Policy, entrepreneurship, creativity and sustainability: The case of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) in Apulia Region (southern Italy)

Accepted Manuscript Policy, entrepreneurship, creativity and sustainability: The case of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) in Apulia Region (southern Italy) Caterina De Lucia, Pasquale Balena, Maria Rossella Stufano Melone, Dino Borri PII:

S0959-6526(16)30745-4

DOI:

10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.068

Reference:

JCLP 7439

To appear in:

Journal of Cleaner Production

Received Date: 1 September 2015 Revised Date:

31 May 2016

Accepted Date: 11 June 2016

Please cite this article as: De Lucia C, Balena P, Stufano Melone MR, Borri D, Policy, entrepreneurship, creativity and sustainability: The case of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) in Apulia Region (southern Italy), Journal of Cleaner Production (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.068. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Policy, entrepreneurship, creativity and sustainability: The case of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) in Apulia Region (Southern Italy)

Caterina De Lucia1*, Pasquale Balena2, Maria Rossella Stufano Melone2, Dino Borri2 1

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Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Largo Papa Giovanni Paolo II, n.1, 71100 Foggia, Italy

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Department of Civil, Environmental, Territory Planning, Construction Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy

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Corresponding author: Tel: +390881781813. Fax: +390881781771. Email: [email protected]

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1. Introduction Since the Club of Rome in the 1970s, the international scientific community and policy makers at all level of governance have recognised the importance of implementing sustainable paths to the development of nations and foster well being across generations. In view of a rising global population, economic growth processes by developing economies

options for a sustainable future (Bocken et al. 2014).

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associated to exploitation of resource use and environmental impacts are compromising

The acceleration of climate and energy related issues at global scale have shifted, over the last decades, governments’ attention towards innovative and environmentally friendly

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solutions within the globalised markets. Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current sustainability agenda. A holistic approach is required to tackle the challenges of a sustainable future and many innovative approaches

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may contribute to reach sustainability goals. This view is necessary to reduce the inequality gap across and within nations and generations.

The current financial crisis has pushed governments to re-shaping their developments goals within and outside their domestic economies. Governments are nowadays in search of viable and alternative solutions to the stagnation of markets.

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Education, propensity to sustainability issues, and creative skills are relevant to governments to foster sustainable development initiatives. These initiatives require a certain process to translate new ideas into real world systems. Challenging traditional curricula and habits to enhance new disciplines and production processes is the key to sustainability (Lozano, 2014;

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Lozano et al. 2015; Chin and Jacobsson, 2015). Adequate governmental policies are needed to encourage appropriate responses of the system under challenge (Suryawanshi and

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Narkhede, 2015), and to assist with educational transformations (Holm et al. 2015; Beynaghi et al. 2016).

These transformations, through innovation, require a shift also in terms of business opportunities for sustainability (Bocken et al. 2014; Schaltegger and Ludeke-Freund, 2012). The shift should be seen through rethinking the perceptions of value and the creation of new values (Stubbs and Cocklin, 2008). Often, it seems difficult for researchers and practitioners to gain an overview of what science offers (in the different knowledge domain) as the ‘status quo’ for the ‘innovation for sustainability’ is offered by the formalised categorisation of business model innovations (Bocken et al. 2014). These models generally embed sustainability issues into existing industrial processes. Alternatives to these models are the use of ontologies: a powerful tool to share knowledge across society (Rabino et al. 2014). 1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Creativity needs constraints and rules to apply techniques that can enhance its own power and efficacy. Through creative or productive thinking evolution of the intellectual abilities takes place and favours the effectiveness of a continuous knowledge construction to help society with the acceptance of sustainability and creativity practises. What roles can national and EU governments play to accelerate society towards the

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attainments of sustainability goals? What if these roles are coordinated but not integrated? (Ashford, 2004; Kuzemko et al. 2016).

At EU level, the current EU Structural Funds mechanism aims at reaching convergence across member states and helps lagging behind regions to close the gap with their European

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partners. The convergence’s aim is at the heart of the Italian regulation to encourage young generations to set up entrepreneurial activities. Among these activities, there exists particular attention for sustainable development issues, sustainable tourism, sustainable rural and urban

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development, valorisation of cultural and artistic heritage, innovation and network economy, quality of life and sustainable education at sub-national level.

In particular, Apulia Region in Southern Italy, has launched in 2008 the ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative, the first regional competition for new ideas in the above fields involving the active participation of young people to the development of the territory.

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The main aim of the ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative is to help young entrepreneurs who pass the competition, to translate their projects into real-world enterprises. In the actual scenario of economic crisis, the ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative represents a potential to increase employment opportunities among young generations. It

implementation.

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represents an example to shape creativity in all its forms, from ideas to actual

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The main aims of the present work are to study: i) On the demand side, how creativity relates to sustainability through entrepreneurship. To reach this aim we employ a cluster analysis and a network meta-analysis approach to determine the existence of latent relationships between creativity and sustainability within the project proposals submitted to ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’). ii) To understand, on the demand side, what are the main factors affecting the allocation of regional funding for young entrepreneurs; and iii) To determine, on the supply side, to what extent creativity and sustainability proposals influence the outcome of the selection process. To reach aims ii) and iii) we use a probabilistic model to infer data on the probability of project proposals to be admitted to regional funding. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 attempts to review the link between creativity and sustainability and emphasises the contribution of entrepreneurship to this debate; also, 2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT this section offers some insights from the policy maker’s point of view. Section 3 illustrates the case of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) and the data; Section 4 describes the methodology employed in this work such as the cluster analysis, network meta-analysis and inferential statistics. Section 5 shows the obtained results; and finally, section 6 discusses the

2. Literature background

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results and concludes the work.

Abstract thinking and creativity can be two of the most powerful and useful ways in which humans overcome ignorance and regain awareness by generating and institutionalizing new

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mental models for sustainability (Lozano, 2014).

There is no exact definition of creativity. It is an intangible concept (e.g. intellectual property, skill, way of acting) and applicable to any domain concerning forms of production (e.g.

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design, literature, music, industrial production). Creativity is the ability to come up with ideas or artefacts that are new, surprising and valuable. In exploratory creativity, the ‘countryside’ or, in general, the territorial context is a way of thinking. In this respect, the case of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’), based on a regional and territorial context, finds a motivation. The most interesting cases of creativity involve someone having conceptual spaces in mind,

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their possible transformations and thinking something which could not have been thought before (Boden, 2004; Minsky, 2006; Ritchie, 2012). The attempt to define the essence of creativity consists in having a strong intuition for what is interesting, using it recursively, applying it to a meta-level and changing it accordingly (Hofstadter, 1995).

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Creativity can also be considered as the action of producing something novel and appropriate (for example a theory, method, or technology) that involves knowledge (meme) transfer

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throughout organizations and society. The existence of a creative mental model, that may or may not be conflicting, suggests holistic solutions (Edwards-Schachtera et al. 2015). At aggregate level, these solutions lead to innovation. If innovation is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization, then ‘creativity is the seed of innovation’ (Joo et al. 2013, pp. 394). Creativity, however, is not a sufficient condition to determine innovation. Innovation depends on the discovery of new matches: knowledge domains form a vast ‘space’ and create deep analogies. A scientific problem can be illuminated by discovering a deep analogy as well as a daily problem. An essential concept in fostering innovative technical responses is that of ‘design space.’ This is particularly attractive in industrial economies where organizations limit themselves to current or

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT traditional strategies or agendas, and therefore the ‘use’ of the available design space is onesided. Creativity can also be considered as a particular attitude towards a non-conventional transformation of reality. The latter is represented as a memory affected by contexts, environments, learning processes, landmarks, and life choices. This transformation process,

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on the other hand, cannot survive without the intimate mechanism of intuitive elaboration to activate intentions (Stufano Melone et al. 2012). Creativity and the consequent transformations of a society cannot be adopted unless wide acceptance is involved through growth processes (Csikszentmihalyi, 2004). Creativity is then ‘institutionalized’ such that it

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becomes part of the culture of that organization or institution (Greffe, 2016). Should creativity also be sustainable?

Sustainable policy agendas mainly focus on technological changes that alter the ways goods

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and services are currently provided (Ashford, 2004). Often, lacks of coordination, policy design and implementation affect the socio-technical transitions to sustainability (Kuzemko et al. 2016) and the preservation of creativity. A sustainable creativity involves a learning process through a dynamic context. To activate a mechanism of knowledge transfer across individuals and/or members of a society what is novel should become achievable. In a well

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organized society this leads to a virtuous loop: long term policies, aiming at favoring novelty and innovation through education, follow creativity’s needs of their own members. To address sustainability issues requires an extremely broad list of possible enquiries related to policy analysis and design: without adequate policy supports both analysis and design

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activities falter (Ashford, 2008). Many creativity practitioners and consulting firms have expanded their repertoires far beyond single or even multiple creative-thinking enhancement

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techniques. Current research on creativity is leading to new theories and methods, greatly contributing to improve designers’ knowledge and creativity (Rabino et al. 2014). The important link between creativity and sustainability is supported by two concepts: (i) innovation, driven by research, which is necessary to change social and productive systems and challenge extreme complexity of the ecological system; and (ii) education for sustainable development which is important through continued learning and training processes. To address the first issue, we can argue that at first glance, the real place where innovation generally takes place is business, the leading dominion where innovation is researched and wanted because the creative logic value makes the difference, creates wealth (Phelps, 2013). Lately, innovation does not increase the commercial performance of the business, the material wealth. Rather, it is seen as the source of creation of the immaterial type of wealth, 4

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT in the form of wellbeing and happiness (Swann, 2014). Under this view, innovation creates, construct. Does entrepreneurship play a key role to relate creativity to sustainability? Hall et al. (2010)’s Panacea hypothesis recognizes the need for research in sustainable development and entrepreneurship and call for an attentive debate on the extent to which new entrepreneurs

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face today’s transformations of the economy. Similarly, Porter and Kramer (2011) argue that entrepreneurship would remain active and competitive in the globalised world through the creation of sustainable innovation initiatives. Bocken et al (2014) argue that the re-definition of business models with sustainable practices can contribute to support the creation and the

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market’s survival of current and future enterprises.

However, to recognize sustainable development and entrepreneurs’ creativity as opportunities to business, interpersonal skills should adapt to the requirements of the stakeholders.

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Education and skilled expertise are the keys for creativity (Karakas et al. 2015; Pecheanu and Tudorie, 2015; Sokol et al. 2015). These expertise include memory for factual knowledge, technical proficiency, and special talents in the target work domain (Amabile, 1996). Constant learning helps changing mental models and behaviours. It copes with the transformation of creative ideas from individuals to society where new theories,

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methodologies and tools are developed to challenge the status quo and ‘increase the number of explored and integrated knowledge’ (Miron-Spektor and Beenen, 2015, pp. 63). Lans et al. (2014) use a survey approach for students and teachers to study the competences needed for a sustainable entrepreneurship and determine what higher education can do to achieve these

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competences and meet the needs for sustainable markets. Laužikas and Mokšeckienė (2013) review current curricula in higher education for sustainability and creativity and emphasise

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the recent proliferation of courses, particularly postgraduate studies, across top universities worldwide. Janků and Růžena (2015) use a survey based approach to former students graduated in a master course of creativity and innovation during the academic year 2007/2008 at the Universities of the Czech Republic. The authors assert that the course fosters students’ flexibility and originality of thought and increases the speed in the originality of thinking. Most interviewees are now employed in management and business fields. Finally, what roles play institutions to promote creativity and sustainability? According to Stubbs (2014), the US institutions support creative ideas through public funding and a series of public spending initiatives such as tax incentives to help entrepreneurs in their start up processes; also, many US governments leave individuals the freedom to create new processes 5

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT and/or products at home and let the private sector intervene to start the competition phase. Lately, the EU attention to support creativity has increased. With the Communication of the 5th of May 2007 (European Commission, 2007), the EU launched an agenda for culture in a globalising word which, in 2010, has put the basis for the Green Paper on the potential of cultural and creative industries (European Commission, 2010a) and the European Agenda for

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Culture (European Commission, 2010b). Still in 2010, the EU has called for EUROPE 2020, a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth (European Commission, 2010c) to develop new markets and re-shape Europe’s competitiveness worldwide. These policy indications are the seeds for ‘creativity in education,[...] management and strengthening

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entrepreneurship, sustainable development of social and economic investments, [...] creating jobs and increasing the attractiveness of cities’ (Laužikas and Mokšeckienė, 2013, pp. 11).

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3. The ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative

In 2008, the Apulia Region launched the ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative, the first regional competition for new ideas in three macro-themes such as knowledge economy and innovation (e.g. product and process innovation, media and communication, web technologies), social inclusion and active citizens’ participation (e.g. quality of life, civic

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engagement, job access, learning, sport and recreational activities, racial and social marginalization protection), conservation and preservation of the territory (e.g. sustainable development, tourism, urban and rural development, preservation of cultural, artistic and environmental heritage). The regional initiative involves the participation of young

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entrepreneurs (aged between 18 and 32) to contribute to the development of the territory. The main aim of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) is to help young entrepreneurs to translate

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their ideas into real-world businesses. Three editions of the competition have been held in 2008, 2010 and 2012 respectively and have seen the participation of 6,178 projects, of which about 770 have received funding for a total of 19,4 Million Euros. The funding (25,000 Euros per project) is granted in full to support the start-up process (which lasts for three years) of the newborn businesses.

3.1 Data We focus our analysis to the 2010 edition which is currently available from the regional authority. The database consists of a total of 2,149 applications. We received the following information: Identification number and project title, project keywords, number of projects approved, number of participants which have been granted a regional scholarship for post6

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT graduate studies in the years prior to the call of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’), sex, number, age, education level, and employment/unemployment status of participants. At the completion of the submission process, each project has been judged by an ad-hoc scientific committee appointed by the Youth Policy Department of Apulia Region and formed by twelve members with expertise in the following fields: Education (two teachers

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specialised in e-learning and communication studies and social and health policies), higher education (six professors from the Technical University of Bari and the Universities of Bari and Lecce in the following areas: marketing and management of medium size enterprises, business planning and project financing, innovation, computer science, renewable energy,

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international trade, regional and urban economics, climate change), independent consultants (an international architect specialised in bio-climatic projects and green buildings), editorial system (a writer), NGOs (one representative in the area of the third sector), and regional

specialised in innovation and start-ups).

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agencies (one economist from the Apulia Region Agency for Technology and Innovation

Applications have been selected on the basis of the following criteria: Résumés of the participants and suitability of résumés with the aim(s) of their project proposal (0-25 points); knowledge of territorial context (e.g. in terms of needs, trends, demand and supply, swot

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analysis; 0-20 points); suitability of the project (e.g. clear definition of the aims and objectives, presence of performance indicators, congruity between inputs, management and foreseen activities; 0-40 points); expected results (e.g. capacity of the project to effectively reach the stated aims and objective; 0-40 points); degree of innovation (e.g. the degree of

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innovation in relation to the state of art, territorial context, and targeted market; 0-25 points); contribution to the regional development (e.g. capacity of the project to contribute to the

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local/regional sustainable development; 0-25 points); follow-up (e.g. perspectives of the project and degree of development of the start-up in the long run; 0-25 points). A total of 201 projects were declared admissible to receive funding. In our computations below (section 3.4) we have dropped 9 observations consisting of 6 defective and 3 withdrawn projects among those declared admissible for funding. Missing observations have also been dropped from the education variable. Our final sample consists of 1,978 observations in total.

4. Methods This section describes the methodology employed in our work. To analyse how creativity relates to sustainability through entrepreneurship we investigate, through a cluster analysis approach, the projects’ titles; and through a network meta-analysis the projects’ keywords. 7

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Both projects’ titles and keywords are left in Italian language. Finally, we analyse the demand and supply side factors that influence the probability of success of a project proposal with the use of a stochastic model.

4.1 Cluster analysis

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Being the projects’ titles unstructured data (natural language text), we employ text mining methods (Baharudin et al. 2010) and in particular natural language processing (NLP) to determine the existence of direct and latent topics and their potential relationships.

We use RapidMiner software to implement the NLP to the projects’ titles. The NLP consists

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of the following processes: i) The information retrieval (IR) collects all information related to each individual proposal in the database; ii) The information extraction (IE) cleans up the projects’ titles from the terms of minor relevance, leaving those ones significant for the

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implementation of the cluster analysis. In particular, the IR procedure follows the steps as described in Tanu Verma and Deepti (2014): a) Tokenize which allows to isolate every single word (token) from the others; b) Stopwords which removes from the projects’ titles all negligible terms listed in the stopwords dictionary; and c) Stemming which allows to reduce the number of terms with the same root in a single token. iii) The information mining (IM

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including cluster analysis) computes the absolute and relative frequencies of each extracted term in each document and determines potential relationships across the projects’ titles. Table 1 illustrates the top 20 terms extracted from the projects’ titles and ordered according

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[Table 1 here]

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to their frequency. We consider the first 10 terms as a cut-off point (van Hage et al. 2004).

The cluster analysis splits dominant topics into classes. We employ a hierarchical-type approach based on Jaccard’s (1912) similarity coefficient and obtain a dendrogram of 8 classes.

4.2 Network meta-analysis As mentioned in section 2, creativity does not have yet a clear definition. Often, creativity is associated to domains such as: Art, culture, festival, events, architecture, and/or design. Nowadays, internet search engines such as ‘google scholar’ or others as ‘google insights for search’ and ‘google trends’ are used by institutions and the scientific community in combination with other quantitative tools (Bank of England, 2011; Preis et al. 2013). We 8

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT explore, with the use of google scholar, how internet search data can be used to enhance the understanding of creativity. In particular, we find that the keyword ‘creativity’ is associated to a number of other domains (see Table 2).

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[Table 2 here]

[Table 3 here]

This prompted us to examine the performance of keywords to our case study. Applicants to

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the call of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) had the possibility to indicate, in their application form, up to three keywords (chosen among the 45 ones stated in the application form) to better address the topic of their business idea to the decision maker. We use these

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keywords (see Table 3) to retrieve additional information relative to the existence of latent relationships between creativity and sustainability. To this end, we adopt a network metaanalysis (NMA). NMA is largely used in medical research (Lin et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2015; Wuxiang et al. 2016). Recent applications also embrace an NMA approach in business research (Batajargal, 2010; Brink, 2011; Rauch, 2016).

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We employ the Fruchterman-Reingold (1991) algorithm already used in literature (Bhavnani, 2010). The algorithm simulates the physical law of particles in which the nodes represents the force and the edges represent the springs between the nodes (Figure 1). We use the software

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[Figure 1 here]

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Gephi v. 0.9.

4.3 Inferential analysis

We employ inferential analysis to investigate the demand and supply side factors that influence the probability of success of a project proposal. More specifically, on the supply side, we focus on understanding whether the existence of creative and sustainable business ideas may affect the outcome of the selection of project proposals. There is an increasing body of literature on the allocation of external sources for start-ups (Santamaría et al. 2010; Nofsinger and Wang, 2011). This also includes funding allocation for research projects in environmental sciences (Wellington and Lewis, 2016) and creativity (Feder and Katz-Gerro, 2012; Schnädelbach et al. 2016). 9

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT For the purpose of our case study, we employ a logistic regression model. Logistic regression models (or logit models) are generally used to test the relationship occurring between a categorical variable (e.g. a variables that takes the value 0 or 1 if a given event occurs) and one or more categorical or continuous predictor variables. A logit regression assumes an Sshaped curve and makes it difficult to estimate the parameters with the use of an Ordinary

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Least Square (OLS) procedure because of the existence of non-linear extreme values and an error term which is not normally distributed and not constant across data (Peng et al. 2001). A linear transformation is applied to the dependent variable to overcome this problem. This transformation predicts the logit of the dependent variable from a set of predictors. Logit

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models are based on the assumption of independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) condition. This assumption states that the choice or membership in one category is exclusive. The parameters of the logit model are generally estimated through Maximum Likelihood

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estimator (MLE), where the likelihood function for discrete values is defined in terms of the probability that that particular value is realised (Myung, 2003).

[Table 4 here]

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Table 4 describes the full set of variables of our probability model and Table A2 summarises main descriptive statistics. The explanatory variables include six attributes of the applicant. ‘Age’, ‘Females’ and ‘Education’ control for an average age of the group of participants, the number of females within the group and a weighted education variable of the group (to

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control unobservable entrepreneurial talent of the entire group), respectively. In addition to the latter, ‘Grant’ controls for the number of people in the group having previously been

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awarded a post-graduate grant. Audretsch (2013) argues the importance of these demographic variables on the probability of success to get funding at the start-up process. In addition, a recent study by Smith (2014) finds a positive relationship between public funding and the size of the social network of an entrepreneur. Inspired by this work, we use the group size of the participants as a proxy to succeed in the selection process of the regional funding. The regional initiative of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) is one of the national winners of the European Enterprise Promotion Award (EEPA). One of the main objectives of the EEPA is unemployment reduction through the creation of young businesses. For the purpose of our study, we expect that the higher the number of unemployed people in the group, the higher the probability of the project proposal to pass the selection. Therefore, in

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT our case study ‘Unemployment’ represents the number of unemployed people in the group of participants. In addition, to analyse whether there is the tendency of the regional institution to allocate funds for a particular field or sector, the model includes the dummy variables for projects related to the keywords shown in Table 3. Finally, to assess whether the effect of an

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evaluation criteria on the success of the proposed projects is mediated by ‘creative’ business ideas we construct ad-hoc interactions terms that are the product of ‘Art and culture’ by each of the evaluation criteria such as ‘Context’, ‘Suitability’, ‘Efficacy’, ‘CV’, ‘Innovation’, ‘Development’, and ‘Follow-up’. Similarly, we obtain the interaction terms between

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‘Sustainable development’ and each of the evaluation criteria.

5. Findings

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Figure 2 shows the results obtained from the cluster analysis. We can argue the existence of the following classes among the projects’ titles: Communication (red); Art and sustainability (blue); Web (dark green); Apulian products (pink); Services to citizens (light gree); Territorial network system (brown); School and theatre (mustard); Health (ochres); Social

[Figure 2 here]

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integration (purple); and Youth (pine green).

The results obtained above are strengthened by those ones from the NMA approach (Figure

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1). We find 5,557 edges which are the connections between nodes obtained by employing all pair-wise combinations across the keywords. The width of the edges is analogous to the force

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that connects each keyword. This force determines the dimensions of the nodes and edges and is linked to their frequencies and the frequency between two nodes (Table A1). We can argue the existence of the following domains across projects’ keywords. ‘Sustainable development’ is directly and strongly linked to ‘Land’ and ‘Tourism’ which in turn are strongly related to ‘Art and culture’. A strong and direct relationship also exists between ‘Sustainable development’ and ‘Ecology and environment’ and between this latter and ‘Architecture and design’. ‘Sustainable development’ is in this latter case related to ‘Architecture and design’ and represents a latent relationship between creativity and sustainability.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Finally, Table 5 presents the estimates of the inferential analysis from the most robust model. Diagnostic tests at the bottom of Table 5 suggest that all predictors’ regression coefficients are not simultaneously zero (LR=104.52; p-value=0.00; and Wald test=87.14; p-value=0.00) and that the model satisfies the IIA condition (Hausman=0.33; p-value=0.98). The HosmerLemeshow (=5.26; p-value=0.73) test indicates that the model presents a good fit.

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Results suggest that the main determinants of the probability of success of a project proposal are the group size and the average age of the group. Similar considerations can be addressed for the dummy variables. Project proposals dealing with ‘Scientific research’ and ‘Ecology and Environment’ positively affect the probability of a project to be admitted for funding.

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The interaction terms represent the supply side of the determinants affecting our dependent variable. The statistical significance of ‘Artculture_Suitability’, ‘Artculture_Innovation’, ‘Artculture_Development’, ‘Sust. Development_Suitability’, and ‘Sust. Development_CV’

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reveal that proposals dealing with both creativity and sustainability positively influence the suitability of a project and hence the probability to succeed. Analogously, creativity could also be seen as an innovation factor which influences the ‘Success’ variable. The negative sign of ‘Artculture_Development’ shows that a project dealing with creativity issues would not be considered relevant, by the expert panel, for the local development. Likewise, the

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negative sign and statistical significance of the interaction term ‘Sust. Development_CV’ reveals an unexpected effect. We can interpret this result as the lack of education, training and experience in sustainable development issues which would negatively affect the judgement expressed by the panel of experts during the review process and decrease the

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probability of a project proposal in the field of sustainability to be admitted for funding. The magnitudes of the above effects seem overall small. The marginal effects for the demand

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side factors such as ‘Group’ size and ‘Age’ show a 0.5 and 2.25% increase, respectively, in the probability of success, should these factors change by one unit. As for the impact of the dummy variables, the addition of one research project in the fields of ‘Scientific research’ and ‘Ecology and environment’ would affect ‘Success’ by 4.73 and 3.8%, respectively. Finally, the effects of the supply side factors are also marginal and range from -1.2% (Artculture_Development) to 2% (Sust. Development_Suitability).

[Table 5 here]

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 6. Discussion and conclusions The links between creativity and sustainability are not extensively analysed in the literature. The main reason is that, until recently, creativity and sustainability are seen as controversial concepts and create resistances to their acceptability within the society. ‘Creativity […] calls for novel insights and non-traditional perspectives of […] organizational life’ (Andersen and

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Kragh, 2013, pp 82). Similarly, the concept of sustainable development, though has emerged to steer the governance of modern societies for the wellbeing of present and future generations still calls for responsible actions to preserve our common goods.

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6.1 Contribution

What role plays entrepreneurship in these contexts? Would creativity and sustainability be related through entrepreneurial actions? The results obtained by the cluster analysis and the

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NMA approach to respond to the above aims point us positively into this direction. The cluster analysis carried out on the projects’ titles showed the existence of ten clusters. Among these, the cluster ‘Art and sustainability’ represents the propensity of young entrepreneurs to set up new businesses in the fields of creativity and sustainability. In addition, the NMA approach applied to the projects’ keywords, has further supported this argument suggesting

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the existence of indirect relationships between creative and sustainable business ideas. The obtained results from the above analyses would pertain recent findings and discussions of the international scientific literature (Zollo et al. 2013; Zaman, 2015). What is the role of governmental institutions? Do these favour the creation of innovative

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creative and sustainable business solutions? The existence of the ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) action in Apulia Region in southern Italy as well as other similar policy

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initiatives across the EU (i.e the EEPA initiative) indicates a tendency from the central and local decision maker to incentivise and support cultural and sustainable entrepreneurship. To what extent?

The inferential analysis provided us an understanding of two further aims of this work. Specifically: i) What are the main factors affecting the probability of success of new entrepreneurial proposals? The obtained results, though indicate a small effect on the probability of success (0.5% for the ‘Group’ size and 2.25% for ‘Age’), suggest that larger size and more mature groups of entrepreneurs could be more successful than others to gather regional funding. However, when examining the importance of firm size and sustainable performance, recent literature (Bourlakis et al., 2014) recognizes that small firms perform better than their counterparts (large groups) in a variety of sustainable performance 13

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT indicators. It is advisable that the local government strengthens the presence of small enterprises within the Apulia Region particularly to attain the goals of the latest Apulia Regional Operational Programme ERDF 2014-2020 (Apulia Region, 2015). Furthermore, project proposals in the fields of ecology and environment would affect the probability of success by about 4%. Again, the effect is limited but it indicates that the potential direction of

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the regional funding is the financing of sustainable businesses. This also reflects the latest policy developments at the European level. The 2030 framework for climate and energy of the European Union (European Commission, 2015a) requires a more stringent cut of GHG emissions (40% compared to 1990 levels), at least 27% share of renewables in energy

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consumption and at least 27% energy saving compared to the status-quo scenario by 2030 in order to achieve a decarbonised economy by 2050. To reach the above goals, the recent and largest support policy of the European Structural and Investment Funds (EIFS) establishes a

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budget of 454 billion for the period 2014-2020 which will provide the financing of more than 2 million enterprises and help the European Union to grow green (European Commission, 2015b). ii) Does the existence of creative and sustainable business ideas affect the outcome of the selection process? Results suggest little evidence on the probability of success of a mediating role played by creative and sustainable business proposals during the evaluation

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phase (the marginal effects of the interaction terms range from -1.2 to 2%). This result highlights the limited influence (almost non-existent) on the decision maker of creativity and sustainability proposals during the evaluation process of ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’). An interesting work by Fusco Girard (2011) questions the evaluation process

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(seen under a variety of aspects) as a multi objective procedure to manage creativity and sustainability at a local level (e.g. city level). In terms of governance, the role of evaluation

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offices are emphasised within the organizational structure in order to stimulate the evaluation of creativity ‘by all actors of the urban scene to understand the ex ante and ex post comprehensive impacts of actions, projects or plans’ (Fusco Girard, 2011, pp. 132-133).

6.2 Further considerations At the light of the analyses carried out so far, there exists asymmetric information between the modern entrepreneur inclined to launch creative and sustainable business models and the policy maker in the actual society. Some interesting points emerge that can serve to close this gap and provide useful insights for future studies:

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Funding. Governmental institutions play an important role to support the creation of sustainable actions (i.e. through financing green projects) and creative processes (e.g. entrepreneurial creativity) (Tripon, 2015). Since its establishment in 2008, the Principi Attivi (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative remains an active policy tool to promote employability of young entrepreneurs. It favours the implementation of new ideas (creativity in all its forms),

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enhances innovation and encourages sustainability practices throughout the regional territory. Nonetheless, if we look at a broader picture the economic crisis has dramatically challenged many governments such that Italy (Materia et al. 2015) as well as other countries (Kock et al. 2009; Azreen and Ilan, 2015) are now in need to search for alternative solutions to the

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scarcity of public funding. Cuccia and Rizzo (2015) argue for three strategies in the sector of the performing arts: i) multi-product initiatives based on horizontal integration between old and new cultural products; ii) networking actions favouring information sharing across the

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local community; and iii) cooperation strategies from production to consumption. Dimitriyadis et al (2012) propose an interesting approach similar to that of micro-financing. Through a web portal dedicated to projects ideas dealing with cultural heritage and environmental issues a donor party interested in financing a project is able to get all the necessary information to get involved in the project other than that to obtain a dedicated

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publicity via the portal and other social media communication channels. Green education. Education for sustainable development is a central theme to enhance growth in the modern society. With resolution 57/254 the United Nations (2002) promoted a Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014. The document recognises that

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education is fundamental to address the global change of current economies. On this premises education for sustainable development should ensure employability conditions particularly in

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the context of local territorial development. In this respect, Quendler et al (2013), in a survey to assess the consensus to education for sustainable development, argue for the growing need to enhance skills and competences in the fields of environment, efficiency, natural resources and biodiversity, ecological integrity, and sustainable planning to meet employers’ needs. In addition, latest trends in sustainable education show the tendency to integrate students into real life experiences to increase the speed of knowledge creation in regions and local communities (Trencher et al. 2015). Lately, ongoing societal transformations towards sustainability goals also benefit from technology transfer, entrepreneurial actions and stakeholders participation in research and education (Trencher et al. 2014; Ramos et al. 2015).

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Social capital, network, knowledge, innovation. The issue of the interlinked relationships between social capital and knowledge as ignition of development has an extensive debate. In the actual context of the global economy social assets provide powerful tools to the exchange of information among their members. Kristiansen (2004) argues that through networking certain individuals boost their entrepreneurial resources as creative ideas, information, trust,

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and capital. ‘Networking [...] extends the abilities of the individual to capture resources that are held by others and improve entrepreneurial effectiveness’ (Anderson et al. 2010, pp 121). Entrepreneurs with a considerable social network seem more susceptible to green business opportunities than others (Parrish, 2010). The findings obtained from the inferential analysis

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showed that larger groups of entrepreneurs get a higher probability of success in the regional contest. In addition, trust becomes relevant in this case when the network is larger and the entrepreneurial activity engages with various stakeholders. Trust leads the networks to

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exchange mutual benefits from their course of actions or transactions and increases credibility within the community. This can aid to knowledge transfer across groups and set up innovation initiatives. Numerous studies show that often innovation emerge from a team of individuals in which complex factors and collaboration interplay affect the formation of the link creativity-innovation (Im et al. 2013).

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Sustainability, creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship. The dynamics of the Schumpeterian model of the ‘creative destruction’ identifies creativity as the precursor of innovation mechanisms. Innovation starts with a creative idea, merges with knowledge and through the entrepreneurial action translates into a new process, a new product, a new business

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organization. Innovation is the heart of technological change and it depends of ‘relevant knowledge of a wide variety’ (Fischer et al. 2001, pp. 4). It is an interactive process, which

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through a recursive mechanism including feedback effects across firms, generates creativity, new knowledge and innovation (Sarooghi et al. 2015). The findings obtained with the cluster analysis and the NMA approach have disclosed latent relationships existing at entrepreneurial level between creativity and sustainability. These relationships are rooted in the interactive process and help to explain the diversity of innovative business ideas emerging that, through public funding or other sources, succeed at present or in the future in embodying the values of creativity and sustainability-driven entrepreneurship.

6.3 Limitations This paper is not without limitations. These, however, can be seen in a positive perspective to inspire future research. 16

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Firstly, the obtained results cannot be generalized. This means that they are case specific such as the case of the ‘Principi Attivi’ (‘Active Ingredients’) initiative and country specific such as Apulia Region in southern Italy. Future studies should take into account comparisons across a wider geographical context and/or other funding initiatives (i.e. private or governmental or both).

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Second, the cluster and NMA approaches in the present study focused on analysing the projects’ titles and keywords in Italian language. It can be beneficial, in future studies, to overcome the lack of available data in other languages and use these to employ a comparative analysis across multiple dictionaries.

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Third, the inferential analysis provided us with small marginal effects. This was caused by the large mismatch between the number of approved projects and application forms. Also, the analysis carried out in this work is based on the call of the year 2008. Future research can

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focus either on other editions of the ‘Principi Attivi’ (Active Ingredients) initiative such as the years 2010 and 2012, or a time series across other similar initiatives in the same region as well as other regions/countries.

In summary, the findings of this study provide important contributions by showing a new direction for future research to keep exploring the linkages between creativity and

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sustainability driven by entrepreneurial initiatives and the degree of attention of the policy maker in meeting the needs of young entrepreneurs devoted to the diffusion of green

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Appendix

[Table A1 here]

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[Table A2 here]

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We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Marco Costantino at the Department for Youth Policies of the Apulia Region (Italy) for his help with the original database. We are also are deeply indebted to the precious help of the editors and three anonymous referees for their time and efforts spent to help us improve the paper. Any remaining errors are the sole responsibility of the authors.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1. Top 20 terms extracted from the original projects’ titles (in Italian) and classified in order of frequency.

Art

53

Promotion

50

Salento1

49

Valorisation

47

Culture

47

Sustainable

47

Development

47

Web

46

Laboratory

44

Social

43

Tourism

43

Cultural

34

Land

31

Association

30

Communication Music School

28

26

26

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Education

30

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Services

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62

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Territory

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Frequency

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Term

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*Terms are translated into English; 1

Salento is the Southern part of Apulia Region which is rich of baroque cities and blue flag beaches.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 2. Google search analysis of the term creativity. No. of documents

Creativity

Design

about 1.600.000

Creativity

Cultural

about 1.550.000

Creativity

Art

about 1.500.000

Creativity

Fashion

about 565.000

Creativity

Architecture

about 426.000

Creativity

Commerce

about 233.000

Creativity

Ecology

about 118.000

Creativity

Computer science

about 109.000

Creativity

Cultural heritage

about 107.000

Creativity

Sustainable development

Creativity

Tourism

Creativity

Migrant

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about 49.000

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Variable 2

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Variable 1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 3. Keywords of the project proposals. Key words

Agri-food

Innovation

Animals

Job and employment

Architecture and design

Legality

Art and culture

Memory and traditions

Handicraft

Migrants

Cultural heritage

Fashion

Social engagement

Non-profit

Commerce

Hospitality and catering

Communication

Youth policies

International cooperation

Scientific research

Disability

Waste and recycling

Ecology and environment

Health and wellness

Publishing

International relations

E-learning

School and education

Energy

Services to citizens

Festival and events

Services to enterprises

Entrepreneurship

Services to public administrations

Social inclusion

Sport

Territory Tourism

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Free time

Transport and mobility Volunteering

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Web and multi-media

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Computer science

Sustainable development

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Childhood

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Key words

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 4. Description of the variables used in the logit model. Variable

Definition

Dependent variable Probability that a project proposal is selected and admitted to funding (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Explanatory variables

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Success

Number of participants in the group

Age group

Average age in the group

Education

Weighted education of the group

Grant

Number of post-graduate grants in the group

Unemployed

Number of unemployed people in the group

Females

Number of females in the group

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Participants

Dummy variables

Agri-food proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Animals

Animals proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Architecture and design

Architecture and design proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Art and culture

Art and culture proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Childhood

Childhood proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

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Agri-food

Commerce

Commerce proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Communication

Communication proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Computer science

Computer science proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Disability

Cultural heritage proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise) Disability proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

EP

Cultural heritage

Ecology and environment

Ecology and environment proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

E-learning

E-learning proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Energy proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Fashion

Fashion proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Festival and events

Festival and events proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Free time

Free time proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Handicraft

Handicraft proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Health and wellness

Health and wellness proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Hospitality and catering

Hospitality and catering proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

International cooperation

International cooperation proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

International relations

International relations proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Innovation

Innovation proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

AC C

Energy

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Jobs and employment proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Legality

Legality proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Memory and traditions

Memory and traditions proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Migrants

Migrants proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Non-profit

No-profit proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Publishing

Publishing proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

School and education

School and education proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Scientific research

Scientific research proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Services to citizens

Services to citizens proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Services to enterprises

Services to enterprises proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Services to public administrations

Services to public administration proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Social engagement

Social engagement proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Social inclusion

Social inclusion proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Sport

Sport proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Sustainable development

Sustainable development proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Territory

Territory proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Transport and mobility

Transport and mobility proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Tourism

Tourism proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Volunteering

Volunteering proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Waste and recycling

Waste and re cycling proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Web and multimedia

Web and multimedia proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

SC

Youth policies proposals (1=yes; 0=otherwise)

Interaction terms

Interaction terms between the context evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals

AC C

EP

Artcuture_Context

Artculture_Efficacy

M AN U

TE D

Youth policies

Artculture_Suitability

RI PT

Job and employment

Interaction terms between the suitability evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals Interaction terms between the efficacy evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals

Artculture_CV

Interaction terms between the CV evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals

Artculture_Innovation

Interaction terms between the innovation evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals

Artculture_Development

Interaction terms between the development evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals

Artculture_Follow-up

Interaction terms between the follow-up evaluation criterion and ‘Art and culture’ proposals

Sust.Development_Context

Interaction terms between the context evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

Sust.Development_Suitability

Interaction terms between the suitability evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Interaction terms between the efficacy evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

Sust.Development_CV

Interaction terms between the group CV evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

Sust.Development_Innovation

Interaction terms between the innovation evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

Sust.Development_Development

Interaction terms between the development evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

Sust.Development_Follow-up

Interaction terms between the follow-up evaluation criterion and ‘Sustainable development’ proposals

AC C

EP

TE D

M AN U

SC

RI PT

Sust.Development_Efficacy

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 5. Determinants of regional funding allocation. Logit model estimates. Variable

Marginal effects (Delta-method)1

Logit estimates Coefficient

St. Error

Constant

-5.638

1.042

Explanatory variables Participants Age group Education Grant Unemployed Females

0.289*** 0.064** 0.122 0.156 0.011 -0.133

0.092 0.037 0.089 0.118 0.089 0.082

0.025*** 0.005** 0.009 0.012 0.000 -0.011

0.007 0.003 0.007 0.009 0.007 0.007

Dummy variables Agri-food Cultural heritage Ecology and environment Energy Entrepreneurship Memory and traditions Scientific research Territory Tourism Web and multimedia

-0.185 0.161 0.470** -0.943 0.311 -0.152 0.582** 0.241 0.139 0.087

0.367 0.267 0.242 0.683 0.408 0.305 0.313 0.214 0.210 0.249

-0.015 0.013 0.038** -0.07 0.025 -0.012 0.047* 0.019 0.011 0.007

0.029 0.021 0.019 0.055 0.033 0.024 0.025 0.017 0.017 0.020

Interaction terms Artculture_Context Artculture_Suitability Artculture_Efficacy Artculture_Group CV Artculture_Innovation Artculture_Development Artculture_Follow-up Sust. Develop_Context Sust. Develop_Suitability Sust. Develop_Efficacy Sust. Develop_Group CV Sust. Develop_Innovation Sust. Develop_Development Sust. Develop_Follow-up

-0.058 0.119*** -0.038 -0.028 0.133** -0.147*** 0.013 -0.112 0.215*** -0.017 -0.204*** 0.070 -0.061 0.031

-0.005 0.009*** -0.003 -0.002 0.011** -0.012*** 0.002 -0.009 0.017*** -0.001 -0.176*** 0.006 -0.005 0.002

0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.004

SC

M AN U

TE D

EP

AC C

Log-likelihood Observations LR χ2(30) Prob> χ2 Hausman χ2(29) Prob> χ2 Wald χ2(29) Prob>χ2 Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2(8) Prob>χ2

Coefficient

0.053 0.043 0.043 0.047 0.057 0.056 0.044 0.075 0.068 0.045 0.063 0.059 0.074 0.053

St. Error

RI PT

Success (1=pass; 0=fail)

-575.681 1978 104.52 0.000 0.33 0.98 87.14 0.000 5.26 0.729

***Statistical significant 99% C.I level; **Statistical significant at 95% C.I. level; **Statistical significant at 90% C.I. level. 1 The marginal change (dy/dx) for dummy variables considers a discrete change from 0 to 1.

AC C

EP

TE D

M AN U

SC

RI PT

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Fig. 1. Network meta-analysis of the projects’ keywords based on the Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm (1991).

AC C

EP

TE D

M AN U

SC

RI PT

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Fig. 2. Cluster analysis based on the project titles

1

19

2 2

1

1

1 3 1

1 1 1

1

1

1 2

2 3

12 1

5 2 1

1

1

41 6 2 18 14 15 43

1 11

1 2

2 2 1

1

1 1

3 1

1

2

1

2

1 1

1

7

4

1

9

4

EP

1

1

1

1

1

2 2

15

2 1

4

1 5

4

3

1 39

1 81

29

1

1

1

3

1

2 2 51

1 1 42

4 108

1

9

2 4 2 1 2

1

1

1

1

10 1 5

2

1

53

1 108

3 83

18

30

12 5 15 6 1 34 4 45 42 2 1 1

2 1

1 1 1 1 5

16

1

3

1 74

10 1 18 2 2 3 3 5

4 6 1

20 1 1 4 1 2 3

4 1 3 4 2 1 5 1

1 3 4

4 1 2 5 1 4 3 1 1

2 1

2 5 1

2

2 2

1 4 1

1 2

1 3

1 9 2 4 3 1 8 1

6

1 1

2

1

33 2

4 1

1

6 2 1

18

3 622

1 2 3

2 4 28 2 8 8 3 4 2

4 2

17 22 6 2 1 2 3

3 1 1 2

4 2

2

5 19

3

1 12

7

1 1

1 2 1

11

6

29 2

1 1

1 1 1 6

2 2

1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

106

1

1 2

47

4 153

3 4

2 54

35

1 213

1

1

1

75

13 4 5 1 4 5 1 19 3 12 9 18 3 8

2

1

1

2

4 1 34

41

30

1 96

120

81

4 15

8 9 12 7

1 4 2 5 6 1 5 1 2

3 1 2

4 14

204

1

3

36

2 199

4 1 3 3 1 34 1 23 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 3 6 3 6 7 17

4 1 6 2 5 7 3

3 1 18 1 1

2 1

1 6 2 1 2 13 19

12 2 4

1

1 2

1 266

2 2

157

19 1 20 5 7 7 15 8 5 2 79 1 1 33 6 12 8 1 6 16 2

4 28 7

3 14 9 1 2

2 19 9 12 1 3 12 5

1

95

80

1 1

7

2 1 3 1

8 1 2 2 1 1 11 17 6 9 6 9 8 1

4

1 1 1 1 1 7 2 5 5

4

28 2

5 3 12 4 3 3 15 5 9 12 3 25 3

5

1

6

347

1 105

15 1 3 432

1 1

1 2

5 2 1 1 1

5

2

1 4 1 2 5 3

2 1

1 1 18

12

1 6 10 8 7 3 5 23 7 76 5

1

2

1 1

2 1 36

4 516

25

3 27 4 15 20 14 61 2 2 5 24 8 6 3 12 10 22 9 4 12 1 4 4 6 4 4 4 3 12 18 21 7 3 3 3 26 1 49 1 449

Total

8 1 2

17

29 1 4 69 9 50 1 6 25 1 8 27 5 2 1 19 5 13 1 7 11 5 1 39

Web and multi-media

2 6 2 1

22 1 13 52 5 35 14 6 31

Volunteering

1

1

1 2

2 1 1

1

1

1 3

1 5

1

2

3

16 1 1

1 33 1

1

1 1

2 1 1

3 13 3 1 7 1 1 1 5 3 18 2 1 3 1

4 35 3 16

1 4 1 2 1 10 20 3 2 4

Tourism

2 2 3

3 1 3 3 2

15

6

Transport and mobility

1

21 5 4 1 22 7

5

3 5

Sustainable Development

5

4 4

4 1

8 4 1 56 1 15 23 2 10

Sport

2

12 2 1 4

13 4

Services to public administrations

1

3 15

6 6 6

Services to enterprises

8 2 1 6

Services to citizens

1 19

School and education

1 4

International relations

5

Health and wellness

3

Waste and recycling

Fashion

2 2 7

1

2 1 153

1

2 59 12 26 13 4 1

Hospitality and catering

1

1

21

Non-profit

3 2

2 3 1 6

Migrants

3 16 9 2 14 5 8

4

Memory and traditions

Legality

Job and employment

Innovation

5 1

1

1

1

AC C

1

7 2 2 9

3 2 7 13 2 14 2 4 11

1

1 1

3

TE D

1

17 5 2

2

3

1 1

22 1 3 9 1

Computer science

E-learning

1

Publishing

1

1 1

1

Childhood

Ecology and environment 2

6

1

2 1

Territory

3

3 1 3

6 4 4 55 4 8 93 2 11 1 80 14 10 3

Free time

1

1

11 1 3 3 4 2 2 9 11 1

Scientific research

15 1 2 12 2

3 84 2 9 7 2 9 1 2 4 11

RI PT

1 4

6

3

3 35 1 6 6 2 18 1 2 3

Youth policies

2 1

2

1

10 5 12 22 5 9 11 7 11

SC

1

5

M AN U

2 1

1 2 1 1

1

Social inclusion

3 3 1

10 1 5 39 6 8 19 6

Entrepreneurship

1 10 11 1

Festivals and events

13

Energy

2 3 5 23 1 4

Disability

9 50 1

International cooperation

4

7 17

Communication

3

Commerce

Cultural heritage

6 12

Social engagement

Handicrafts

Architecture and design

2 1

Art and culture

Agri-food Animals Architecture and design Art and culture Handicrafts Cultural heritage Social engagement Commerce Communication International cooperation Disability Ecology and environment Publishing E-learning Energy Festivals and events Entrepreneurship Social inclusion Childhood Computer science Innovation Job and employment Legality Memory and traditions Migrants Fashion Non-profit Hospitality and catering Youth policies Scientific research Waste and recycling Health and wellness International relations School and education Services to citizens Services to enterprises Services to public administrations Sport Sustainable Development Free time Territory Transport and mobility Tourism Volunteering Web and multi-media Total

Animals

Agri-food

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

240 44 134 769 95 255 399 114 304 25 218 327 112 25 76 135 83 112 131 79 147 106 61 133 70 14 34 44 43 82 28 121 28 313 134 78 39 22 67 17 136 10 109 3 40 5556

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table A2 Descriptive statistics Mean

S.D.

Min

Max

Dependent variable Success

1978

0.10

0.29

0

1

Explanatory variables Participants Age group Education Grant Employment Females

1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978

2.57 27.96 4.14 0.30 0.98 1.37

1.05 2.65 1.09 0.62 0.98 1.11

Dummy variables D_Agri-food D_Animals D_Architecture and design D_Art and culture D_Childhood D_Commerce D_Communication D_Computer science D_Cultural heritage D_Disability D_Ecology and environment D_E-learning D_Energy D_Entrepreneurship D_Fashion D_Festival and events D_Free time D_Handicraft D_Health and wellness D_Hospitality and catering D_International cooperation D_International relations D_Innovation D_Job and employment D_Legality D_Memory and traditions D_Migrants D_Non-profit D_Publishing D_School and education D_Scientific research D_Services to citizens D_Services to enterprises D_Services to public administrations

1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978

0.06 0.01 0.03 0.21 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.03 0.90 0.07 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.03

EP

AC C

RI PT

Obs

2 19 1 0 0 0

SC 0.24 0.11 0.12 0.41 0.24 0.19 0.30 0.17 0.28 0.26 0.31 0.10 0.16 0.19 0.11 0.28 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.13 0.09 0.14 0.27 0.19 0.16 0.29 0.19 0.14 0.21 0.34 0.23 0.30 0.24 0.18

M AN U

TE D

Variable

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 33 7 5 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978

0.11 0.19 0.03 0.10 0.15 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.04

0.31 0.40 0.16 0.30 0.35 0.10 0.37 0.10 0.17 0.34 0.19

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Interaction terms Artcuture_Context Artculture_Suitability Artculture_Efficacy Artculture_CV Artculture_Innovation Artculture_Development Artculture_Follow-up Sust.Development_Context Sust.Development_Suitability Sust.Development_Efficacy Sust.Development_CV Sust.Development_Innovation Sust.Development_Development Sust.Development_Follow-up

1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978

3.11 5.41 5.54 3.89 3.50 3.81 3.13 1.46 2.67 2.64 1.88 1.66 1.79 1.43

6.14 10.78 10.92 7.68 6.96 7.50 6.29 4.46 8.11 8.02 5.64 5.08 5.40 4.42

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 39 38 25 24 25 22 20 40 38 25 25 25 23

SC

M AN U

TE D EP AC C

RI PT

D_Social engagement D_Social inclusion D_Sport D_Sustainable development D_Territory D_Transport and mobility D_Tourism D_Volunteering D_Waste and recycling D_Web and multimedia D_Youth policies