface, before plasma torch impact was 33° C. Thermocouple reading with the thermocouple imEm. 1. Showing plasma torch with its plasma planted at the depth indicated, at first impact and operating console; operator wearing protective was 43° C. A second impact produced a temperature of 450 C. The plasma torch was used for an gloves and also eye protection.
't.
Fic. 2. Showing deep charring effect of the plasma torch across clipped skin of the abdomen of the anesthetized hamster; immediately after impact.
480
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
tr
c.'—S.—., ••.4••• :t-.: -
-.
•
•1'
.
it..
ii FIG. 3. Microscopic section of biopsy specimen of miniature pig skin immediately after impact of carbon dioxide laser, 106,000 A, 20 watts output 1 second duration, showing separation of epidermis, coagulation necrosis and homogenization of upper dermis. Hematoxylineosin X100.
exposure time of 1/5 second with a 2-em sweep
reaction was much deeper in tissues than had been
nozzle of the torch. The console readings were 20
In superficial lesions from the plasma torch in hamsters, the burns healed. No tissue reactions
over the skin at a distance of 4 em from the suspected from the gross clinical appearance. volts and 100 amperes, rheostat at 7.
In the hamster spleen and liver, the Bovie dee-
trosurgieal instrument produces much sharper lesions without bleeding of these tissues. There was gross charring effect of the plasma torch. With the
plasma torch instrumentation available, it was
suggestive of radiation changes were found in early
or late plasma-torch lesions after several months. CONCLU5ION5
difficult to do precise impacts, especially of liver The plasma torch, using continued high temand spleen, without burning adjacent tissues. Alu- perature plasmas, produces a non-specific coagulaminum and asbestos templates were used about the tion necrosis of animal skin and freshly excised target areas to limit the plasma torch exposures. tissue of man. These changes are similar to the These were only partially successful. coagulation necrosis induced by heat burns, highMicroscopic sections showed non-specific char- frequency electrical currents, and the laser. ring effect with deep band zones of homogenization
and coagulation necrosis of tissue. Vaporization REFERENCES may cause not only "steam bubbles" in the epi1. Potter, Charles C.: personal communications. dermis but also separation of collagen fibers in 2. Goldman, Leon and Hornby, Peter: Personnel the dermis. These forms of coagulation necrosis protection from high energy lasers. Amer. Inreactions were non-specific. In the different species of animals used, the reactions varied quantitatively
dustr. Hyg. Ass. J., 26:
553, 1965.
3. Speieher, H. Wilbur: Plasma jet. Arch. Environ.
but not qualitatively. The pilosebaeeous unit of Health, (Chicago), 2: 228, 1961. the miniature pig skin appeared to show some 4. Grimm, Roger C. and Kusnetz, Howard L.: The plasma torch: Industrial hygiene aspects. resistance to the passage of the plasma torch beam. Arch. Environ. Health (Chicago), 4: 295, 1962. In guinea pig skin tattooed with blue and red pigments, the plasma torch, as would be expected, had no color selectivity as do reactions in the skin from the ruby and neodymium lasers. In general, microscopic sections showed that the plasma torch
5. Kusnetz, Howard L.: Personal communications. 6. Key, Marcus: Personal communications. 7. Powell, Chas. C.: Personal communications.
S. Shaw, Robert F. and Sheer, Chas.: Personal communications.
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY
94
linolenic acid extract. Arch. This pdf is a scanned copy UV of irradiated a printed document.
24. Wynn, C. H. and Iqbal, M.: Isolation of rat
skin lysosomes and a comparison with liver Path., 80: 91, 1965. and spleen lysosomes. Biochem. J., 98: lOP, 37. Nicolaides, N.: Lipids, membranes, and the 1966.
human epidermis, p. 511, The Epidermis
Eds., Montagna, W. and Lobitz, W. C. Acascopic localization of acid phosphatase in demic Press, New York. human epidermis. J. Invest. Derm., 46: 431, 38. Wills, E. D. and Wilkinson, A. E.: Release of 1966. enzymes from lysosomes by irradiation and 26. Rowden, C.: Ultrastructural studies of kerathe relation of lipid peroxide formation to tinized epithelia of the mouse. I. Combined enzyme release. Biochem. J., 99: 657, 1966. electron microscope and cytochemical study 39. Lane, N. I. and Novikoff, A. B.: Effects of of lysosomes in mouse epidermis and esoarginine deprivation, ultraviolet radiation and X-radiation on cultured KB cells. J. phageal epithelium. J. Invest. Derm., 49: 181, 25. Olson, R. L. and Nordquist, R. E.: Ultramicro-
No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published dermal cells. Nature, 216: 1031, 1967. version of1965. the material. vest. Derm., 45: 448, 28. Hall, J. H., Smith, J. G., Jr. and Burnett, S. 41. Daniels, F., Jr. and Johnson, B. E.: In prepa1967.
Cell Biol., 27: 603, 1965.
27. Prose, P. H., Sedlis, E. and Bigelow, M.: The 40. Fukuyama, K., Epstein, W. L. and Epstein, demonstration of lysosomes in the diseased J. H.: Effect of ultraviolet light on RNA skin of infants with infantile eczema. J. Inand protein synthesis in differentiated epi-
C.: The lysosome in contact dermatitis: A ration. histochemical study. J. Invest. Derm., 49: 42. Ito, M.: Histochemical investigations of Unna's oxygen and reduction areas by means of 590, 1967. 29. Pearse, A. C. E.: p. 882, Histochemistry Theoultraviolet irradiation, Studies on Melanin, retical and Applied, 2nd ed., Churchill, London, 1960.
30. Pearse, A. C. E.: p. 910, Histacheini.stry Thearetscal and Applied, 2nd ed., Churchill, London, 1960.
31. Daniels, F., Jr., Brophy, D. and Lobitz, W. C.: Histochemical responses of human skin fol-
lowing ultraviolet irradiation. J. Invest. Derm.,37: 351, 1961.
32. Bitensky, L.: The demonstration of lysosomes by the controlled temperature freezing section method. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 103: 205, 1952.
33. Diengdoh, J. V.: The demonstration of lysosomes in mouse skin. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 105: 73, 1964.
34. Jarret, A., Spearman, R. I. C. and Hardy, J. A.:
Tohoku, J. Exp. Med., 65: Supplement V, 10, 1957.
43. Bitcnsky, L.: Lysosomes in normal and pathological cells, pp. 362—375, Lysasames Eds., de Reuck, A. V. S. and Cameron, M. Churchill, London, 1953.
44. Janoff, A. and Zweifach, B. W.: Production of inflammatory changes in the microcirculation by cationic proteins extracted from lysosomes. J. Exp. Med., 120: 747, 1964.
45. Herion, J. C., Spitznagel, J. K., Walker, R. I. and Zeya, H. I.: Pyrogenicity of granulocyte lysosomes. Amer. J. Physiol., 211: 693, 1966.
46. Baden, H. P. and Pearlman, C.: The effect of ultraviolet light on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the epidermis. J. Invest. Derm.,
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Res., 33: 176, 1964.