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Polymer surfaces from physics to technology
Int. J. Adhesion and Adhesives 15 (1995) 197-199 i~ 1995 Elsevier Science Limited Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
I~UTT[~RWQRTH I'iJ'IE I N E M A N N
Book Reviews Polymer Surfaces from Physics to Technology F. Garbassi, M. Morra and E. Occhiello
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, 1994, 462 + ix pp., ISBN 0 471 93817 3, £60.00 Part 1 of this volume, from Italian authors, consists of two chapters which review intermolecular forces with particular reference to interfaces, and the dynamics of polymer surfaces. Surface characterization is the subject of Part 2, which encompasses familiar and lesser known spectroscopic techniques. It contains a particularly fine chapter on surface energetics which critically reviews recent work on advancing and receding contact angles and discusses the use of inverse gas chromatography. A chapter dedicated to new and emerging methods looks at surface-force measurement, electrostatic interactions and neutron reflection. The three chapters which comprise Part 3 are concerned with methods for modifying surfaces and deal respectively with physical methods, chemical methods and modifying surfaces by the use of polymer blends and block copolymers.
The final section is dedicated to applications. The wettability chapter concentrates on the surfaces of textile fibres, and includes a consideration of the stability of plasma-treated fibres. Topics covered in the adhesion chapter are theories of adhesion, a description without underlying theory of adhesion tests including those for paints and the fibre-matrix interface in composites, and surface treatment of polymers. Barrier properties of polymers can be improved by coating them with copolymers of vinylidene chloride, or evaporating aluminium or silicon oxides. The biomedical applications described are contact of polymers with blood and contact lenses. The Lampert rule of blood clotting (1930) related clotting times on surfaces to surface energies, but this has since been refined. The human cornea has a film of tear liquid about 10/~m thick, but a new series of interphases are formed when
contact lenses are used. The performance of contact lenses can be improved by surface modification including methods involving silanes and plasmas. The final chapter deals with friction and wear. Criticisms are that the depth of treatment varies from one chapter to another, the ancient angstrom unit is used, and a figure on flame treatment could mislead about the actual region of the flame which is effective. Praises are that the volume is very readable, and well worth the attention of any adhesion scientist who wants to be informed about developments in other areas of polymer surface technology. There are a large number of references to each chapter, and many of these are recent.
John Comyn Loughborough University of Technology, UK
Joining and Adhesion of Advanced Inorganic Materials Editors: A.H. Carim, D.S. Schwartz and R.S. Silberglitt
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 314, San Francisco, CA, 1993, 250 pages, ISBN 1-55899-212-X, $73 ($68 in USA) This book contains the full papers presented at the first Joining and Adhesion of Advanced Inorganic Materials Conference, held on 12-14 April at the 1993 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco (CA, USA). Aerospace, automotive and electronics industries, among others, demand materials with improved mechanical properties, higher thermal stability and enhanced resistance to oxidation and moisture penetration. Ceramic/metal, carbon materials/metal and ceramic/ ceramic joints are promising composite materials able to fulfil most of these
requirements. However, it is necessary to assure a strong and durable joint to obtain an adequate performance. This book gives an appropriate state-of-theart of the joining of advanced ceramics to metals and carbon materials, especially in the USA. The title points out one of the key aspects of the book: is adhesion across the interfacial region the main reason for having a good or bad bond in composite materials? In my opinion, it is quite appropriate to distinguish between adhesion and joining of materials, and most of the papers included in the book
provide evidence which confirm or reject that a relationship exists. The book contains 29 papers (10 invited papers). Although they provide an interesting and comprehensive view of the joining of advanced inorganic materials, most of the contributions come from the USA (23 papers). Additionally, there are two papers from Japan, and one each from France, the UK, Sweden and Canada. There are several aspects covered in the book (fundamentals, properties, joining techniques) which are appropriately divided in six parts. Most of the
INT. J. ADHESION AND ADHESIVES Volume 15 Number 3 1995 197
I~UTT[~RWQRTH I'iJ'IE I N E M A N N
Book Reviews Polymer Surfaces from Physics to Technology F. Garbassi, M. Morra and E. Occhiello
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, 1994, 462 + ix pp., ISBN 0 471 93817 3, £60.00 Part 1 of this volume, from Italian authors, consists of two chapters which review intermolecular forces with particular reference to interfaces, and the dynamics of polymer surfaces. Surface characterization is the subject of Part 2, which encompasses familiar and lesser known spectroscopic techniques. It contains a particularly fine chapter on surface energetics which critically reviews recent work on advancing and receding contact angles and discusses the use of inverse gas chromatography. A chapter dedicated to new and emerging methods looks at surface-force measurement, electrostatic interactions and neutron reflection. The three chapters which comprise Part 3 are concerned with methods for modifying surfaces and deal respectively with physical methods, chemical methods and modifying surfaces by the use of polymer blends and block copolymers.
The final section is dedicated to applications. The wettability chapter concentrates on the surfaces of textile fibres, and includes a consideration of the stability of plasma-treated fibres. Topics covered in the adhesion chapter are theories of adhesion, a description without underlying theory of adhesion tests including those for paints and the fibre-matrix interface in composites, and surface treatment of polymers. Barrier properties of polymers can be improved by coating them with copolymers of vinylidene chloride, or evaporating aluminium or silicon oxides. The biomedical applications described are contact of polymers with blood and contact lenses. The Lampert rule of blood clotting (1930) related clotting times on surfaces to surface energies, but this has since been refined. The human cornea has a film of tear liquid about 10/~m thick, but a new series of interphases are formed when
contact lenses are used. The performance of contact lenses can be improved by surface modification including methods involving silanes and plasmas. The final chapter deals with friction and wear. Criticisms are that the depth of treatment varies from one chapter to another, the ancient angstrom unit is used, and a figure on flame treatment could mislead about the actual region of the flame which is effective. Praises are that the volume is very readable, and well worth the attention of any adhesion scientist who wants to be informed about developments in other areas of polymer surface technology. There are a large number of references to each chapter, and many of these are recent.
John Comyn Loughborough University of Technology, UK
Joining and Adhesion of Advanced Inorganic Materials Editors: A.H. Carim, D.S. Schwartz and R.S. Silberglitt
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Vol. 314, San Francisco, CA, 1993, 250 pages, ISBN 1-55899-212-X, $73 ($68 in USA) This book contains the full papers presented at the first Joining and Adhesion of Advanced Inorganic Materials Conference, held on 12-14 April at the 1993 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco (CA, USA). Aerospace, automotive and electronics industries, among others, demand materials with improved mechanical properties, higher thermal stability and enhanced resistance to oxidation and moisture penetration. Ceramic/metal, carbon materials/metal and ceramic/ ceramic joints are promising composite materials able to fulfil most of these
requirements. However, it is necessary to assure a strong and durable joint to obtain an adequate performance. This book gives an appropriate state-of-theart of the joining of advanced ceramics to metals and carbon materials, especially in the USA. The title points out one of the key aspects of the book: is adhesion across the interfacial region the main reason for having a good or bad bond in composite materials? In my opinion, it is quite appropriate to distinguish between adhesion and joining of materials, and most of the papers included in the book
provide evidence which confirm or reject that a relationship exists. The book contains 29 papers (10 invited papers). Although they provide an interesting and comprehensive view of the joining of advanced inorganic materials, most of the contributions come from the USA (23 papers). Additionally, there are two papers from Japan, and one each from France, the UK, Sweden and Canada. There are several aspects covered in the book (fundamentals, properties, joining techniques) which are appropriately divided in six parts. Most of the
INT. J. ADHESION AND ADHESIVES Volume 15 Number 3 1995 197