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Polyolefins
9 Polyolefins This chapter focuses on polymers made from hydrocarbon monomers that contain a carbone carbon double bond through which the polymer is made by addition polymerization as discussed in Section 2.1. An alkene, also called an olefin, is a chemical compound made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms containing at least one carbon-tocarbon double bond. The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n. The two simplest alkenes of this series are ethylene and propylene. When these are polymerized, they form polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), which are two of the plastics discussed in this chapter. A slightly more complex alkene is 4-methylpentene-1, the basis of poly(methylpentene), known under the trade name of TPXÔ. The structures of some of these monomers are shown in Fig. 9.1. Structures of the polymers may be
found in the appropriate sections that contain the data for those materials.
9.1 Polyethylene PE can be made in a number of ways. The way it is produced can affect its physical properties. It can also have very small amounts of comonomers, which will alter its structure and properties. The basic types or classifications of PE, according to the ASTM D1248, are: Ultra-low-density polyethylene (ULDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.890 to 0.905 g/cm3, contains comonomer Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.905 to 0.915 g/cm3, contains comonomer Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3, contains comonomer Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polymers with densities ranging from about 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.926 to 0.940 g/cm3, may or may not contain comonomer High-density polyethylene (HDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.940 to 0.970 g/cm3, may or may not contain comonomer
Figure 9.1 Chemical structures of some monomers used to make polyolefins.
Figure 9.2 shows the differences graphically. The differences in the branches in terms of number and length affect the density and melting points of some of the types. Branching affects the crystallinity. A diagram of a representation of the crystal structure of PE is shown in Fig. 9.3. One can imagine how branching in the polymer chain can disrupt the crystalline regions. The crystalline regions are the highly ordered areas
Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-2551-9.00009-8 Copyright Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The data tables and graphs that follow will be in the order of the basic types or classifications of PE described in the first part of this section, except that data on unspecified PE and data that cover the range of PE molecular weights will be first.
9.1.1 Unclassified Polyethylene See Figs 9.4e9.9.
9.1.2 Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene Dow ATTANEÔ 4401 Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene, Blown Film Grade. Dow ATTANEÔ 4402 Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene, Cast Film Grade. See Tables 9.1e9.4.
Figure 9.2 Graphical depictions of PE types.
9.1.3 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ MPP-1 LLDPE Film, “Super Strength”. SclairfilmÒ LX-1 LLDPE Film, Laminating. See Tables 9.5e9.7.
9.1.4 Low-Density Polyethylene Blueridge Films BFI 345 are homopolymer films with premium clarity. See Tables 9.8e9.10 and Fig. 9.10.
Figure 9.3 Graphical structure.
diagram
of
PE
crystal
in the shaded rectangles of Fig. 9.3. A high degree of branching would reduce the size of the crystalline regions, which leads to lower crystallinity. Manufacturers and trade names: There are many, some of which are Dow AttaneÔ; Chevron Philips MarlexÒ ; and LlyondellBasell Polyolefins. Applications and uses: ULDPEdHeavy duty sacks, turf bags, consumer bags, packaging for cheese, meat, coffee, and detergents, silage wrap, mulch films, extruded membranes. HDPEdFood packaging: dairy products and bottled water, cosmetics, medical products, and household chemicals.
9.1.5 Medium-Density Polyethylene LyondellBasell PetrotheneÒ NA271009. LyondellBasell PetrotheneÒ NA285003. See Tables 9.11 and 9.12.
9.1.6 High-Density Polyethylene HDPE polymers are highly crystalline, tough materials. High molecular-weight, high-density polyethylenes (HMW-HDPE) are a special class of linear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000e500,000 range. To obtain processability along with end-use properties, control of the
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191
Figure 9.4 Permeability of gases vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
Figure 9.5 Water vapor transmission rate vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
Figure 9.6 Vapor transmission rate of various fuels vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
192
Figure 9.7 Vapor transmission rate of various solvents vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
Figure 9.8 Permeability of gases vs. temperature of PE film.20
Figure 9.9 Permeation of sulfur dioxide vs. temperature through PE film.21
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193
Table 9.1 Properties of Dow ATTANEÔ ULDPE Films Property
4401
4402
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.912
Thickness
38.0
Melt flow
g/cm3
0.912
mm
25.0
1.00
3.30
g/10 min
At load 2.16 kg
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at yield, MD
6.9
MPa
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
6.2
MPa
Film tensile strength at break, MD
56.5
MPa
Film tensile strength at break, TD
36.5
MPa
Film elongation at break, MD
580
%
Film elongation at break, TD
780
%
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
650
400
g
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
826
590
g
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
17.1
16.0
g/mm
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
21.7
23.6
g/mm
21.8
18.4
g/mm
Dart drop
Thermal Properties Vicat softening point
95.0
90.0
C
Optical Properties Haze
0.8
Gloss
%
95
%
Table 9.2 Permeation of Oxygen at 23 C and 50% Relative Humidity (RH) through Dow Chemical AttaneÔ Blown Film1 AttaneÔ Grade
4201
Film thickness (mm)
4201
0.02 3
2
Permeability coefficient (cm mm/m day atm)
4202
0.05
281
0.02
279
273
Test method: ASTM F1249.
Table 9.3 Permeation of Carbon dioxide at 23 C and 50% RH through Dow Chemical AttaneÔ Blown Film1 AttaneÔ Grade
4201
Film thickness (mm)
0.05 3
2
Permeability coefficient (cm mm/m day atm) Test method: ASTM F1249.
1233
4202 0.02 1312
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Table 9.4 Permeation of Water Vapor at 23 C and 50% RH through Dow Chemical AttaneÔ Blown Film1 AttaneÔ Grade Film thickness (mm) 2
Permeability coefficient (g mm/m day atm)
4201
4201
4202
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.62
0.55
0.84
Test method: ASTM F1249. Table 9.5 Properties of ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ LLDPE Films Property
MPP-1
LX-1
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.918
Thickness
25
0.918 38.1
g/cm3 mm
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
82.7
Film tensile strength at break, TD
38.0
Film elongation at break, MD
80
Film elongation at break, TD
MPa
ASTM D882
MPa
ASTM D882
%
ASTM D882
800
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
200
g
ASTM D1004
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
>800
g
ASTM D1004
Dart drop
200
41 600
125
g
Optical Properties Haze
6
8
%
Gloss
90
90
%
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. Table 9.6 Permeation of Water and Oxygen through ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ LX-1 LLDPE Film2 Water Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
0.0762
0.36
236
0.0508
0.47
193
0.0381
0.47
236
Film Thickness (mm)
Table 9.7 Permeation of Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen through ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ SL1 and SL3 LLDPE Films3 Permeant Gas
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Thickness: 0.0254 mm. Test method: ASTM D3985.
3.81 35.6
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195
Table 9.8 Properties of Blueridge Films BF 345 LDPE Films Typical Value
Property
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.921
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index
1.8
g/ 10 min
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
2.8
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
23.4
MPa
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, MD
300
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
500
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
360
g
ASTM D1922
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
200
g
ASTM D1922
90
g
Dart drop
Optical Properties Haze
5
%
ASTM D1003
Gloss
70
%
ASTM D2457
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. Table 9.9 Permeation of Gases at 24 C through Dow Chemical LDPE4 Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Penetrant Oxygen
98e138
Nitrogen
39e79
Carbon dioxide
394e787
Table 9.10 Permeation of Solvent Vapors at 24 C through Dow Chemical LDPE4 Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Penetrant
molecular weight distribution is critical. Some materials are produced with “bimodal” molecular weight distribution to obtain the necessary balance. Manufacturers and trade names: LyondellBasell AlathonÒ , Petrolene; ExxonMobilÔ PaxonÔ, Pax-PlusÔ; Chevron Philips MarlexÒ ; NOVA Chemicals SclairÒ. Film Processing Methods: High-density PE can be formed by most processing methods; most films are blown films. Film Applications: Food packagingddairy products and bottled water; cosmetics; medical products; household chemicals.
Methyl alcohol
2.4e3.1
9.1.6.1 LyondellBasell
Ethyl alcohol
0.8e1.6
n-Heptane
118e197
Ethyl acetate
11.8e118
AlathonÒ L4912 is a high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer with a broad and bimodal molecular weight distribution.
Formaldehyde
0.8e2.0
Tetrachloroethylene
197e295
Acetone
3.9e15.8
Benzene (35 C)
236
Water
0.39e0.59
AlathonÒ L 5876, L 5885, M 6210, M 6001, and M 6020. A high-density, medium molecularweight homopolymer. AlathonÒ M 6030, M 606 and M 5865. A medium molecular-weight, high-density homopolymer with extremely low gel content. This resin provides high
196
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Figure 9.10 Permeation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vs. temperature through LDPE polyethylene film.22
Table 9.11 Properties of LyondellBasell PetrotheneÒ MDPE Films Property
NA271009
NA285003
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.930
Thickness
31.8
Melt flow
1.20
0.930 31.8 6.2
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
mm g/10 min
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
24.8
30.3
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
22.1
29.0
MPa
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, MD
400
500
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
500
600
%
ASTM D882
60
60
g
Dart drop
Optical Properties Haze
7
7
%
ASTM D1003
Gloss
90
65
%
ASTM D2457 60
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. Table 9.12 Permeation of Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen through ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ LWS-1 and LWS-2 Laminating MDPE Films5 Film Thickness (mm)
Water Permeation Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Oxygen Permeation Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
SclairfilmÒ LWS-1
0.0508
0.26
132
SclairfilmÒ LWS-1
Grade
0.0381
0.27
133
Ò
0.0508
0.26
132
Ò
0.0381
0.27
133
Sclairfilm LWS-2 Sclairfilm LWS-2
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197
Table 9.13 Physical Properties of LyondellBasell AlathonÒ HDPE for Carton Liners19 Grade
Units
L 5876
L 5885
M 6210
M 6001
M 6020
Tear strength (Elmendorf), MD
g
36
18
21
16
22
Tear strength (Elmendorf), TD
g
600
500
450
500
Elongation at break, MD
%
600
700
860
Elongation at break, TD
%
800
750
850
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
827
862
827
862
827
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
965
1000
1034
1000
1069
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
44
e
e
e
e
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
38
e
e
e
e
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
26
26
27
26
23
Tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
19
26
27
26
21
900
Test Method ASTM D1922
ASTM D882
Sample thickness (mm): 0.051. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
stiffness and narrow molecular weight distribution for use in cast film applications.
molecular weight distribution, high stiffness, and good heat-seal response and strength.
AlathonÒ L 4903. A high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits excellent machine-direction tear in an HMWHD resin as well as low gel levels.
AlathonÒ L 4907. A high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits high density and stiffness, and is designed for grooved feed and smooth bore equipment.
AlathonÒ L 5005. A high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer that provides broad bimodal
See Tables 9.13e9.15.
Table 9.14 Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals AlathonÒ HDPE for Cast Film19 Grade
Units
M 6030
M 6060
M 5865
Tear strength (Elmendorf), MD
g
20
e
e
Tear strength (Elmendorf), TD
g
500
e
e
Elongation at break, MD
%
860
850
900
Elongation at break, TD
%
850
650
800
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
690
793
793
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
827
1034
1034
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
22
24
24
Tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
21
26
25
Sample thickness (mm): 0.051. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
Test Method ASTM D9122 ASTM D882
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Table 9.15 Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals AlathonÒ HMW-HDPE for Film19 L 4903
L 5005
L 4907
Grade
Units
Dart drop, total energy
Nm
Tear strength (Elmendorf), MD
g
20
14
11
Tear strength (Elmendorf), TD
g
18
35
50
Elongation at break, MD
%
390
300
380
Elongation at break, TD
%
260
420
420
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
1152
793
1069
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
979
965
1048
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
65
59
58
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
67
35
47
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
41
26
31
Tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
34
23
27
2.4
2.8
2.7
Test Method ASTM D3420 ASTM D1922 ASTM D882
Sample thickness (mm): 0.125e0.0125. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
9.1.6.2 ExxonMobilÔ PaxonÔ 4700 is a medium molecular-weight, high-density PE homopolymer film resin. It can be processed on conventional film extrusion equipment. Pax-PlusÔ 3201. A rubber-modified film resin that exhibits excellent impact strength and stresscrack resistance. It is used primarily in film where its good tear resistance and laminating properties are required. Pax-PlusÔ 3204 is a rubber-modified high-density PE film resin which is used primarily in film requiring good impact strength. It is specially formulated to provide easy tear in the machine direction. Pax-PlusÔ 3208 is a rubber-modified high-density PE film resin offering good physical properties with ease of processing. It exhibits toughness, stress-crack resistance, and low WVTR. See Table 9.16.
9.1.6.3 NOVA Chemicals HDPE SclairÒ 15A HDPE for lamination, co-extrusion; with high process stabilizer SclairÒ 19A HDPE for co-extrusion, blending; with process stabilizer
SclairÒ 19C HDPE for barrier films, co-extrusion, dry food packaging, blending; with process stabilizer and polymer process aid SclairÒ 19G HDPE for barrier films, co-extrusion, dry food packaging, blending; with process stabilizer SclairÒ 19H HDPE for co-extrusion, blending; with process stabilizer See Tables 9.17e9.23 and Fig. 9.11.
9.2 Polypropylene The three main types of PP generally available: Homopolymers are made in a single reactor with propylene and catalyst. It is the stiffest of the three propylene types and has the highest tensile strength at yield. In the natural state (no colorant added) it is translucent and has excellent see through or contact clarity with liquids. In comparison to the other two types it has less impact resistance, especially below 0 C. Random copolymers (homophasic copolymer) are made in a single reactor with a small amount of ethylene (<5%) added which disrupts the crystallinity of the polymer allowing this type to be the clearest. It is also the most flexible with the lowest tensile strength of the three. It has better room
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Table 9.16 Physical Properties of ExxonMobilÔ HDPE for Blown Film Property
Units
Grade
Pax-PlusÔ
PaxonÔ 4700
3201
Test Method
3204
3208
51
51
Physical Properties Film thickness
mm
Density
g/cm
Melt flow 2.16 kg, 190 C
g/10 min
51 3
Melt flow 10 kg, 190 C
51
0.963
0.936
0.941
0.936
ASTM 4883
0.730
0.200
0.300
0.100
ExxonMobil method
4.00
5.80
2.60
11.0
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
38.6
11.6
14.0
11.9
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
34.5
12.1
15.2
13.1
Film elongation at break, MD
%
900
700
700
630
Film elongation at yield, MD
%
900
900
900
750
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g/mm
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g/mm
Dart drop test
g
Film tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
37.2
26.8
29.8
25.7
Film tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
30.3
23.1
26.6
23.6
1% Secant modulus, MD
MPa
1030
325
399
325
1% Secant modulus, TD
MPa
1140
387
484
406
1.38 15.2 320
1.38 15.2 320
0.984 4.72 240
1.38
ASTM D882
ASTM 1922
11.2 250
ASTM 1709 ASTM D882
Film thickness: 51 mm. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
temperature impact than homopolymer but shares the same relatively poor impact resistance at low temperatures. Impact copolymers (heterophasic copolymer), also known as block copolymers, are made in a two-reactor system where the homopolymer matrix is made in the first reactor and then transferred to the second reactor where ethylene and propylene are polymerized to create ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) in the form of microscopic nodules dispersed in the homopolymer matrix phase. These nodules impart impact
resistance both at ambient and cold temperatures to the compound. This type has intermediate stiffness and tensile strength and is quite cloudy. In general, the more ethylene monomer added, the greater the impact resistance with correspondingly lower stiffness and tensile strength. Oriented and multilayered films of PP are also common. Manufacturers and trade names: Ineos polypropylene; LlyondellBasell AdflexÔ, Mophen; ExxonMobilÔ BicorÔ, OPPalyte; Dow Chemical.
200
Table 9.17 Physical Properties of NOVA Chemical SclairÒ HDPE Film Grade Property
Units
15A
19A
19C
19 G
19H
38
38
38
Test Method
Physical Properties mm
Film thickness Density
g/cm
Melt flow 2.16 kg, 190 C
38 3
g/ 10 min
38
0.942
0.962
0.958
0.960
0.960
ASTM D4883
0.33
0.72
0.95
1.2
0.38
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Properties Shore hardness D
59
69
68
69
68
ASTM D2240 ASTM D882
MPa
21
27
25
25
26
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
22
22
27
23
23
Film elongation at break, MD
%
430
650
560
Film elongation at break, TD
%
900
800
890
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g/mm
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g/mm
Dart drop test, F50
g/mm
Film tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
43
39
42
38
53
Film tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
39
22
40
23
23
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
510
830
840
840
830
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
690
1330
1180
1270
1330
0.60 26 1.31
0.55
0.63
12.42
18.7
0.89
1.16
0.63 11.8
0.47
ASTM D1922
47.4
0.76
ASTM D1709 ASTM D882
OF
P LASTICS
Optical Properties
Gloss (45 , 1 mil)
%
78
36
41
81
ASTM D1003
%
5
23
14
5
ASTM D1894
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
E LASTOMERS
AND
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F ILM P ROPERTIES
Film tensile strength at yield, MD
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Table 9.18 Permeation of Oxygen and Water through NOVA Chemicals SclairÒ HDPE Films Film Thickness (mm)
Water Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
15A
0.038
0.21
91
19A
0.038
0.13
65
19C
0.038
0.10
57
19G
0.038
0.11
62
19H
0.038
0.24
65
SclairÒ Code
Test method: ASTM E96 and ASTM D3985.
6
Table 9.19 Permeation of Gases through Chevron Philips MarlexÒ HDPE Permeant Gas
Impact copolymers. Automotive, housewares, film, sheet, profiles, high pressure resistance, medical trays, and thin-wall parts.
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Carbon dioxide
136
Hydrogen
126
Oxygen
44
Helium
97
Ethane
93
Natural gas
44
Ò
Freon 12
Random copolymer. Food, household chemicals, beauty aid products, clear containers, and hot fill applications.
Blueridge Films BFI 3271 High Impact Homopolymer Polypropylene Blown Film. Blueridge Films BFI 4170 Impact Copolymer Polypropylene Film. Blueridge Films HP100 Series Polypropylene Cast Film. See Tables 9.24e9.28.
37
Nitrogen
21
Test method: ASTM D1434.
9.3 Polybutene-1
7
Applications and uses: Homopolymer. Thermoforming, slit film and oriented fibers, high clarity, housewares, syringes, and closures.
Polybutylene (or polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is produced by polymerization of 1-butene using supported ZieglereNatta catalysts as shown in Fig. 9.12. PB-1 is a high molecular-weight, linear, isotactic, and semicrystalline polymer. It is frequently blended with other polymers. It is also offered as a copolymer, usually with ethylene or propylene comonomers.
Table 9.20 Permeation of Oxygen and Water through NOVA Chemicals SclairÒ HDPE Films SclairÒ Code
Film Thickness (mm)
Water Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
15A
0.038
0.21
91
19A
0.038
0.13
65
19C
0.038
0.10
57
19G
0.038
0.11
62
19H
0.038
0.24
65
6
Test method: ASTM E96 and ASTM D3985.
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Table 9.21a Permeation of Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
25
L15
Pressure gradient (kPa)
68
L16
1724
Permeability coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
31.9
156
25
67
L18
3447 761
30.6
154
25
67
6895 748
27.9
161
740
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory. Table 9.21b Permeation of Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
25
L10
Pressure gradient (kPa)
72
L19
1724 1.6
Permeability coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
15.5
25
69
L17
3447 173
0.95
14.0
25
68
6895 128
0.99
14.7
150
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory. Table 9.22 Permeation of Oxygen vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
L16
Pressure gradient (kPa)
25
51
L15
1724 3
Permeability coefficient (cm mm/m day atm)
2
5.0
50.3
25
52
3447 218
5.2
49.4
178
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory.
Table 9.23 Permeation of Ammonia vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
L15
Pressure gradient (kPa) Permeability coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
25
68
965 32.5
122.6
Films are produced by blown film, cast film, and extrusion coating. Manufacturers and trade names: LyondellBasell Polybutene-1. Applications and uses: There are two main fields of application:
623
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory.
Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in PE to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging. Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging PP-based films. Blending PB-1 into PP, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.
9: P OLYOLEFINS
203
Figure 9.11 Permeation of gases vs. temperature of highdensity PE.23
LyondellBasell Polybutene-1 products for flexible film include: DP 0401M is a semicrystalline homopolymer DP 8220M is a random copolymer of butene-1 with medium ethylene content
DP9217M is an experimental highly modified copolymer based on butene-1 PB 0110M is a semicrystalline homopolymer PB 0300M is a semicrystalline homopolymer PB 8340M is a random copolymer of butene-1 with low ethylene content
Table 9.24 Properties of Blueridge Films BFI 3271 High Impact Copolymer PP Blown Film Property
BFI 4170
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.905
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index
0.75
g/10 min
ASTM D1238, 230 C/2160 g
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
58.6
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
37.9
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at yield, MD
26.2
MPa
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
24.8
MPa
Film Elongation at break, MD
750
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
770
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
55
g
ASTM D1922
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
300
g
ASTM D1922
Dart drop
350
g
ASTM D1709
Optical Properties Haze
1.0
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
%
ASTM D1003
204
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.25 Properties of Blueridge Films HP100 Series PP Cast Film Property
BFI 4170
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index
g/10 min
ASTM D1238, 230 C/2160 g
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
Film elongation at break, MD
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g
ASTM D1922
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g
ASTM D1922
Dart drop
g
ASTM D1709
Optical Properties Haze
3.5
Gloss
75
%
ASTM D1003
%
ASTM D2457
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
Table 9.26 Permeation of Various Gases through Ineos PP9 Temperature ( C)
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Water
25
335
Oxygen
30
151
Carbon dioxide
30
230
Hydrogen
20
2692
Nitrogen
30
18
Permeant
Table 9.27 Permeation of Carbon dioxide through LlyondellBasell AdflexÔ PP10 AdflexÔ Grade Film thickness (mm)
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) 0.025
0.050
Q401F
865
754
KS089P
884
833
KS353P
2240
2162
9: P OLYOLEFINS
205
High frequency films
Table 9.28 Permeation of Oxygen through LlyondellBasell AdflexÔ PP10
AdflexÔ Grade
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Film thickness (mm)
0.025
Q401F
0.050
39
35
KS089P
185
188
KS353P
377
373
Food Packaging such as gas permeable packages for fruit and vegetables
9.4.1 Honeywell R-Series PMP See Tables 9.30 and 9.31.
9.4.2 Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film Opulent Ô See Table 9.32 and Fig. 9.14.
9.5 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
Figure 9.12 Structure of 1-butene monomer and PB-1 polymer.
PB 8640M is a random copolymer of butene-1 with low ethylene content See Table 9.29.
9.4 Polymethyl Pentene 4-Methylpentene-1-based polyolefin is a lightweight, functional polymer that displays a unique combination of physical properties and characteristics due to its distinctive molecular structure, which includes a bulky side chain as shown in Fig. 9.13. Polymethyl pentene (PMP) possesses many characteristics inherent in traditional polyolefins such as excellent electrical insulating properties and strong hydrolysis resistance. Moreover, it features low dielectric, superb clarity, transparency, gas permeability, heat and chemical resistance, and release qualities. Its CAS number is 89-25-8. Manufacturers and trade names: Mitsui Chemicals TPXÔ OpulentÔ, Honeywell PMP; Chevron Philips Crystalorddiscontinued. Applications and uses: It can be used for extruded and film products, injection molded, and blow molded application items, including: Paper coatings and baking cartons Release film and release paper
Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is an amorphous polyolefin made by reaction of ethylene and norbornene in varying ratios. Its structure is given in Fig. 10.15. The norborene structure in Fig. 10.15 is designated “Y”. The properties can be customized by changing the ratio of the monomers found in the polymer. Figure 10.16 shows the effect of norborene content on the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Being amorphous it is transparent. Other performance benefits include: Low density Extremely low water absorption Excellent water vapor barrier properties High rigidity, strength, and hardness Variable heat deflection temperature up to 170 C Very good resistance to acids and alkalis See Figs 9.15 and 9.16. Manufacturers and trade names: Mitsui Chemical APEL, Topas advanced polymers, TOPASÒ . Applications and uses: TopasÒ COC is used as a core layer in push-through packaging (PTP), either in five-layer co-extruded or three-layer laminated film structures; flexible and rigid packaging for food and consumer items; syringes, vials, and other prefillable containers.
9.5.1 Topas Advanced Polymers, TOPAS Ò Standard TOPAS film grades are
206
Table 9.29 Properties of LyondellBasell Polybutene-1 Resins Property
Units
DP 0401M
DP 8220M
DP 9217M
PB 0110M
PB 0300M
PB 8340M
PB 8640M
0.915
0.901
0.899
0.914
0.915
0.911
0.906
g/cm3
Melt flow rate (MFR) (190 C/10 kg)
g/10 min
MFR (190 C/2.16 kg)
g/10 min
Flexural modulus
MPa
450
140
187
Melting temperature
C
114
85
102
Tensile strength at yield
MPa
22
10
Tensile strength at break
MPa
29
32
Tensile elongation at break
%
300
300
46 15
2.5
46 2.5
12
70
100
28
4
4
1
450
450
270
250
117
116
97
97
0.4
19.5
19.5
37
35
35
30
30
450
300
300
300
300
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Density
OF
P LASTICS AND
E LASTOMERS
9: P OLYOLEFINS
207 Table 9.31 Water Transmission Rate at 38 C (100 F) and 100% RH of Honeywell Series R PMP Films12 Product Code
Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m2 day)
R100
91
R1180 Figure 9.13 Structure of PMP.
TOPAS 9506F-04: High clarity extrusion grade for use in food and medical packaging as either a discrete layer in multilayer film or in blends with PE. It has a low glass transition temperature (Tg) and provides excellent clarity, stiffness, water vapor barrier, and good thermoformability. TOPAS 9506: It is especially recommended for use as discrete layers in blown films due to its
7.8
R1500
60
R2000
47
Note: Film thickness not specified.
higher molecular weight and increased melt strength for better bubble stability. TOPAS 8007F-04: High clarity extrusion grade for pharmaceutical, medical and food packaging. It is most often used in co-extruded cast film
Table 9.30 Properties of Honeywell R-Series PMP Films11 Typical Properties
Units
R100
R1180
R1500
R2000
3
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
Yield
m /kg
43.4
36.8
28.9
21.7
Dimensional stability, MD
%
<2% Shrinkage
<2% Shrinkage
<2% Shrinkage
<2% Shrinkage
300 F/177 C/ 10 min, TD
%
<1.5% Shrinkage
<1.5% Shrinkage
<1.5% Shrinkage
<1.5% Shrinkage
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
39.3e53.1
35.9e49.6
27.6e44.8
39.3e53.1
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
21.4e39.3
31.0e43.4
26.2e34.5
21.4e39.3
Elongation, MD
%
150e210
200e300
200e300
150e210
Elongation, TD
%
380e500
330e400
300e400
380e500
Modulus (elastic), MD
MPa
552e648
627e724
572e758
552e648
Modulus (elastic), TD
MPa
621e703
627e724
621e793
621e703
Tear strength (Graves), MD
g/ 25 mm
220e280
220e280
275e325
220e280
Tear strength (Graves), TD
g/ 25 mm
220e280
220e280
250e300
220e280
Coefficient of friction film to stainless steel
0.5e0.7
0.5e0.7
0.4e0.7
0.5e0.7
Coefficient of friction film to film
0.8e1.2
0.8e1.2
0.8e1.2
0.8e1.2
Specific gravity
g/cm 2
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
208
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.32 Properties of Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film OpulentÔ PMP Films13 Typical Properties
Units
Film thickness
mm
Tensile modulus, MD
X-44B
X-88B
Test Method
X-88BMT4
50
50
50
100
MPa
1650
2100
2000
2000
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
25
30
28
28
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
30
33
32
28
ASTM D882
Elongation at break, MD
%
100
60
50
80
ASTM D882
Softening temperature
47
52
52
52
Mitsui method
Thermal dimensional change ratio, MD
%
1.6
1.8
Thermal dimensional change ratio, TD
%
1.1
1.3
Water absorption
%
<0.01
C
Dielectric constant (12 GHz) Dielectric loss tangent (12 GHz)
0.1
Mitsui method
0.3
0.2
Mitsui method
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
ASTM D570
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
Cavity resonator method
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Cavity resonator method
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
Figure 9.14 Elastic modulus vs. temperature of Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film OpulentÔ X-44B PMP film.13
0.08
9: P OLYOLEFINS
209
applications, for example, blister film, and offers excellent clarity, stiffness, water vapor barrier, and thermoformability. This grade has the broadest range of regulatory approvals within the packaging portfolio. TOPAS 8007F-400: Standard extrusion grade with a broader extrusion processing window (equipment and conditions) and is recommended for the extrusion of discrete 100% TOPAS layers or high (>65%) COC content blends. It is especially recommended for use in grooved feed extruders.
Figure 9.15 Chemical structure of COCs.
TOPAS 6013F-04: High clarity extrusion grade having high temperature resistance for pharmaceutical, medical, and food packaging. It has a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and provides excellent clarity, stiffness, water vapor barrier, and thermoformability. It can be used in co-extruded films as a discrete layer or in blends with PE. See Tables 9.33e9.35 and Fig. 9.17.
9.6 Plastomer
Figure 9.16 TOPASÒ glass transition temperature vs. norborene content.24
Plastomers (POPs) are characterized by their narrow composition distribution and narrow molecular weight distribution. This makes them extremely tough and exceptionally clear and gives them improved taste, color and odor properties, and very good sealability. They are typically polyolefin copolymers that are prepared with special catalysts and
Table 9.33 Physical Properties of TOPAS24 Property Density
Test Method
9506F04
8007F04
8007F400
6013F04
ISO 1183
1020
1020
1020
1020
ISO 1133
6.0
12.0
11.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
e
Unit kg/m3 3
Melt volume rate (MVR) at 230 C, 2.16 kg load
cm /10 min
MVR at 190 C, 2.16 kg load
cm3/10 min
MFR at 230 C, 2.16 kg load
g/10 min
*
5.5
11.0
10.1
0.9
MFR at 190 C, 2.16 kg load
g/10 min
*
0.9
1.9
1.8
0.1 (Continued )
210
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.33 (Continued) Property Water absorption (23 Cdsat)
Unit %
Test Method ISO 62
9506F04
8007F04
8007F400
6013F04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
78
78
138
Cast
Cast
Cast
Cast
70
70
70
70
Thermal Properties Glass transition temperature (10 C/min)
C
ISO 11357-1, -2, -3
65
Test Specimen Production (Film) Type of extrusion Thickness of specimen
mm
Mechanical Properties (Film) Tensile modulus, MD
MPa
ISO 527-3
1700
2200
2100
2400
Tensile modulus, TD
MPa
ISO 527-3
2000
1800
1700
2250
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
ISO 527-3
55
57
55
55
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
ISO 527-3
55
50
50
45
Elongation at break, MD
%
ISO 527-3
2.9
2.9
3.4
2.4
Elongation at break, TD
%
ISO 527-3
3.6
3.0
3.4
2.2
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g
ISO 6383-2
230
225
e
9
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g
ISO 6383-2
240
230
e
9
ISO 7765-1
<36
<36
e
<36
Dart drop impact strength, F50
Optical Properties (Film) Gloss 60
%
ISO 2813
>100
>100
>100**
>100
Haze
%
ISO 14782
<1
<1
>2**
<1
Barrier Properties (Film) Water vapor permeability (38 C, 90% RH)
g mm/m2 day
ISO 15106-3
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.13
Oxygen permeability (23 C, 50% RH)
cm3 mm/m2 day atm
ASTM D3985
17.2
20.3
e
28.4
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. *Calculated from ISO 1133 MVR using a melt density of 0.92. **Haze level will depend on processing conditions.
9: P OLYOLEFINS
211
Table 9.34 Water Vapor Permeation at 23 C and 85% RH through Topas Advanced Polymers TOPASÒ COC14 TopasÒ Grade
Heat Deflection Temperature ( C)
Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
8077
75
0.023
6013
130
0.035
6015
130
0.035
5013
150
0.030
6017
170
0.045
Test method: DIN53122.
Table 9.35 Water Vapor Permeation at 38 C and 90% RH through Topas Advanced Polymers TOPASÒ COC15 Vapor Transmission Rate (g2/day)
Film Layers
Layer Thickness (mm)
PVC/TopasÒ /PVDC
0.060/0.240/unknown
0.14
0.030/0.300/0.030
0.23
Ò
PP/Topas /PP Ò
PVC/Topas /PVC
0.035/0.240/0.035
0.28
Ò
0.030/0.240/0.030
0.28
Ò
0.030/0.190/0.030
0.35
PP/Topas /PP PP/Topas /PP Test method: ASTM F1249.
Figure 9.17 Modulus vs. Topas advanced polymers TOPASÒ 8007F-04 blended with various PE resins.
processes that allow control of molecular weight and crystallinity distribution. The unique molecular architecture of POPs provides films, fibers, sheet, and molded parts with an outstanding combination of excellent optics, sealing, and hot tack performance, plus elasticity, flexibility, softness, and compatibility in blends. Manufacturers and trade names: Dow Versify, AffinityÔ, ExxonMobil ExactÔ, Japan Polychem KernelÒ . Dow Chemical VERSIFYÔ and AFFINITYÔ POPs are a versatile family of specialty propylenee ethylene copolymers produced with a revolutionary catalyst in combination with Dow’s proprietary INSITEÔ Technology and Solution Process. See Tables 9.36e9.39.
212
Table 9.36 Properties of Dow VERSIFYÔ Plastomer Resins16 VERSIFYÔ Code Property
2000
2200
3000
3200
4200
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.888
0.876
0.891
0.876
Melt mass-flow rate (230 C/2.16 kg)
2.0
2.0
8.0
8.0
Total crystallinity
35
21
44
30
g/cm3
ASTM D792, ISO 1183
25
g/10
ASTM D1238, ISO 1133
29
%
Dow method
22.7
MPa
ASTM D638
0.876
Mechanical Molded Tensile strength at break*
26.0 680
Flexural modulusd1% secant*
359
690 99.9
27.3
22.1
730
840
850
%
ASTM D638
389
131
112
MPa
ASTM D790
94
96
94
94
ASTM D2240
Durometer hardness shore D*
54
42
60
44
42
ASTM D2240
P LASTICS
96
OF
Durometer hardness shore A*
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Tensile elongation at break*
20.5
Mechanical Film 51
mm
2% Secant modulus, MD
86.6
MPa
ASTM D882
2% Secant modulus, TD
94.4
MPa
ASTM D882
AND
Film thickness tested
E LASTOMERS
10.7
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, TD
10.1
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
29.5
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, TD
26.3
MPa
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
590
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
1300
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
9: P OLYOLEFINS
Tensile strength at yield, MD
Thermal Glass transition temperature (DSC) Vicat softening temperature Melting temperature (DSC)
17
24
14
23
23
C
Dow method
94
63.0
105
59
61
C
ASTM D1525
107
82.2
108
85.0
84
C
Dow method
Optical
Gardner gloss 20 , 1000 mm*
108
110
126
125
127
Gardner gloss 20 , 1000 mm*
119
128
134
134
134
Haze, 2000 mm**
18
4.8
9.1
3.9
5.1
ASTM D523
%
ASTM D1003
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. *Compression molded sample. **Injection molded sample.
213
214
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.37 Properties of Dow AFFINITYÔ PF Plastomer Resins17 AffinityÔ PF Code 1140 G
Property
1146 G
1162 G
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.897
0.899
0.900
g/ cm3
ASTM D792
Melt index (190 C/2.16 kg)
1.6
1.0
1.0
g/10
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Film thickness tested Film puncture energy
51 8.18
51
51
3.56
mm J
Dow method
N
Dow method
Film puncture force
83.6
48.9
Film puncture resistance
20.3
9.6
J/ cm3
Dow method
2% Secant modulus, MD
72.8
51.2
MPa
ASTM D882
2% Secant modulus, TD
73.2
55.0
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, MD
5.79
6.43
5.94
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, TD
6.34
5.98
5.78
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
50.3
37.3
44.2
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, TD
39.5
42.1
41.6
MPa
ASTM D882
%
ASTM D882
Tensile elongation at break, MD
690
550
610
Tensile elongation at break, TD
700
600
650
>850
Dart drop impact
ASTM D882
>850
g
ASTM D1709B
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
470
380
400
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
620
460
510
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Thermal Vicat softening temperature
76.7
78.0
76.0
C
ASTM D1525
Melting temperature (DSC)
96.1
95.0
95.0
C
Dow method
Optical Gardner gloss 20
134
77
ASTM D523 ASTM D1746
Clarity
70.0
90.0
Haze
1.3
5.5
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
5.0
%
ASTM D1003
AffinityÔ PL Code Property
1280 G
1840 G
1850 G
1880 G
1881 G
1888 G
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.900
0.909
0.902
0.902
0.904
0.904
g/ cm3
ASTM D792
Melt index (190 C/2.16 kg)
6.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
g/10
ASTM D1238
9: P OLYOLEFINS
Table 9.38 Properties of Dow AFFINITYÔ PL Plastomer Resins17
Mechanical Film thickness tested
25
Film puncture energy
51 9.16
20 4.28
51 8.81
51 8.09
51 5.99
mm J
Dow method
Film puncture force
93
47.6
92.5
82.3
67.2
N
Dow method
Film puncture resistance
25.2
31.4
22.3
21.9
15.6
J/ cm3
Dow method
2% Secant modulus, MD
123
108
91.7
97.4
70.2
MPa
ASTM D882
2% Secant modulus, TD
123
115
92.4
96.9
68.7
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, MD
5.8
8.76
9.93
7.24
8.07
5.92
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, TD
5.3
8.07
5.45
6.89
7.17
5.98
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
48
47.8
44.6
58.6
45.4
49.3
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, TD
30
45.4
29.8
44.7
42.5
39.8
MPa
ASTM D882
%
ASTM D882
Tensile elongation at break, MD
470
620
350
620
590
600
(Continued )
215
216
Table 9.38 (Continued ) AffinityÔ PL Code Property
1280 G
1840 G
1850 G
1880 G
1881 G
1888 G
Tensile elongation at break, TD
720
580
570
630
630
570
Dart drop impact
290
>830
>830
>830
>830
>830
g
ASTM D1709B
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
78
560
120
550
560
430
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
410
840
410
720
730
720
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Units
Test Method ASTM D882
Thermal 85
86
86
85
C
ASTM D1525
Melting temperature (DSC)
96
106
98
99
100
98
C
Dow method
141
112
81
ASTM D2457
83
83
95
ASTM D1746
Optical
Gardner gloss 20
91
Clarity Haze
128
144
63 4
2.5
0.7
1.1
3.2
3.4
%
ASTM D1003
AND
ExxonMobil ExactÔ plastomers are ethylene alpha olefin copolymers that bridge the gap between elastomers and plastics, with rubber-like properties and the processability of plastic. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
P LASTICS
95
OF
81
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Vicat softening temperature
E LASTOMERS
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217
Table 9.39 Properties of ExxonMobil ExactÔ Plastomer Resins18 ExactÔ Code Property
9061
9071
9361
9371
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.862
0.870
0.864
0.872
g/ cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index (190 C/2.16 kg)
0.50
0.50
3.5
4.5
g/10
ASTM D1238
Hardness, shore A
50
68
54
64
ASTM D790
Mechanical (Compression Molded) 1% Secant flexural modulus
6.5
12.6
5.3
9.7
MPa
ASTM D790
Tensile strength at yield
1.7
2.2
1.4
1.9
MPa
ASTM D412
Tensile strength at break
2.4
4.0
1.4
2.2
MPa
ASTM D412
%
ASTM D412
Tensile elongation at break
1200
1500
740
1200
Thermal Vicat softening temperature
47
56
42
50
C
ASTM D1525
Melting temperature (DSC)
41
50
41
55
C
ExxonMobil method
Crystallinity, Hf
41
52
44
50
J/g
ExxonMobil method
Crystallization peak
28
38
26
38
C
ExxonMobil method
49
49
52
45
C
ExxonMobil method
Glass transition, Tg
References 1. AttaneÔ data sheets. Dow Chemical Company; May 2000. 2. SclairfilmÒ specifications sheets. ExopackÒ ; 2010. 3. SclairfilmÒ polyolefin filmdSL-1 and SL-3 laminating film, supplier technical report (H-27763). Canada: DuPont; 1990. 4. Permeability of polymers to gases and vapors, supplier technical report (P302-335-79, D306-115-79). Dow Chemical Company; 1979.
5. SclairfilmÒ polyolefin filmdLWS-1 and LWS-2 film, supplier technical report. Canada: DuPont; 1990. 6. SclairÒ specification sheets. NOVA Chemicals; 2010. 7. Engineering properties of MarlexÒ resins, PE TSM-1. Chevron Philips; 2002. 8. Adam SJ, David CE. Permeation measurement of fluoropolymers using mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks. In: 23rd
218
International SAMPE Technical Conference, Conference Proceedings. SAMPE; 1991. 9. Ineos Typical engineering properties of polypropylene; 2010. 10. BOPP film, polypropylene, Form No. 022 PPe 10/01. Basell Polypropylene; 2001. 11. Honeywell barrier films. Honeywell R-Series PMP Film; 2006. 12. Honeywell R Series PMP datasheet; 12/2006. 13. Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film OpulentÔ website; 2011. 14. TopasÒ Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) product brochure; 2006. 15. Zu¨rcher, Jo¨rg, Topas COC in Pharmaceutical Blister Packs; 2004. 16. VersifyÔ product data sheets. Dow Chemical; 2011. 17. AffinityÔ product data sheets. Dow Chemical; 2011.
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
18. ExactÔ product data sheets. ExxonMobil; 2011. 19. Polyethylene products and properties. Basell Polyolefins; 2002. 20. Brubaker DW, Kammermeyer K. Separation of gases by means of permeable membranes. Permeability of plastic membranes to gases. Ind Eng Chem 1952;44:1465e74. 21. Felder RM, Spence RD, Ferrell JK. Permeation of sulfur dioxide through polymers. J Chem Eng Data 1975;20:235e42. 22. Wood-adams P. Permeation: essential factors for permeation; course notes, physical chemistry of polymers. In: Polymer. Concordia University; 2006. p. 1e16. 23. HalarÒ ECTFE. Fluoropolymer coatings for cleanroom exhaust duct systems. Solvay Solexis; 2003. 24. TopasÒ packaging brochure; 2007.
found in the appropriate sections that contain the data for those materials.
9.1 Polyethylene PE can be made in a number of ways. The way it is produced can affect its physical properties. It can also have very small amounts of comonomers, which will alter its structure and properties. The basic types or classifications of PE, according to the ASTM D1248, are: Ultra-low-density polyethylene (ULDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.890 to 0.905 g/cm3, contains comonomer Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.905 to 0.915 g/cm3, contains comonomer Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3, contains comonomer Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polymers with densities ranging from about 0.915 to 0.935 g/cm3 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.926 to 0.940 g/cm3, may or may not contain comonomer High-density polyethylene (HDPE), polymers with densities ranging from 0.940 to 0.970 g/cm3, may or may not contain comonomer
Figure 9.1 Chemical structures of some monomers used to make polyolefins.
Figure 9.2 shows the differences graphically. The differences in the branches in terms of number and length affect the density and melting points of some of the types. Branching affects the crystallinity. A diagram of a representation of the crystal structure of PE is shown in Fig. 9.3. One can imagine how branching in the polymer chain can disrupt the crystalline regions. The crystalline regions are the highly ordered areas
Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-2551-9.00009-8 Copyright Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
189
190
F ILM P ROPERTIES
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The data tables and graphs that follow will be in the order of the basic types or classifications of PE described in the first part of this section, except that data on unspecified PE and data that cover the range of PE molecular weights will be first.
9.1.1 Unclassified Polyethylene See Figs 9.4e9.9.
9.1.2 Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene Dow ATTANEÔ 4401 Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene, Blown Film Grade. Dow ATTANEÔ 4402 Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene, Cast Film Grade. See Tables 9.1e9.4.
Figure 9.2 Graphical depictions of PE types.
9.1.3 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ MPP-1 LLDPE Film, “Super Strength”. SclairfilmÒ LX-1 LLDPE Film, Laminating. See Tables 9.5e9.7.
9.1.4 Low-Density Polyethylene Blueridge Films BFI 345 are homopolymer films with premium clarity. See Tables 9.8e9.10 and Fig. 9.10.
Figure 9.3 Graphical structure.
diagram
of
PE
crystal
in the shaded rectangles of Fig. 9.3. A high degree of branching would reduce the size of the crystalline regions, which leads to lower crystallinity. Manufacturers and trade names: There are many, some of which are Dow AttaneÔ; Chevron Philips MarlexÒ ; and LlyondellBasell Polyolefins. Applications and uses: ULDPEdHeavy duty sacks, turf bags, consumer bags, packaging for cheese, meat, coffee, and detergents, silage wrap, mulch films, extruded membranes. HDPEdFood packaging: dairy products and bottled water, cosmetics, medical products, and household chemicals.
9.1.5 Medium-Density Polyethylene LyondellBasell PetrotheneÒ NA271009. LyondellBasell PetrotheneÒ NA285003. See Tables 9.11 and 9.12.
9.1.6 High-Density Polyethylene HDPE polymers are highly crystalline, tough materials. High molecular-weight, high-density polyethylenes (HMW-HDPE) are a special class of linear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000e500,000 range. To obtain processability along with end-use properties, control of the
9: P OLYOLEFINS
191
Figure 9.4 Permeability of gases vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
Figure 9.5 Water vapor transmission rate vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
Figure 9.6 Vapor transmission rate of various fuels vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
192
Figure 9.7 Vapor transmission rate of various solvents vs. the density of LlyondellBasell Polyolefins polyethylene films.19
Figure 9.8 Permeability of gases vs. temperature of PE film.20
Figure 9.9 Permeation of sulfur dioxide vs. temperature through PE film.21
F ILM P ROPERTIES
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193
Table 9.1 Properties of Dow ATTANEÔ ULDPE Films Property
4401
4402
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.912
Thickness
38.0
Melt flow
g/cm3
0.912
mm
25.0
1.00
3.30
g/10 min
At load 2.16 kg
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at yield, MD
6.9
MPa
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
6.2
MPa
Film tensile strength at break, MD
56.5
MPa
Film tensile strength at break, TD
36.5
MPa
Film elongation at break, MD
580
%
Film elongation at break, TD
780
%
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
650
400
g
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
826
590
g
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
17.1
16.0
g/mm
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
21.7
23.6
g/mm
21.8
18.4
g/mm
Dart drop
Thermal Properties Vicat softening point
95.0
90.0
C
Optical Properties Haze
0.8
Gloss
%
95
%
Table 9.2 Permeation of Oxygen at 23 C and 50% Relative Humidity (RH) through Dow Chemical AttaneÔ Blown Film1 AttaneÔ Grade
4201
Film thickness (mm)
4201
0.02 3
2
Permeability coefficient (cm mm/m day atm)
4202
0.05
281
0.02
279
273
Test method: ASTM F1249.
Table 9.3 Permeation of Carbon dioxide at 23 C and 50% RH through Dow Chemical AttaneÔ Blown Film1 AttaneÔ Grade
4201
Film thickness (mm)
0.05 3
2
Permeability coefficient (cm mm/m day atm) Test method: ASTM F1249.
1233
4202 0.02 1312
194
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Table 9.4 Permeation of Water Vapor at 23 C and 50% RH through Dow Chemical AttaneÔ Blown Film1 AttaneÔ Grade Film thickness (mm) 2
Permeability coefficient (g mm/m day atm)
4201
4201
4202
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.62
0.55
0.84
Test method: ASTM F1249. Table 9.5 Properties of ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ LLDPE Films Property
MPP-1
LX-1
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.918
Thickness
25
0.918 38.1
g/cm3 mm
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
82.7
Film tensile strength at break, TD
38.0
Film elongation at break, MD
80
Film elongation at break, TD
MPa
ASTM D882
MPa
ASTM D882
%
ASTM D882
800
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
200
g
ASTM D1004
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
>800
g
ASTM D1004
Dart drop
200
41 600
125
g
Optical Properties Haze
6
8
%
Gloss
90
90
%
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. Table 9.6 Permeation of Water and Oxygen through ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ LX-1 LLDPE Film2 Water Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
0.0762
0.36
236
0.0508
0.47
193
0.0381
0.47
236
Film Thickness (mm)
Table 9.7 Permeation of Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen through ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ SL1 and SL3 LLDPE Films3 Permeant Gas
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Thickness: 0.0254 mm. Test method: ASTM D3985.
3.81 35.6
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195
Table 9.8 Properties of Blueridge Films BF 345 LDPE Films Typical Value
Property
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.921
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index
1.8
g/ 10 min
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
2.8
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
23.4
MPa
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, MD
300
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
500
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
360
g
ASTM D1922
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
200
g
ASTM D1922
90
g
Dart drop
Optical Properties Haze
5
%
ASTM D1003
Gloss
70
%
ASTM D2457
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. Table 9.9 Permeation of Gases at 24 C through Dow Chemical LDPE4 Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Penetrant Oxygen
98e138
Nitrogen
39e79
Carbon dioxide
394e787
Table 9.10 Permeation of Solvent Vapors at 24 C through Dow Chemical LDPE4 Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Penetrant
molecular weight distribution is critical. Some materials are produced with “bimodal” molecular weight distribution to obtain the necessary balance. Manufacturers and trade names: LyondellBasell AlathonÒ , Petrolene; ExxonMobilÔ PaxonÔ, Pax-PlusÔ; Chevron Philips MarlexÒ ; NOVA Chemicals SclairÒ. Film Processing Methods: High-density PE can be formed by most processing methods; most films are blown films. Film Applications: Food packagingddairy products and bottled water; cosmetics; medical products; household chemicals.
Methyl alcohol
2.4e3.1
9.1.6.1 LyondellBasell
Ethyl alcohol
0.8e1.6
n-Heptane
118e197
Ethyl acetate
11.8e118
AlathonÒ L4912 is a high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer with a broad and bimodal molecular weight distribution.
Formaldehyde
0.8e2.0
Tetrachloroethylene
197e295
Acetone
3.9e15.8
Benzene (35 C)
236
Water
0.39e0.59
AlathonÒ L 5876, L 5885, M 6210, M 6001, and M 6020. A high-density, medium molecularweight homopolymer. AlathonÒ M 6030, M 606 and M 5865. A medium molecular-weight, high-density homopolymer with extremely low gel content. This resin provides high
196
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Figure 9.10 Permeation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vs. temperature through LDPE polyethylene film.22
Table 9.11 Properties of LyondellBasell PetrotheneÒ MDPE Films Property
NA271009
NA285003
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.930
Thickness
31.8
Melt flow
1.20
0.930 31.8 6.2
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
mm g/10 min
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
24.8
30.3
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
22.1
29.0
MPa
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, MD
400
500
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
500
600
%
ASTM D882
60
60
g
Dart drop
Optical Properties Haze
7
7
%
ASTM D1003
Gloss
90
65
%
ASTM D2457 60
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. Table 9.12 Permeation of Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen through ExopackÒ SclairfilmÒ LWS-1 and LWS-2 Laminating MDPE Films5 Film Thickness (mm)
Water Permeation Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Oxygen Permeation Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
SclairfilmÒ LWS-1
0.0508
0.26
132
SclairfilmÒ LWS-1
Grade
0.0381
0.27
133
Ò
0.0508
0.26
132
Ò
0.0381
0.27
133
Sclairfilm LWS-2 Sclairfilm LWS-2
9: P OLYOLEFINS
197
Table 9.13 Physical Properties of LyondellBasell AlathonÒ HDPE for Carton Liners19 Grade
Units
L 5876
L 5885
M 6210
M 6001
M 6020
Tear strength (Elmendorf), MD
g
36
18
21
16
22
Tear strength (Elmendorf), TD
g
600
500
450
500
Elongation at break, MD
%
600
700
860
Elongation at break, TD
%
800
750
850
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
827
862
827
862
827
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
965
1000
1034
1000
1069
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
44
e
e
e
e
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
38
e
e
e
e
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
26
26
27
26
23
Tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
19
26
27
26
21
900
Test Method ASTM D1922
ASTM D882
Sample thickness (mm): 0.051. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
stiffness and narrow molecular weight distribution for use in cast film applications.
molecular weight distribution, high stiffness, and good heat-seal response and strength.
AlathonÒ L 4903. A high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits excellent machine-direction tear in an HMWHD resin as well as low gel levels.
AlathonÒ L 4907. A high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits high density and stiffness, and is designed for grooved feed and smooth bore equipment.
AlathonÒ L 5005. A high molecular-weight, highdensity copolymer that provides broad bimodal
See Tables 9.13e9.15.
Table 9.14 Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals AlathonÒ HDPE for Cast Film19 Grade
Units
M 6030
M 6060
M 5865
Tear strength (Elmendorf), MD
g
20
e
e
Tear strength (Elmendorf), TD
g
500
e
e
Elongation at break, MD
%
860
850
900
Elongation at break, TD
%
850
650
800
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
690
793
793
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
827
1034
1034
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
22
24
24
Tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
21
26
25
Sample thickness (mm): 0.051. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
Test Method ASTM D9122 ASTM D882
198
F ILM P ROPERTIES
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Table 9.15 Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals AlathonÒ HMW-HDPE for Film19 L 4903
L 5005
L 4907
Grade
Units
Dart drop, total energy
Nm
Tear strength (Elmendorf), MD
g
20
14
11
Tear strength (Elmendorf), TD
g
18
35
50
Elongation at break, MD
%
390
300
380
Elongation at break, TD
%
260
420
420
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
1152
793
1069
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
979
965
1048
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
65
59
58
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
67
35
47
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
41
26
31
Tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
34
23
27
2.4
2.8
2.7
Test Method ASTM D3420 ASTM D1922 ASTM D882
Sample thickness (mm): 0.125e0.0125. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
9.1.6.2 ExxonMobilÔ PaxonÔ 4700 is a medium molecular-weight, high-density PE homopolymer film resin. It can be processed on conventional film extrusion equipment. Pax-PlusÔ 3201. A rubber-modified film resin that exhibits excellent impact strength and stresscrack resistance. It is used primarily in film where its good tear resistance and laminating properties are required. Pax-PlusÔ 3204 is a rubber-modified high-density PE film resin which is used primarily in film requiring good impact strength. It is specially formulated to provide easy tear in the machine direction. Pax-PlusÔ 3208 is a rubber-modified high-density PE film resin offering good physical properties with ease of processing. It exhibits toughness, stress-crack resistance, and low WVTR. See Table 9.16.
9.1.6.3 NOVA Chemicals HDPE SclairÒ 15A HDPE for lamination, co-extrusion; with high process stabilizer SclairÒ 19A HDPE for co-extrusion, blending; with process stabilizer
SclairÒ 19C HDPE for barrier films, co-extrusion, dry food packaging, blending; with process stabilizer and polymer process aid SclairÒ 19G HDPE for barrier films, co-extrusion, dry food packaging, blending; with process stabilizer SclairÒ 19H HDPE for co-extrusion, blending; with process stabilizer See Tables 9.17e9.23 and Fig. 9.11.
9.2 Polypropylene The three main types of PP generally available: Homopolymers are made in a single reactor with propylene and catalyst. It is the stiffest of the three propylene types and has the highest tensile strength at yield. In the natural state (no colorant added) it is translucent and has excellent see through or contact clarity with liquids. In comparison to the other two types it has less impact resistance, especially below 0 C. Random copolymers (homophasic copolymer) are made in a single reactor with a small amount of ethylene (<5%) added which disrupts the crystallinity of the polymer allowing this type to be the clearest. It is also the most flexible with the lowest tensile strength of the three. It has better room
9: P OLYOLEFINS
199
Table 9.16 Physical Properties of ExxonMobilÔ HDPE for Blown Film Property
Units
Grade
Pax-PlusÔ
PaxonÔ 4700
3201
Test Method
3204
3208
51
51
Physical Properties Film thickness
mm
Density
g/cm
Melt flow 2.16 kg, 190 C
g/10 min
51 3
Melt flow 10 kg, 190 C
51
0.963
0.936
0.941
0.936
ASTM 4883
0.730
0.200
0.300
0.100
ExxonMobil method
4.00
5.80
2.60
11.0
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
38.6
11.6
14.0
11.9
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
34.5
12.1
15.2
13.1
Film elongation at break, MD
%
900
700
700
630
Film elongation at yield, MD
%
900
900
900
750
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g/mm
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g/mm
Dart drop test
g
Film tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
37.2
26.8
29.8
25.7
Film tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
30.3
23.1
26.6
23.6
1% Secant modulus, MD
MPa
1030
325
399
325
1% Secant modulus, TD
MPa
1140
387
484
406
1.38 15.2 320
1.38 15.2 320
0.984 4.72 240
1.38
ASTM D882
ASTM 1922
11.2 250
ASTM 1709 ASTM D882
Film thickness: 51 mm. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
temperature impact than homopolymer but shares the same relatively poor impact resistance at low temperatures. Impact copolymers (heterophasic copolymer), also known as block copolymers, are made in a two-reactor system where the homopolymer matrix is made in the first reactor and then transferred to the second reactor where ethylene and propylene are polymerized to create ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) in the form of microscopic nodules dispersed in the homopolymer matrix phase. These nodules impart impact
resistance both at ambient and cold temperatures to the compound. This type has intermediate stiffness and tensile strength and is quite cloudy. In general, the more ethylene monomer added, the greater the impact resistance with correspondingly lower stiffness and tensile strength. Oriented and multilayered films of PP are also common. Manufacturers and trade names: Ineos polypropylene; LlyondellBasell AdflexÔ, Mophen; ExxonMobilÔ BicorÔ, OPPalyte; Dow Chemical.
200
Table 9.17 Physical Properties of NOVA Chemical SclairÒ HDPE Film Grade Property
Units
15A
19A
19C
19 G
19H
38
38
38
Test Method
Physical Properties mm
Film thickness Density
g/cm
Melt flow 2.16 kg, 190 C
38 3
g/ 10 min
38
0.942
0.962
0.958
0.960
0.960
ASTM D4883
0.33
0.72
0.95
1.2
0.38
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Properties Shore hardness D
59
69
68
69
68
ASTM D2240 ASTM D882
MPa
21
27
25
25
26
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
22
22
27
23
23
Film elongation at break, MD
%
430
650
560
Film elongation at break, TD
%
900
800
890
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g/mm
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g/mm
Dart drop test, F50
g/mm
Film tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
43
39
42
38
53
Film tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
39
22
40
23
23
Secant modulus, MD
MPa
510
830
840
840
830
Secant modulus, TD
MPa
690
1330
1180
1270
1330
0.60 26 1.31
0.55
0.63
12.42
18.7
0.89
1.16
0.63 11.8
0.47
ASTM D1922
47.4
0.76
ASTM D1709 ASTM D882
OF
P LASTICS
Optical Properties
Gloss (45 , 1 mil)
%
78
36
41
81
ASTM D1003
%
5
23
14
5
ASTM D1894
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
E LASTOMERS
AND
Haze
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Film tensile strength at yield, MD
9: P OLYOLEFINS
201
Table 9.18 Permeation of Oxygen and Water through NOVA Chemicals SclairÒ HDPE Films Film Thickness (mm)
Water Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
15A
0.038
0.21
91
19A
0.038
0.13
65
19C
0.038
0.10
57
19G
0.038
0.11
62
19H
0.038
0.24
65
SclairÒ Code
Test method: ASTM E96 and ASTM D3985.
6
Table 9.19 Permeation of Gases through Chevron Philips MarlexÒ HDPE Permeant Gas
Impact copolymers. Automotive, housewares, film, sheet, profiles, high pressure resistance, medical trays, and thin-wall parts.
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Carbon dioxide
136
Hydrogen
126
Oxygen
44
Helium
97
Ethane
93
Natural gas
44
Ò
Freon 12
Random copolymer. Food, household chemicals, beauty aid products, clear containers, and hot fill applications.
Blueridge Films BFI 3271 High Impact Homopolymer Polypropylene Blown Film. Blueridge Films BFI 4170 Impact Copolymer Polypropylene Film. Blueridge Films HP100 Series Polypropylene Cast Film. See Tables 9.24e9.28.
37
Nitrogen
21
Test method: ASTM D1434.
9.3 Polybutene-1
7
Applications and uses: Homopolymer. Thermoforming, slit film and oriented fibers, high clarity, housewares, syringes, and closures.
Polybutylene (or polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is produced by polymerization of 1-butene using supported ZieglereNatta catalysts as shown in Fig. 9.12. PB-1 is a high molecular-weight, linear, isotactic, and semicrystalline polymer. It is frequently blended with other polymers. It is also offered as a copolymer, usually with ethylene or propylene comonomers.
Table 9.20 Permeation of Oxygen and Water through NOVA Chemicals SclairÒ HDPE Films SclairÒ Code
Film Thickness (mm)
Water Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
Oxygen Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
15A
0.038
0.21
91
19A
0.038
0.13
65
19C
0.038
0.10
57
19G
0.038
0.11
62
19H
0.038
0.24
65
6
Test method: ASTM E96 and ASTM D3985.
202
F ILM P ROPERTIES
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P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.21a Permeation of Hydrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
25
L15
Pressure gradient (kPa)
68
L16
1724
Permeability coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
31.9
156
25
67
L18
3447 761
30.6
154
25
67
6895 748
27.9
161
740
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory. Table 9.21b Permeation of Nitrogen vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
25
L10
Pressure gradient (kPa)
72
L19
1724 1.6
Permeability coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
15.5
25
69
L17
3447 173
0.95
14.0
25
68
6895 128
0.99
14.7
150
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory. Table 9.22 Permeation of Oxygen vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
L16
Pressure gradient (kPa)
25
51
L15
1724 3
Permeability coefficient (cm mm/m day atm)
2
5.0
50.3
25
52
3447 218
5.2
49.4
178
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory.
Table 9.23 Permeation of Ammonia vs. Temperature and Pressure through HDPE8 Temperature ( C)
L15
Pressure gradient (kPa) Permeability coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
25
68
965 32.5
122.6
Films are produced by blown film, cast film, and extrusion coating. Manufacturers and trade names: LyondellBasell Polybutene-1. Applications and uses: There are two main fields of application:
623
Thickness: 0.030 mm. Test method: Mass spectrometry and calibrated standard gas leaks; developed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company Chemistry Laboratory.
Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in PE to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging. Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging PP-based films. Blending PB-1 into PP, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.
9: P OLYOLEFINS
203
Figure 9.11 Permeation of gases vs. temperature of highdensity PE.23
LyondellBasell Polybutene-1 products for flexible film include: DP 0401M is a semicrystalline homopolymer DP 8220M is a random copolymer of butene-1 with medium ethylene content
DP9217M is an experimental highly modified copolymer based on butene-1 PB 0110M is a semicrystalline homopolymer PB 0300M is a semicrystalline homopolymer PB 8340M is a random copolymer of butene-1 with low ethylene content
Table 9.24 Properties of Blueridge Films BFI 3271 High Impact Copolymer PP Blown Film Property
BFI 4170
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
0.905
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index
0.75
g/10 min
ASTM D1238, 230 C/2160 g
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
58.6
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
37.9
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at yield, MD
26.2
MPa
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
24.8
MPa
Film Elongation at break, MD
750
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
770
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
55
g
ASTM D1922
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
300
g
ASTM D1922
Dart drop
350
g
ASTM D1709
Optical Properties Haze
1.0
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
%
ASTM D1003
204
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.25 Properties of Blueridge Films HP100 Series PP Cast Film Property
BFI 4170
Units
Comments
Physical Properties Density
g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index
g/10 min
ASTM D1238, 230 C/2160 g
Mechanical Properties Film tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
ASTM D882
Film tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
Film tensile strength at yield, TD
MPa
Film elongation at break, MD
%
ASTM D882
Film elongation at break, TD
%
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g
ASTM D1922
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g
ASTM D1922
Dart drop
g
ASTM D1709
Optical Properties Haze
3.5
Gloss
75
%
ASTM D1003
%
ASTM D2457
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
Table 9.26 Permeation of Various Gases through Ineos PP9 Temperature ( C)
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Water
25
335
Oxygen
30
151
Carbon dioxide
30
230
Hydrogen
20
2692
Nitrogen
30
18
Permeant
Table 9.27 Permeation of Carbon dioxide through LlyondellBasell AdflexÔ PP10 AdflexÔ Grade Film thickness (mm)
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) 0.025
0.050
Q401F
865
754
KS089P
884
833
KS353P
2240
2162
9: P OLYOLEFINS
205
High frequency films
Table 9.28 Permeation of Oxygen through LlyondellBasell AdflexÔ PP10
AdflexÔ Grade
Permeability Coefficient (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)
Film thickness (mm)
0.025
Q401F
0.050
39
35
KS089P
185
188
KS353P
377
373
Food Packaging such as gas permeable packages for fruit and vegetables
9.4.1 Honeywell R-Series PMP See Tables 9.30 and 9.31.
9.4.2 Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film Opulent Ô See Table 9.32 and Fig. 9.14.
9.5 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
Figure 9.12 Structure of 1-butene monomer and PB-1 polymer.
PB 8640M is a random copolymer of butene-1 with low ethylene content See Table 9.29.
9.4 Polymethyl Pentene 4-Methylpentene-1-based polyolefin is a lightweight, functional polymer that displays a unique combination of physical properties and characteristics due to its distinctive molecular structure, which includes a bulky side chain as shown in Fig. 9.13. Polymethyl pentene (PMP) possesses many characteristics inherent in traditional polyolefins such as excellent electrical insulating properties and strong hydrolysis resistance. Moreover, it features low dielectric, superb clarity, transparency, gas permeability, heat and chemical resistance, and release qualities. Its CAS number is 89-25-8. Manufacturers and trade names: Mitsui Chemicals TPXÔ OpulentÔ, Honeywell PMP; Chevron Philips Crystalorddiscontinued. Applications and uses: It can be used for extruded and film products, injection molded, and blow molded application items, including: Paper coatings and baking cartons Release film and release paper
Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is an amorphous polyolefin made by reaction of ethylene and norbornene in varying ratios. Its structure is given in Fig. 10.15. The norborene structure in Fig. 10.15 is designated “Y”. The properties can be customized by changing the ratio of the monomers found in the polymer. Figure 10.16 shows the effect of norborene content on the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Being amorphous it is transparent. Other performance benefits include: Low density Extremely low water absorption Excellent water vapor barrier properties High rigidity, strength, and hardness Variable heat deflection temperature up to 170 C Very good resistance to acids and alkalis See Figs 9.15 and 9.16. Manufacturers and trade names: Mitsui Chemical APEL, Topas advanced polymers, TOPASÒ . Applications and uses: TopasÒ COC is used as a core layer in push-through packaging (PTP), either in five-layer co-extruded or three-layer laminated film structures; flexible and rigid packaging for food and consumer items; syringes, vials, and other prefillable containers.
9.5.1 Topas Advanced Polymers, TOPAS Ò Standard TOPAS film grades are
206
Table 9.29 Properties of LyondellBasell Polybutene-1 Resins Property
Units
DP 0401M
DP 8220M
DP 9217M
PB 0110M
PB 0300M
PB 8340M
PB 8640M
0.915
0.901
0.899
0.914
0.915
0.911
0.906
g/cm3
Melt flow rate (MFR) (190 C/10 kg)
g/10 min
MFR (190 C/2.16 kg)
g/10 min
Flexural modulus
MPa
450
140
187
Melting temperature
C
114
85
102
Tensile strength at yield
MPa
22
10
Tensile strength at break
MPa
29
32
Tensile elongation at break
%
300
300
46 15
2.5
46 2.5
12
70
100
28
4
4
1
450
450
270
250
117
116
97
97
0.4
19.5
19.5
37
35
35
30
30
450
300
300
300
300
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Density
OF
P LASTICS AND
E LASTOMERS
9: P OLYOLEFINS
207 Table 9.31 Water Transmission Rate at 38 C (100 F) and 100% RH of Honeywell Series R PMP Films12 Product Code
Vapor Transmission Rate (g/m2 day)
R100
91
R1180 Figure 9.13 Structure of PMP.
TOPAS 9506F-04: High clarity extrusion grade for use in food and medical packaging as either a discrete layer in multilayer film or in blends with PE. It has a low glass transition temperature (Tg) and provides excellent clarity, stiffness, water vapor barrier, and good thermoformability. TOPAS 9506: It is especially recommended for use as discrete layers in blown films due to its
7.8
R1500
60
R2000
47
Note: Film thickness not specified.
higher molecular weight and increased melt strength for better bubble stability. TOPAS 8007F-04: High clarity extrusion grade for pharmaceutical, medical and food packaging. It is most often used in co-extruded cast film
Table 9.30 Properties of Honeywell R-Series PMP Films11 Typical Properties
Units
R100
R1180
R1500
R2000
3
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
Yield
m /kg
43.4
36.8
28.9
21.7
Dimensional stability, MD
%
<2% Shrinkage
<2% Shrinkage
<2% Shrinkage
<2% Shrinkage
300 F/177 C/ 10 min, TD
%
<1.5% Shrinkage
<1.5% Shrinkage
<1.5% Shrinkage
<1.5% Shrinkage
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
39.3e53.1
35.9e49.6
27.6e44.8
39.3e53.1
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
21.4e39.3
31.0e43.4
26.2e34.5
21.4e39.3
Elongation, MD
%
150e210
200e300
200e300
150e210
Elongation, TD
%
380e500
330e400
300e400
380e500
Modulus (elastic), MD
MPa
552e648
627e724
572e758
552e648
Modulus (elastic), TD
MPa
621e703
627e724
621e793
621e703
Tear strength (Graves), MD
g/ 25 mm
220e280
220e280
275e325
220e280
Tear strength (Graves), TD
g/ 25 mm
220e280
220e280
250e300
220e280
Coefficient of friction film to stainless steel
0.5e0.7
0.5e0.7
0.4e0.7
0.5e0.7
Coefficient of friction film to film
0.8e1.2
0.8e1.2
0.8e1.2
0.8e1.2
Specific gravity
g/cm 2
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
208
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.32 Properties of Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film OpulentÔ PMP Films13 Typical Properties
Units
Film thickness
mm
Tensile modulus, MD
X-44B
X-88B
Test Method
X-88BMT4
50
50
50
100
MPa
1650
2100
2000
2000
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, MD
MPa
25
30
28
28
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
30
33
32
28
ASTM D882
Elongation at break, MD
%
100
60
50
80
ASTM D882
Softening temperature
47
52
52
52
Mitsui method
Thermal dimensional change ratio, MD
%
1.6
1.8
Thermal dimensional change ratio, TD
%
1.1
1.3
Water absorption
%
<0.01
C
Dielectric constant (12 GHz) Dielectric loss tangent (12 GHz)
0.1
Mitsui method
0.3
0.2
Mitsui method
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
ASTM D570
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
Cavity resonator method
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Cavity resonator method
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
Figure 9.14 Elastic modulus vs. temperature of Mitsui Chemicals TPXÒ Film OpulentÔ X-44B PMP film.13
0.08
9: P OLYOLEFINS
209
applications, for example, blister film, and offers excellent clarity, stiffness, water vapor barrier, and thermoformability. This grade has the broadest range of regulatory approvals within the packaging portfolio. TOPAS 8007F-400: Standard extrusion grade with a broader extrusion processing window (equipment and conditions) and is recommended for the extrusion of discrete 100% TOPAS layers or high (>65%) COC content blends. It is especially recommended for use in grooved feed extruders.
Figure 9.15 Chemical structure of COCs.
TOPAS 6013F-04: High clarity extrusion grade having high temperature resistance for pharmaceutical, medical, and food packaging. It has a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and provides excellent clarity, stiffness, water vapor barrier, and thermoformability. It can be used in co-extruded films as a discrete layer or in blends with PE. See Tables 9.33e9.35 and Fig. 9.17.
9.6 Plastomer
Figure 9.16 TOPASÒ glass transition temperature vs. norborene content.24
Plastomers (POPs) are characterized by their narrow composition distribution and narrow molecular weight distribution. This makes them extremely tough and exceptionally clear and gives them improved taste, color and odor properties, and very good sealability. They are typically polyolefin copolymers that are prepared with special catalysts and
Table 9.33 Physical Properties of TOPAS24 Property Density
Test Method
9506F04
8007F04
8007F400
6013F04
ISO 1183
1020
1020
1020
1020
ISO 1133
6.0
12.0
11.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
e
Unit kg/m3 3
Melt volume rate (MVR) at 230 C, 2.16 kg load
cm /10 min
MVR at 190 C, 2.16 kg load
cm3/10 min
MFR at 230 C, 2.16 kg load
g/10 min
*
5.5
11.0
10.1
0.9
MFR at 190 C, 2.16 kg load
g/10 min
*
0.9
1.9
1.8
0.1 (Continued )
210
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.33 (Continued) Property Water absorption (23 Cdsat)
Unit %
Test Method ISO 62
9506F04
8007F04
8007F400
6013F04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
78
78
138
Cast
Cast
Cast
Cast
70
70
70
70
Thermal Properties Glass transition temperature (10 C/min)
C
ISO 11357-1, -2, -3
65
Test Specimen Production (Film) Type of extrusion Thickness of specimen
mm
Mechanical Properties (Film) Tensile modulus, MD
MPa
ISO 527-3
1700
2200
2100
2400
Tensile modulus, TD
MPa
ISO 527-3
2000
1800
1700
2250
Tensile strength at break, MD
MPa
ISO 527-3
55
57
55
55
Tensile strength at break, TD
MPa
ISO 527-3
55
50
50
45
Elongation at break, MD
%
ISO 527-3
2.9
2.9
3.4
2.4
Elongation at break, TD
%
ISO 527-3
3.6
3.0
3.4
2.2
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
g
ISO 6383-2
230
225
e
9
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
g
ISO 6383-2
240
230
e
9
ISO 7765-1
<36
<36
e
<36
Dart drop impact strength, F50
Optical Properties (Film) Gloss 60
%
ISO 2813
>100
>100
>100**
>100
Haze
%
ISO 14782
<1
<1
>2**
<1
Barrier Properties (Film) Water vapor permeability (38 C, 90% RH)
g mm/m2 day
ISO 15106-3
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.13
Oxygen permeability (23 C, 50% RH)
cm3 mm/m2 day atm
ASTM D3985
17.2
20.3
e
28.4
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. *Calculated from ISO 1133 MVR using a melt density of 0.92. **Haze level will depend on processing conditions.
9: P OLYOLEFINS
211
Table 9.34 Water Vapor Permeation at 23 C and 85% RH through Topas Advanced Polymers TOPASÒ COC14 TopasÒ Grade
Heat Deflection Temperature ( C)
Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)
8077
75
0.023
6013
130
0.035
6015
130
0.035
5013
150
0.030
6017
170
0.045
Test method: DIN53122.
Table 9.35 Water Vapor Permeation at 38 C and 90% RH through Topas Advanced Polymers TOPASÒ COC15 Vapor Transmission Rate (g2/day)
Film Layers
Layer Thickness (mm)
PVC/TopasÒ /PVDC
0.060/0.240/unknown
0.14
0.030/0.300/0.030
0.23
Ò
PP/Topas /PP Ò
PVC/Topas /PVC
0.035/0.240/0.035
0.28
Ò
0.030/0.240/0.030
0.28
Ò
0.030/0.190/0.030
0.35
PP/Topas /PP PP/Topas /PP Test method: ASTM F1249.
Figure 9.17 Modulus vs. Topas advanced polymers TOPASÒ 8007F-04 blended with various PE resins.
processes that allow control of molecular weight and crystallinity distribution. The unique molecular architecture of POPs provides films, fibers, sheet, and molded parts with an outstanding combination of excellent optics, sealing, and hot tack performance, plus elasticity, flexibility, softness, and compatibility in blends. Manufacturers and trade names: Dow Versify, AffinityÔ, ExxonMobil ExactÔ, Japan Polychem KernelÒ . Dow Chemical VERSIFYÔ and AFFINITYÔ POPs are a versatile family of specialty propylenee ethylene copolymers produced with a revolutionary catalyst in combination with Dow’s proprietary INSITEÔ Technology and Solution Process. See Tables 9.36e9.39.
212
Table 9.36 Properties of Dow VERSIFYÔ Plastomer Resins16 VERSIFYÔ Code Property
2000
2200
3000
3200
4200
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.888
0.876
0.891
0.876
Melt mass-flow rate (230 C/2.16 kg)
2.0
2.0
8.0
8.0
Total crystallinity
35
21
44
30
g/cm3
ASTM D792, ISO 1183
25
g/10
ASTM D1238, ISO 1133
29
%
Dow method
22.7
MPa
ASTM D638
0.876
Mechanical Molded Tensile strength at break*
26.0 680
Flexural modulusd1% secant*
359
690 99.9
27.3
22.1
730
840
850
%
ASTM D638
389
131
112
MPa
ASTM D790
94
96
94
94
ASTM D2240
Durometer hardness shore D*
54
42
60
44
42
ASTM D2240
P LASTICS
96
OF
Durometer hardness shore A*
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Tensile elongation at break*
20.5
Mechanical Film 51
mm
2% Secant modulus, MD
86.6
MPa
ASTM D882
2% Secant modulus, TD
94.4
MPa
ASTM D882
AND
Film thickness tested
E LASTOMERS
10.7
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, TD
10.1
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
29.5
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, TD
26.3
MPa
ASTM D882
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
590
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
1300
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
9: P OLYOLEFINS
Tensile strength at yield, MD
Thermal Glass transition temperature (DSC) Vicat softening temperature Melting temperature (DSC)
17
24
14
23
23
C
Dow method
94
63.0
105
59
61
C
ASTM D1525
107
82.2
108
85.0
84
C
Dow method
Optical
Gardner gloss 20 , 1000 mm*
108
110
126
125
127
Gardner gloss 20 , 1000 mm*
119
128
134
134
134
Haze, 2000 mm**
18
4.8
9.1
3.9
5.1
ASTM D523
%
ASTM D1003
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction. *Compression molded sample. **Injection molded sample.
213
214
F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
Table 9.37 Properties of Dow AFFINITYÔ PF Plastomer Resins17 AffinityÔ PF Code 1140 G
Property
1146 G
1162 G
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.897
0.899
0.900
g/ cm3
ASTM D792
Melt index (190 C/2.16 kg)
1.6
1.0
1.0
g/10
ASTM D1238
Mechanical Film thickness tested Film puncture energy
51 8.18
51
51
3.56
mm J
Dow method
N
Dow method
Film puncture force
83.6
48.9
Film puncture resistance
20.3
9.6
J/ cm3
Dow method
2% Secant modulus, MD
72.8
51.2
MPa
ASTM D882
2% Secant modulus, TD
73.2
55.0
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, MD
5.79
6.43
5.94
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, TD
6.34
5.98
5.78
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
50.3
37.3
44.2
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, TD
39.5
42.1
41.6
MPa
ASTM D882
%
ASTM D882
Tensile elongation at break, MD
690
550
610
Tensile elongation at break, TD
700
600
650
>850
Dart drop impact
ASTM D882
>850
g
ASTM D1709B
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
470
380
400
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
620
460
510
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Thermal Vicat softening temperature
76.7
78.0
76.0
C
ASTM D1525
Melting temperature (DSC)
96.1
95.0
95.0
C
Dow method
Optical Gardner gloss 20
134
77
ASTM D523 ASTM D1746
Clarity
70.0
90.0
Haze
1.3
5.5
MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
5.0
%
ASTM D1003
AffinityÔ PL Code Property
1280 G
1840 G
1850 G
1880 G
1881 G
1888 G
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.900
0.909
0.902
0.902
0.904
0.904
g/ cm3
ASTM D792
Melt index (190 C/2.16 kg)
6.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
g/10
ASTM D1238
9: P OLYOLEFINS
Table 9.38 Properties of Dow AFFINITYÔ PL Plastomer Resins17
Mechanical Film thickness tested
25
Film puncture energy
51 9.16
20 4.28
51 8.81
51 8.09
51 5.99
mm J
Dow method
Film puncture force
93
47.6
92.5
82.3
67.2
N
Dow method
Film puncture resistance
25.2
31.4
22.3
21.9
15.6
J/ cm3
Dow method
2% Secant modulus, MD
123
108
91.7
97.4
70.2
MPa
ASTM D882
2% Secant modulus, TD
123
115
92.4
96.9
68.7
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, MD
5.8
8.76
9.93
7.24
8.07
5.92
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at yield, TD
5.3
8.07
5.45
6.89
7.17
5.98
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, MD
48
47.8
44.6
58.6
45.4
49.3
MPa
ASTM D882
Tensile strength at break, TD
30
45.4
29.8
44.7
42.5
39.8
MPa
ASTM D882
%
ASTM D882
Tensile elongation at break, MD
470
620
350
620
590
600
(Continued )
215
216
Table 9.38 (Continued ) AffinityÔ PL Code Property
1280 G
1840 G
1850 G
1880 G
1881 G
1888 G
Tensile elongation at break, TD
720
580
570
630
630
570
Dart drop impact
290
>830
>830
>830
>830
>830
g
ASTM D1709B
Elmendorf tear strength, MD
78
560
120
550
560
430
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Elmendorf tear strength, TD
410
840
410
720
730
720
g
ASTM D1922, Method B
Units
Test Method ASTM D882
Thermal 85
86
86
85
C
ASTM D1525
Melting temperature (DSC)
96
106
98
99
100
98
C
Dow method
141
112
81
ASTM D2457
83
83
95
ASTM D1746
Optical
Gardner gloss 20
91
Clarity Haze
128
144
63 4
2.5
0.7
1.1
3.2
3.4
%
ASTM D1003
AND
ExxonMobil ExactÔ plastomers are ethylene alpha olefin copolymers that bridge the gap between elastomers and plastics, with rubber-like properties and the processability of plastic. MD ¼ machine direction, TD ¼ transverse direction.
P LASTICS
95
OF
81
F ILM P ROPERTIES
Vicat softening temperature
E LASTOMERS
9: P OLYOLEFINS
217
Table 9.39 Properties of ExxonMobil ExactÔ Plastomer Resins18 ExactÔ Code Property
9061
9071
9361
9371
Units
Test Method
Physical Density
0.862
0.870
0.864
0.872
g/ cm3
ASTM D1505
Melt index (190 C/2.16 kg)
0.50
0.50
3.5
4.5
g/10
ASTM D1238
Hardness, shore A
50
68
54
64
ASTM D790
Mechanical (Compression Molded) 1% Secant flexural modulus
6.5
12.6
5.3
9.7
MPa
ASTM D790
Tensile strength at yield
1.7
2.2
1.4
1.9
MPa
ASTM D412
Tensile strength at break
2.4
4.0
1.4
2.2
MPa
ASTM D412
%
ASTM D412
Tensile elongation at break
1200
1500
740
1200
Thermal Vicat softening temperature
47
56
42
50
C
ASTM D1525
Melting temperature (DSC)
41
50
41
55
C
ExxonMobil method
Crystallinity, Hf
41
52
44
50
J/g
ExxonMobil method
Crystallization peak
28
38
26
38
C
ExxonMobil method
49
49
52
45
C
ExxonMobil method
Glass transition, Tg
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F ILM P ROPERTIES
OF
P LASTICS
AND
E LASTOMERS
18. ExactÔ product data sheets. ExxonMobil; 2011. 19. Polyethylene products and properties. Basell Polyolefins; 2002. 20. Brubaker DW, Kammermeyer K. Separation of gases by means of permeable membranes. Permeability of plastic membranes to gases. Ind Eng Chem 1952;44:1465e74. 21. Felder RM, Spence RD, Ferrell JK. Permeation of sulfur dioxide through polymers. J Chem Eng Data 1975;20:235e42. 22. Wood-adams P. Permeation: essential factors for permeation; course notes, physical chemistry of polymers. In: Polymer. Concordia University; 2006. p. 1e16. 23. HalarÒ ECTFE. Fluoropolymer coatings for cleanroom exhaust duct systems. Solvay Solexis; 2003. 24. TopasÒ packaging brochure; 2007.