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Possible mechanism for surface vibrations near Maxwell Hill, West Virginia
124A
Groundwater problems 912487 Case history of the Meilion gas field Golaz. P: Sitbon, A J A: Delisle, J (3 J Pet Teehnol 1/42. N8. Aug 1990, P1032-1036
912491 Driving and lining the Rauheberg tunnel Schrewe, F; Leichnitz. W Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI. P605-613. Publ Rotterdam: .4 A Balkema. 1988
Water invasion in the tight, fractured dolomite formations of the Meillon field occurred some 10 years after initial extraction. Detailed analysis of seismic and dipmeter data plus study of borehole ovalisation was used to create a new structural picture of the formation and its fracture system and preferred direction of water flow. Results indicate the wells are invaded only locally. The aquifer is not very powerful. New wells are being drilled, with compressors to improve production, and water will be pumped out.
The 5km railway tunnel in Germany runs through Triassic chalk and sandstone rocks of variable quality. Benching by drill and blast and a shotcrete lining were specified for construction. In the transition zone between chalk and sandstone. a 3-4m thick dolomite stratum was met, which was cavernous and highly water beating. Both construction and lining were modified. A watertight tube approach was preferred to permanent drainage, with water resistant concrete plus a sealing membrane in the invert arch.
912488 Investigation of Fateh Mishrif fluid-conductive faults Trocchio, J T J Pet Technol V42. N8. Aug 1990, P1039-1045 The Fateh field, offshore Dubai, is in a limestone formation with a dense network of high angle normal faults resulting from upthrust of an underlying salt dome. It is surrounded by an aquifer, but a viscous oil layer (tarmat) at the base of the reservoir inhibits water influx. High formation water cuts in upstructure wells can only be explained by influx along nearby faults. Pressure transient tests, radioactive tracer surveys,and results of production logging have been used to verify fluid flow paths. Effects of these paths on development and production are considered.
9 i 2489 Specialist tunnelling processes Haswell, C K; Gutteridge, D R Proc Tunnel Construction '90, London, 3-4 April 1990 P3141. Publ London: IMM, 1990 In any tunnelling operation, knowledge of the ground to be traversed is of prime importance. A significant part of this knowledge relates to whether the tunnel is to be above or below the water table and, if water is expected, what effect it will have on the stability of the ground. Many specialist techniques are currently available to assist the tunneller in proceeding safely and economically, even in adverse ground. A review of these techniques and their aspects is presented.
912490 Influence of water inflow for tunnelling and countermeasures Saotome. T Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI, P597-604. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 NATM construction is used for over 70% of Japanese tunnelling projects. Problems still arise in regions of high water inflow. Countermeasures taken for three cases are described. The Hanadate tunnel, in mainly mudstone geology, used drainage borings to lower the water table. At the Nadachi tunnel in alternate siltstone and sandstone strata, forepoling with spiles and horizontal wellpoint dewatering was necessary. For the Kagosaka tunnel, forepoling with polyurethane grout was employed in tuff breccia, whilst in a section of pyroclastic materials, the bottom drift method was used.
912492 Tunnel boring machines for high water inflows Robbins, R J Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI. P581-587. Publ Rotterdam. A A Balkema. 1988 High water inflow can cause problems in both rock and soft ground tunnelling. Rock machines must be able to function as soft ground machines under water pressure and soft ground machines must be able to handle hard formations. The Channel Tunnel machines to start from the French side, which combine these requirements, are described in some detail. Similar machines may be used for Denmark's Great Belt crossing in till and marl. Best solutions for wet ground tunnelling are discussed, and limitations and unresolved problems of the universal shield machine examined. 912493 Hydrogeological formation and construction treatment of DaBashan tunnel Zhang Zhidao Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Aladrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI, P635-639. Publ Rotterdam: ,4 A Balkema, 1988 Despite careful site investigation, severe water inflows may occur when tunnelling in karstic areas. During construction of the Da-Bashan tunnel in China, flow rates in excess of 4000 cubic metres/hour were encountered. For the most serious inrush from a fault zone, plugging with concrete, shotcreting and installation of drainage pipes were required. Draining of static stored water prevented other major problems.
Surface subsidence, caving and rockbursts 912494 Possible mechanism for surface vibrations near Maxwell Hill, West Virginia lannacchione, A; Mark C Bull Assoc Engng Geol V27. N3. Aug 1990. P341-353 Earth tremors were reported in early 1988 in a region of low seismicity. Abandoned coal mines underly the area but no direct surface subsidence damage has been reported. A hypothesis to explain the events requires two conditions to be met: remnant pillars in the mine fail, and rock above the mine must contain at least one strong, brittle layer which fails violently through rupture or fault slip movement. Both of these are satisfied in the case considered. Probabilities of significant surface damage or repeat are low.
~ 1991 Pergamon Press pie. Reproduction not permitted
Groundwater problems 912487 Case history of the Meilion gas field Golaz. P: Sitbon, A J A: Delisle, J (3 J Pet Teehnol 1/42. N8. Aug 1990, P1032-1036
912491 Driving and lining the Rauheberg tunnel Schrewe, F; Leichnitz. W Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI. P605-613. Publ Rotterdam: .4 A Balkema. 1988
Water invasion in the tight, fractured dolomite formations of the Meillon field occurred some 10 years after initial extraction. Detailed analysis of seismic and dipmeter data plus study of borehole ovalisation was used to create a new structural picture of the formation and its fracture system and preferred direction of water flow. Results indicate the wells are invaded only locally. The aquifer is not very powerful. New wells are being drilled, with compressors to improve production, and water will be pumped out.
The 5km railway tunnel in Germany runs through Triassic chalk and sandstone rocks of variable quality. Benching by drill and blast and a shotcrete lining were specified for construction. In the transition zone between chalk and sandstone. a 3-4m thick dolomite stratum was met, which was cavernous and highly water beating. Both construction and lining were modified. A watertight tube approach was preferred to permanent drainage, with water resistant concrete plus a sealing membrane in the invert arch.
912488 Investigation of Fateh Mishrif fluid-conductive faults Trocchio, J T J Pet Technol V42. N8. Aug 1990, P1039-1045 The Fateh field, offshore Dubai, is in a limestone formation with a dense network of high angle normal faults resulting from upthrust of an underlying salt dome. It is surrounded by an aquifer, but a viscous oil layer (tarmat) at the base of the reservoir inhibits water influx. High formation water cuts in upstructure wells can only be explained by influx along nearby faults. Pressure transient tests, radioactive tracer surveys,and results of production logging have been used to verify fluid flow paths. Effects of these paths on development and production are considered.
9 i 2489 Specialist tunnelling processes Haswell, C K; Gutteridge, D R Proc Tunnel Construction '90, London, 3-4 April 1990 P3141. Publ London: IMM, 1990 In any tunnelling operation, knowledge of the ground to be traversed is of prime importance. A significant part of this knowledge relates to whether the tunnel is to be above or below the water table and, if water is expected, what effect it will have on the stability of the ground. Many specialist techniques are currently available to assist the tunneller in proceeding safely and economically, even in adverse ground. A review of these techniques and their aspects is presented.
912490 Influence of water inflow for tunnelling and countermeasures Saotome. T Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI, P597-604. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 NATM construction is used for over 70% of Japanese tunnelling projects. Problems still arise in regions of high water inflow. Countermeasures taken for three cases are described. The Hanadate tunnel, in mainly mudstone geology, used drainage borings to lower the water table. At the Nadachi tunnel in alternate siltstone and sandstone strata, forepoling with spiles and horizontal wellpoint dewatering was necessary. For the Kagosaka tunnel, forepoling with polyurethane grout was employed in tuff breccia, whilst in a section of pyroclastic materials, the bottom drift method was used.
912492 Tunnel boring machines for high water inflows Robbins, R J Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Madrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI. P581-587. Publ Rotterdam. A A Balkema. 1988 High water inflow can cause problems in both rock and soft ground tunnelling. Rock machines must be able to function as soft ground machines under water pressure and soft ground machines must be able to handle hard formations. The Channel Tunnel machines to start from the French side, which combine these requirements, are described in some detail. Similar machines may be used for Denmark's Great Belt crossing in till and marl. Best solutions for wet ground tunnelling are discussed, and limitations and unresolved problems of the universal shield machine examined. 912493 Hydrogeological formation and construction treatment of DaBashan tunnel Zhang Zhidao Proc International Congress on Tunnels and Water, Aladrid, 15-18 June 1988 VI, P635-639. Publ Rotterdam: ,4 A Balkema, 1988 Despite careful site investigation, severe water inflows may occur when tunnelling in karstic areas. During construction of the Da-Bashan tunnel in China, flow rates in excess of 4000 cubic metres/hour were encountered. For the most serious inrush from a fault zone, plugging with concrete, shotcreting and installation of drainage pipes were required. Draining of static stored water prevented other major problems.
Surface subsidence, caving and rockbursts 912494 Possible mechanism for surface vibrations near Maxwell Hill, West Virginia lannacchione, A; Mark C Bull Assoc Engng Geol V27. N3. Aug 1990. P341-353 Earth tremors were reported in early 1988 in a region of low seismicity. Abandoned coal mines underly the area but no direct surface subsidence damage has been reported. A hypothesis to explain the events requires two conditions to be met: remnant pillars in the mine fail, and rock above the mine must contain at least one strong, brittle layer which fails violently through rupture or fault slip movement. Both of these are satisfied in the case considered. Probabilities of significant surface damage or repeat are low.
~ 1991 Pergamon Press pie. Reproduction not permitted