POSTERS SESSION 2

International Journal of Psychophysiology 61 (2006) 351 – 366 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpsycho

Abstracts

POSTERS SESSION 2 SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN ERPS ELICITED BY AFFECTIVE PICTURES P. Hot1, S. Delplanque1, M. Lavoie2, L. Silvert1, H. Sequeira1 Neurosciences Cognitives, Université de Lille I and Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS UMR8160, CHRU, 59037 Lille, France 2 Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin, Hôpital L-H Lafontaine, Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada 1

Substantial support has been provided to the relevance of event-related potentials (ERPs) as an index of neurocognitive activity associated to emotional processing. In addition, behavioural and brain imaging evidence suggests that sex-related differences could occur during the neural processing of emotional information. To our knowledge, recent electrophysiological studies dealing with this topic have been focused on gender differences in electrophysiological responses to facial or speech stimuli. The goal of the present investigation is to define the timing of occurrence of sex differences in the neural processing of affective stimuli. ERPs were recorded in 18 males and 17 females on 25 electrodes sites to the presentation of emotional pictures (IAPS). A spatio-temporal PCA as well as low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) have been performed to identify temporal windows and spatial cortical areas modulated by emotional dimensions. The impact of gender was examined on each temporal window. Our analyses revealed that significant sexrelated differences occurred specifically at left hemisphere and stemmed from higher N200 and P300 amplitudes associated to pleasant pictures in men compared to females. Our findings confirm the increase of attentional resources, indexed by the N200 component, for pleasant faces in men, in an oddball task (Campanella et al., 2004). The fact that the N200 is followed by high P300 amplitudes, classically considered as an index of emotional arousal, supports the hypothesis that a differential attentional engagement to emotional events may induce gender differences in emotional processing. EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL ON LEARNING AND MEMORY ARE GENDER, AGE AND STRAIN DEPENDENT Dursun I, Jakubowska-Doğru E. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Middle-East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey Experimental results concerning effects of prenatal alcohol insult on learning and memory are rather inconsistent. More pronounced cognitive deficits were noted in juveniles as compared to adult subjects. Conversely, sex-related differences in the sensitivity to fetal alcohol intoxication were mainly reported in rats tested as young adults with females more impaired as compared to males. The aim of the present study was (1) to examine whether similar trend towards slower task acquisition in females exists when animals are tested as juveniles, and (2) to revisit the issue of endurance of fetal alcohol-related cognitive deficits. Pregnant Wistar dams were intragastrically administered ethanol at the dose of 6 g/kg throughout GD 7-20. An isocaloric intubation and untreated control groups were included. Male and female pups were tested for place learning in the water maze beginning on PD 32; a probe trial was given on the fifth day. Another group of male rats was tested in the same memory task on PD 82. At this stage, female rats were not taken into experiments to avoid

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.05.003

fluctuations in mnemonic capacity related to estrus cycle and changing estrogen levels. Among juvenile rats, fetal alcohol female rats showed significant behavioral deficit relatively to control females and alcohol-exposed male subjects. The present results confirm greater vulnerability of females to the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol that can be observed in different age groups. Conversely, no significant cognitive deficit was found between fetal alcohol and control males in either age group. The lack of significant cognitive impairment in male rats in the present study is discussed in the context of straindependent susceptibility to alcohol toxicity. DIFFERENTIAL EEG EFFECTS OF DIAZEPAM BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN DURING AN ATTENTION DEMANDING TASK Z. Muñoz-Torres, Y. del-Río-Portilla, M. Corsi-Cabrera. Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, UNAM, México, DF Sedative drugs, such as the diazepam (DZ), exert an effect on GABAA receptor. Progesterone and its metabolites like DZ increase the inhibition produced by the GABA, as result of its action over GABAA receptor. Progesterone also has important effects on cognitive performance and EEG activity in humans. Despite sex difference in progesterone levels there are few works exploring EEG variations between males and females. Cognitive demands could increase the arousal level, reflecting higher beta power. In addition, DZ enhance fast frequencies at rest and during sleep. Previous studies using quantitative EEG analysis during task performance showed more sensibility to effects of sleep deprivation than during rest. Therefore in the present study we investigated DZ effects on EEG during the task performance. Sixteen healthy volunteers (8 men) participated in a double-blind study. EEG was recorded before and 2 hours after single-dose of DZ (5 mg) or placebo administration in two counterbalanced sessions during a sustained attention task. EEG activity was analyzed 1000 ms before every stimulus. Broad bands of covariant activity were extracted by submitting power spectra to principal component analysis. Absolute power, inter and intrahemispheric coherence were measured. Results show changes in EEG activity during the sustained attention task as a result of DZ, indicating reduction of alertness mechanisms. Disruption of intrahemispheric coherent activity was more evident on left hemisphere reducing the capability to respond to ambient demands. Women showed decrease in slow frequencies. It is supported by previous studies on rats showing gender differences in EEG activity with DZ as a function of genomic and membrane effects of sex steroids. Partially financed by DGAPA, project IN214702-3. SEX DIFFERENCES IN SPATIAL NAVIGATION ABILITIES IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS AFTER TRAINING Luis Miguel Sanchez-Loyo, Julieta Ramos-Loyo Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México The aim of this study was to identify sexual differences in performance, strategies and EEG during navigation tasks before and after training navigation skills. EEG before and after a navigation skills training (9 sessions) was recorded while subjects were navigating in an immersive virtual environment without landmarks. Men and women preselected with similar initial

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performance level in a navigation task participated in the study. In the posttraining session, performance improved in both sexes. EEG changes were seen in interhemispheric correlation that increased between posterior areas and diminished between temporals in alpha band in women. Also, intrahemispheric correlation increased between frontal and parietal and frontal and central areas in theta2. Men showed higher temporo-parietal correlation in theta1 and in F4-T6 in gamma band than women. Men's performance was more efficient than women's. Women navigated using landmarks location and counting streets while men, in addition used cartesian axes. In conclusion, men and women used different strategies to navigate in unknown environments that could explain the differences in the performance on this type of tasks. Apparently, the use of coordinates by men, allows them to have a better performance in spatial navigation, activating more the parieto-temporo-frontal pathway. The use of landmarks by women, needs a major participation of executive central processes (attention and working memory), activating more the parieto-frontal pathway. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING AND EMOTIONAL CATEGORIZATION: AN ERP STUDY 1

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Alvelais Alarcón M. , de la Serna Tuya M. , Gómez-Velázquez F.R. , Ramos-Loyo J.1, González-Garrido A.A.1 1 Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico 2 Universidad de Sevilla, España

EEG/ERP and behavioral profile during emotional processing, a Masked–Stroop task (target = 14 ms/masking = 186 ms/SOA = 14 ms) was used, consisting of four facial expressions (fearful/neutral for two genders) including the one that had been previously conditioned. A total of 14 scalp sites were used for recording. Only the subjects with high A′ showed different P2/N2/P3 amplitudes and latency between the conditioned face (CS+) and the other face (unpaired fearful face, CS−). ERP profile from the remaining subjects with normal A′ showed no statistical difference between CS conditions. These data indicate that processing of emotional stimuli requires visual awareness. However, future studies will be needed for precise data.

This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD)(KRF-2005-079-HS0012). INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTENTIONAL CONTROL AND ANXIETY LEVEL OVER UNEXPECTED EMOTIONAL STIMULI Seon-Ah Yoon, Sei Young Kim, June-Seek Choi Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

Emotional information processing involves the sequential activation of several neural pathways in which cognitive engagement is more evident when output requires the stimuli to be contrasted with past individual experience. These operations might be influenced by the perceptual integrity of the stimuli and task demands. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare behavioral and ERPs performances of fifteen healthy subjects on two facial emotional and gender recognition tasks that included several morphing transformations. Methods: Fifteen healthy right-handed university students voluntarily participated. Tasks consisted on the sequentially randomized presentation of angry, neutral and happy faces for 300 ms (ISI: 1200 ms), including two equivalent degrees of emotional features transformation from happy to neutral and two from neutral to angry expressions. Subjects had to determined the gender (GRT) or facial emotional expression (ERT), while EEG was simultaneously recorded (bandpass filter: 0.05– 50 Hz). Results: Angry facial expression was significantly poorly recognized than happy and neutral faces during ERT. Gender recognition did not show any significant behavioral effect. ERPs exhibited a positive–negative–positive main peak sequence (maxima at 170, 260 and 570 ms respectively) in both tasks. However, ERPs during GRT seemed to be shorter and slower than those recorded during ERT. In GRT, happy faces elicited a former negativity with decreased amplitude as well as a higher PSW-like component. Morphed stimuli elicit shorter ERPs amplitudes than those observed for preserved emotional facial expressions. Conclusions: Facial emotional processing-related ERPs characteristics changed according to task demands and facial emotional degree of transformation did not elicit a linear variation on behavioral or electrophysiological outputs.

Although many cognitive theories suggest that people with high level of anxiety show attentional biases toward emotional stimuli, Mathews, Yiend and Lawrence (2004) argued that individuals with high level of attentional control can overcome such bias. Here we tested a hypothesis that high and low attentional controllers with high level of anxiety may process unexpected emotional stimuli differently, by measuring their P3a event-related potentials (ERPs) component, known as novelty P3. Twenty six subjects were participated in the experiment of three stimulus visual oddball paradigm. They were divided into 3 groups: high attentional controllers with high anxiety (HAC/HA); low attentional controllers with high anxiety (LAC/HA); low anxiety control group (CONT). The experimental task was comprised of 4 blocks of 600 trials, divided into three conditions of 480 standard, 60 target and 60 emotional pictures. The stimulus-onset asynchrony varied randomly between 900 and 1000 ms and the duration of picture presentations was fixed at 500 ms. EEG activity was recorded at 14 electrode sites. P3a amplitude during emotional picture condition was significantly higher for HAC/HA and CONT than LAC/HA at Cz site (F(2, 23)=4.337, p =.025), and the latency was also significantly shorter (F(2, 23)= 16.435, p =.000). Considering the role of P3a in response inhibition, these results suggest that people who have the ability to control their attention more effectively can modulate and shift their attention from negative emotional stimuli faster despite the high level of anxiety.

MODULATION OF VISUAL AWARENESS FOR MASKED THREAT-RELATED STIMULI

Mathews, A., Yiend, J., Lawrence, A., 2004. J Cognitive Neurosci. 16, 1683–1694.

Tae-Ho Lee, Seung-Lark Lim, Kanghee Lee, Min-Hee Pang, Kyu-Yong Lee, June-Seek Choi, Chang-Yil Ahn, Hyun-Taek Kim Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea

This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRF-2005-079-HS0012).

A recent study (Pessoa et al., Cereb. Cortex, 2006) has shown that visual awareness plays an important role in emotional processing. This finding suggests that a backwardly masked emotional stimulus is processed only when the stimulus enters the conscious awareness. Here, we examined how individual differences in visual sensitivity (A′) affect subsequent processing of emotional stimuli by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs). Thirty six subjects were tested for A′ using a face detection task where the subject was required to identify the emotion of backwardly masked (14 ms) facial stimuli. They were then subjected to Pavlovian conditioning through which a fearful face (conditioned stimulus: CS) was paired with a mild electric finger shock (unconditioned stimulus: US). Ten subjects showed high A′ level, reliably discriminating the fearful faces from others (using SDT-theory). To examine

Reference

INDUCING PRIMARY FRUSTRATION IN A COMPUTERIZED LEARNING TASK S.C. Riccillo, L.R. Contreras, A. Pennathur, N. Arana, P. Pennathur. Biosemiotic Research Laboratory , University of Texas, El Paso, USA Introduction: Frustration is a complex cognitive and emotional phenomenon. In a technological society, there are complex cybernetic interactions. Frustration has been characterized as “negative feelings” arising when attempts to achieve a goal are thwarted. Most frustration studies have conducted in learning contexts. The identification of cortical activity should be realized with experimental control, inducing frustration sequentially, measuring changes in heart rate, respiration, skin conductance, and ERPs in the frontal area. Slow Wave

Abstracts responses may provide understanding of frustration as a cognitive and affective process. Two studies using the same protocol were conducted: Study 1 (16 subjects, 6 female), and Study 2 (21 subjects, 8 female) were recruited and compensated, right handed, medically screened, and reported normal vision. Procedure: Subjects trained on a visual, converging circles computerized task, and were told success was dependent upon skill, earning a “$10 bonus” for a high score. Correct responses were recorded right, and displayed on the screen; incorrect responses recorded as wrong, also displayed on the screen. 400 trials, 2.5 seconds, (ISI 1.5 sec.). Deception: Unknown to subjects, testing was divided into four cycles of 4.25 min and manipulated: cycle, 100 trials not manipulated; cycle 2 manipulated randomly 75 right/25 wrong; cycle 3,50/50; cycle 4, 25/75. Data Analysis/Results. Simultaneous measurements of HR, Resp., SC, and 64 electrodes EEG. taken of subjects, analyzed off line, and Grand Averaged. ERPs of Cz, Fz, Fpz, Pz, and Oz were analyzed. At Cz during stimulus, a consistent “readiness potential” emerged prior to motor response. P3 appears in ISI, decreasing in amplitude over four cycles as errors increase. Slow wave analysis in ISI revealed late positive component increasing in amplitude over four cycles. A similar decrease in amplitude at Fpz also occurs. These patterns may be indicative of a “frustration response.” Other ANS measures show moderate arousal through four cycles. HUMAN EMOTIONAL STATUS DYNAMICS UNDER SUBLIMINAL VISUAL STIMULI PERCEPTION Vaissertreiguer A.S., Ivanova V.Y., Aleksandrov A.Y., Kulikov G.A. Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia The emotional status distinctly depends on the environmental factors. The physiological studies revealed the significance of conscious visual perception in emotional state dynamics. The possibility of evaluation of emotion sign was established by (Davidson, from 1979) in the EEG functional asymmetry in alpha band. This technique gave us an opportunity to formalize the emotional effects of subliminal messages. The possibility of emotional state modification was studied using subliminal stimuli. The emotional status was evaluated by EEG functional asymmetry ratio. The negatively signed emotional status was evoked by single meaning video passages and was revealed by the right frontal activation predominance in alpha band. The subliminally exposed video stimuli were used for negative emotional state correction. Firstly, this video was exposed evidently as a part of positively signed short movie. The subject of this movie was the three month old child prank accompanied by corresponding infant vocalization. The childish image and vocalization was selected as species specific valid and emotionally positive stimulus. During the rest of experiment the extremely short (30 ms) still from the emotionally positive videos was inserted into the end of negatively signed video fragment. The valid difference was obtained in comparison with the effect of initial negative fragment demonstration according to EEG functional asymmetry. The trend direction points on significant negative state correction under positive subliminally marked videos. THE APPLICATION OF THERMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN EMOTIONAL STIMULATION F. J. Esselink, M. Bingham, I. Gortemaker, R. Lion Unilever Research and Development, Advanced Measurement and Imaging / Consumer Perception and Behaviour; Olivier van Noortlaan 120; 3133AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands Non contact thermography is used to see whether specific film clips would evoke a significant change in facial temperature. The film clips were chosen as to elicit the discrete emotion amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear and sadness as well as a relatively neutral state. During each emotional film clip subjects' skin temperature is measured at the forehead, cheek, chin and nose area. Seven time points are identified for each film clip. These include both start and end of the film clip as well as five ‘emotional’ events (‘climaxes) during the film clips. The minimum, maximum and average temperature per area is determined. Mean temperatures for each area were compared with the mean value for the neutral film clip. Statistical analysis was performed for both the cheek and nose area as showing the largest changes. After each film clip subjects are asked to fill out a UWIST Mood adjective questionnaire. A calculation of the scores for Hedonic Tone, Tense Arousal, Energy Arousal and General arousal based on the response

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given is made. Results show a decrease in temperature (nose area) for the film clips evoking anger and fear. Fear being significantly different from the others. Temperature differences for the other facial areas do not show significant differences. The UWIST Mood questionnaire results do show that the specific emotions are evoked by the respective film clips. Facial thermography cannot be used to distinguish between the discrete emotions evoked by the used film clips. The UWIST data does show that emotions are evoked by the film clips. Recommendations as how to proceed the research are given. OCCIPITAL DELTA RESPONSES IN FACE DETECTION Adile Öniz, Onur Bayazıt, Erol Başar Dokuz Eylül University, Multidisciplinary Brain Dynamics Research Center, Izmir, Türkiye and TÜBITAK Brain Dynamics Research Unit, Ankara, Türkiye This study aims an analysis of delta oscillatory responses by means of two different conditions: 1) Visual oddball paradigm and 2) A paradigm for face recognition. The measurements were performed with twenty-four subjects (18– 27 ages; 11 female, 13 male) for the visual oddball paradigm. Two types of stimuli were applied: frequent (non-target) light stimuli and targets. The nontarget stimuli consisted of light stimuli with a luminance of 35 cd/m2. The target stimuli had 20% lower luminance. For face recognition paradigm, we used a strategy consisting in application of three different types of stimulations: 1) A simple light stimulation with the same luminance of the frequent signals described above, as control signal 2) The picture of an ‘unknown face’: an anonymous elder lady 3) The picture of a ‘known face’: the subject's own grandmother. A total of twenty-four subjects in the age range of 15–36 years (15 females and 9 males) participated in the study. In both experiments, increases in delta (0.5–3.5 Hz) responses in distributed scalp locations were observed. In the visual oddball paradigm, frontal delta responses to target signals were significantly higher (approx. 25%) than those in the occipital areas (p b 0.05, Wilcoxon test). On the contrary, in face recognition experiments, significant increases in occipital delta responses were observed both to the pictures of the anonymous face and those of the grandmother's face. Occipital delta responses to face stimuli were approx. 50% higher than the frontal responses (p b 0.05). Left occipital (O1) delta responses to both types of face stimuli were approx. 140 % higher than the occipital delta responses to visual target (light) stimuli (p b 0.001). Right occipital (O2) delta responses to both types of face stimuli were approx. 60 % higher than the right occipital delta responses to visual target (light) stimuli (p b 0.001). The increase of delta responsiveness elicited by facial stimuli in comparison to non-target and target light signals indicates the clear role of the occipital delta response in face detection. EFFECTS OF BRAND'S ESSENCE OF CHICKEN ON STRESS REACTIVITY INDEXED BY SALIVARY S-IGA AND CORTISOL Fumio Yamada1, Eri Terada, Hajime Nagai2 Osaka University of Human Sciences 2 Cerebos Pacific Limited, Settsu, Osaka, Japan 1

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of 2-weeks intake of Brand's Essence of Chicken magnitude on acute stress reactivity measured. Subjects were 52 (male 22, female 30) undergraduate students whose mean age was 20.0 (S.D. = 1.07) with a range from 18–22 yrs. They were randomly assigned into Experimental (N = 26) and Control (N = 26) group. In Experimental group, subjects' task was to intake Brand's Essence of Chicken for 14 days. In Control group, the task was to intake milk protein for 2-weeks. The assignment was done with double blind crossover method. Subjects were tested their stress reactivity against the mental stress tasks of 1-min speech and 6-min mental arithmetic tasks. Stress reactivity was measured by sampling of secretion of saliva just before- just after- and 30-min after the mental stress task. Concentrations of s-IgA and cortisol in saliva were analyzed as indices of immunological and endocrine function of stress reactivity. At pre-intake period, concentrations of both s-IgA and cortisol significantly increased after mental stress tasks in both experimental and control groups. We can recognize it as the acute stress reactivity measured by immunological and endocrine index. At the post-intake period, s-IgA increased after mental task in both experimental and control groups, and the mean increase was higher in experimental group than in

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control groups. On the centrally, concentrations of cortisol did not increase but decreased after the tasks. The decrease was smaller in experimental group than in control groups. At follow-up period 2-weeks after intake, the stress reactivity patterns were similar to before intake period for s-IgA and cortisol in both experimental and control groups. The results showed that intake of the Brand's Essence of Chicken has a maintenance effect on acute stress reactivity measured by s-IgA and cortisol concentration. THE MENACING PHANTOM: WHAT TRIGGERS PHANTOM LIMB PAIN, AND WHY? Melita J. Giummarra1,3, Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis1, Stephen J. Gibson2,3, Michael Chou2, John L. Bradshaw1 1 School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton ,VIC Australia, 2 Caulfield General Medical Centre, Caulfield, VIC, Australia, 3National Ageing Research Inst, Parkville, Vic, Australia

study carried out on 14 adult male Syrian mice which were divided in 2 groups of control (1 ml/kg saline) and test (8 mg/kg Hops extract) injection were done intro peritoneally 15 min before subcutaneous injection of 2% formalin in the left hind paw as a pain inducing agents. Pain rating was carried out during one hour past formalin injection and pain score were calculated for each 5 min intervals. Result of this investigation shows that hops has no effect on early response of pain but is effective in late phase of formalin induced pain specially during 20–35 min past formalin injection. Our findings support traditional literatures indicating analgesic effect for hops. Since one of the hops extract components is estrogenic compounds and it has been suggested that estrogen has some analgesic effect the overall pain reliving effect of hops extracts also may be due to this components which need more investigations.

This study explored the triggers of phantom limb pain experienced by upper and lower limb amputees in order to further understand the mechanisms underlying phantom limb pain. Eleven upper and 77 lower limb amputees completed questionnaires on the circumstances of their limb loss, and phantom limb sensations. Amputees described the limb loss, their PLS and PLP, and whether anything has ever triggered or altered their phantom sensations. Participants also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Seventy five participants (85%) described perceiving phantom limb sensations and/or pain. Of the seventy five who felt phantom limb sensations, 83 percent reported at least one trigger of their phantom limb pain.

Trigger Behavioural “motor act” (e.g., reflexively attempting to use the limb) Psychological, autonomic or emotional Diurnal pattern (more pain at night) Environmental (changes in the weather) Changes in body posture Vestibular Referred from perceptual event (painful or non-painful) in the amputated limb and/or stump Referred from perceptual event (painful or non-painful) in the contralateral limb Referred from perceptual event (painful or non-painful) in other parts of the body Total

Proportion 37 (49.3%) 18 (24%) 19 (25.3%) 16 (21.3%) 25 (33.3%) 1 (1.3%) 25 (33.3%) 15 (20%) 7 (8%) 75 (100%)

Amputees often experience phantom limb pain when internal representations of the body, or the body schema, are activated by motivational factors such as intention to act, as well as changes in afferent feedback from the amputated limb, the contralateral limb, and other parts of the body. Amputees may also experience phantom limb pain following high levels of autonomic arousal. It is possible that PLP triggered by autonomic arousal may do so by activation of the “fight or flight” response mechanism. The corresponding process of preparation for action could activate the body schema and magnify phantom limb sensations. In conclusion, phantom limb pain appears to be associated with activation of the body schema through complex patterns of activity in the central and autonomic nervous systems.

THE EFFECT OF ASCORBATE ON MORPHINE DEPENDENCE IN RATS M.H.Dashti, A.Morshedi , A.Dehghani , Z.Rafati. A.Rafati, Dept of Physiology, Shahid Sadughi Medical University, Yazd, Iran

THE EFFECT OF (HUMLUS LUPULUS) HOPS EXTRACT ON TONIC PAIN IN MICE S.H. Hejazian, M.H. Dashti, S.M. Mahdavi Department of Physiology, Medical University Yazd, Iran Pain is a universal experience which everybody will interfere throughout life. There are too much research in botanical materials as potential pain relieving by different ways. A herbal medicine which is introduced as pain relieving drug in Iranian traditional is (humlus lupulus ) Hops in this study we conducted to asses the analgesic effect of hops extracts on tonic pain in mice. This experimental

Introduction: Today, addiction is one of the most important social problems. Morphine is an addictive drug which causes several alterations in human body functions. Both acute and chronic administration of morphine increase releasing of dopamine which leads to the expression of dependence and tolerance to it. One of the most important factors that prevents addicted people from abandonment is painful symptoms of withdrawal syndrome. So finding a method to decrease withdrawal symptoms can be a good protocol to defeat this challenge. Since ascorbate which is released from glutaminergic neurons is a modulator of central dopaminerigic and glutaminergic transmissions, we

Abstracts conducted to study the role of it on prevention and decreasing physical dependence of morphine addiction in rats. Material and methods: In this study we evaluate behavioral changes such as morphine craving by self-administration as a criterion for tendency and dependence by observation of withdrawal syndrome signs (e.g. jumping, wet dog shaking) during 30 min after naloxane injection in sham (consuming tape water), control (consuming morphine sulfate solution) and test (treated with ascurbate 30 minutes before consuming daily morphine sulfate solution) groups. Results: Our results suggested that ascorbate could interact directly with dopaminerigic system and reduce both tendency to morphine and physical dependence of it. Conclusion: So we may be able to use it as a potent agent in treatment of addicts. THE EFFECT OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM AND VITAMIN C ON LEARNING AND MEMORY IN RAT A.Morshedi, M.H.Dashti, A.Rafati, A.Vahidi and A.S.Salami. Department of Physiology Shahid Sadughi Medical University Yazd, Iran Neural activities in brain structures associated with learning and memory may be suppressed during aging which leads to cognitive deficit known as Alzheimer's disease. Beside the use of modern medications there are many propensities in using the traditional medicine to improve the cognitive functions and prevent the onset of its age related deficit. Among them the clove has been formulated in the Unani and Iranian traditional medicine as a nervous stimulant herb med. On the other hand vitamin C is a potent water-soluble free radical scavenger by its direct antioxidant effect and by recycling vitamin E, which is a major fat soluble antioxidant. In order to evaluate the probable role for Clove and vitamin C in cognitive functions we developed an experimental trial using a shuttle box device. Active avoidance learning and memory recall tests was conducted on animals in test and control groups (n = 7) , intraperitoneally receiving vitamins C (500 mg/kg), Clove extract (200 mg/kg ) and normal saline respectively. Our findings showed that both vitamin C and Clove extract administrations 20 min before the onset of the test significantly declines the learning ability of animals in test groups as compared with that in the control rats (p b 0.05). However in the short term memory test, memory recall was significantly enhanced in both test groups (p b 0.05). According to our findings there was no significant difference between Clove and Vitamin C in the case of learning but the vitamin C was more effective than Clove extract in the improvement of short term memory (p b 0.05). These results indicate that both vitamin C and Clove can improve memory recall but causes some impairment in learning ability of rats. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN N200, P300 AND NITRIC OXIDE IN HIGH INTENSIVE EXERCISE AMONG SPORTSMEN TRAINED AT VARIOUS LEVELS⁎ Halıl Duzova1, Handan Işın Özışık2, Alaadın Polat1, M. Hanıfı Emre1, Esın Gullu3 Department of Physiology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey 2 Department of Neurology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey 3 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Inonu University Faculty of Education, Malatya, Turkey 1

Physical exercise has influence on all organs, but its effects on the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated. This study attempts to determine whether three groups of male sportsmen with different training status were compared with regard to their response to the physical stress. Serum samples from sportsmen with high (n = 12, 5 hours training program for a week), moderate (n = 9, 2–5 hours training program for a week), and low physical activity (n = 11, less than 2 hours training program for a week) were collected to determine nitrite/nitrate levels in serum before and after an “anaerobic loading coordination test”. The cognition function is evaluated on the basis of the EventRelated Potentials (ERPs) components. A major electrophysiological measure of cognitive efficiency is the P300 component of the ERPs wave, which has stimulated appreciable interest as a possible effect marker for exercise. An “oddball paradigm” of auditory stimuli was used to evoke the N200 and P300 before and after the exercise. There were significant differences only in the N200

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latencies among the groups (high, moderate, and low physical activity) at Cz and Pz sites in pre-exercise values (p b .05). There were significant differences only at Pz sites in post exercise in N200 amplitude values among the groups (p b .05). Also, the high physical activity group at Fz site had statistical difference between pre- and post exercise the N200 amplitude values (p b .05). There was a negative correlation between event-related potentials component and both nitrite/nitrate serum level changes and the heart rate changes in low physical activity subjects. However, in high and moderate physical activity groups, these relationships were positive. The present results give the added weight to the view that accuracy changes observed post-exercise due to NO effect on glutamate system and adaptive to training. The reasons of variability with respect to both task and biological determinants have been reasonably well characterized so that refinement of the ERP method for sportsmen evaluations is possible. THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF THE GAZIANTEP FOOTBALL TEAM, ONE OF THE SUPER LEAGUE® TEAMS OF TURKEY, BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE GAME Sadrettin Pençe1 Yılmaz Aybey2 University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Gaziantep/Turkey 2 University of Gaziantep, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Gaziantep/Turkey 1

Aim of this study was to investigate the anxiety levels of the professional football players of Gaziantepspor football team, before and after the game. “State” and “continual anxiety” tests were applied on 46 subjects consisting of 29 controls and 19 football players. Tests were applied one day before the game, just before the game and after the game. In order to evaluate the differences between the anxiety degrees of the footballers, Wilcoxon test was applied. The state anxiety level of control group was 37,03 ± 6,32. The state anxiety levels one day before the game, just before the game and after the game were 39,17 ± 9,88, 36,23 ± 10,61 and 28,05 ± 3,91, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the state anxiety levels (P b 0,05). The continual anxiety level of control group was 36,37 ± 6,88. The continual anxiety levels one day before the game, just before the game and after the game were 42,82 ± 7,59, 41,64 ± 6,31 and 38,05 ± 7,63, respectively. There were significant differences between the continual anxiety levels before the game and after the game (P b 0,05). The state anxiety was correlated with the continual anxiety before and after the game (P b 0,05). As a result; environmental effects (the importance of the game, the air and the field conditions, the pressure created by the supporters, and the position in league table) were observed to have a great influence on the anxiety levels of the footballers. The state anxiety just before the game was the highest. Winning the game, attaining the goal and then the victory of the team resulted in reduction of the continual anxiety levels. SPORTS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS A TREATMENT FOR MENTAL DISORDERS N.-U. Neumann, K. Frasch Dept. of Psychiatry II of the University of Ulm at the Bezirkskrankenhaus, Ludwig-Heilmeyer-Str. 2, D-89312 Guenzburg, Germany Introduction: Sports and physical activity are consolidated parts of the everyday life in in- and outpatient treatment facilities of mental hospitals. In this paper, we review the published psychiatric literature dealing with sports therapy, especially with regard to scientific evidence. Results: Controlled studies only exist with regard to exercise training (running) predominantly dealing with depressive disorders (Neumann NU, Frasch K. Biological antidepressive modes of action of physical exercise. Psychoneuro 2005; 31: 513–518). The exercise training method is based on sound neurobiological theories, e.g. the increase of neurotrophic factors and the associated hippocampal neuroneogenesis on the one hand and the increase of cerebral transmitters on the other which may be at least in part responsible for its mild antidepressive effects although there is no sufficient scientific evidence regarding physical activity as a specific therapeutic means. For any other method appearing under the “sports and physical activity”headline, a considerable lack of scientific publications has to be stated (Neumann NU, Frasch K. Sports and physical activity as a treatment for mental

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disorders. Krankenhauspsychiatrie 2005; 16: 144–148). Conclusion: Although there are many positive experiences, no guidelines about the indicated use of those methods can be established and their role in the therapeutic plan of different mental disorders remains unclear. THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ON ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY 1

2

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Cem Süer , Hale Kula , Nazan Dolu Erciyes University, Medical Faculty, Physiology Department 38039 Kayseri / Turkey 2 Erciyes University, Physical Education and Sports High School Department, Turkey 1

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the effects of physical training on the emotional sweating response caused by non-thermal factors against a background of changing thermal and nonthermal factors. For this purpose, we compared the electrodermal parameters in physically trained and untrained subjects before and after cycle ergometer exercises conducted under different brain electrical activity (normothermic conditions). Material and methods: Forty male healthy subjects with no history of cardiovascular or respiratory disease, participated in this study after providing their written, informed consent. The subjects were divided into two groups as untrained subjects (UTr) and trained subjects (Tr). Electrodermal activity was measured by Beckman Ag/AgCl electrodes, 8 mm in diameter and embraced in plastic cups filled with isotonic electrode paste, by means of a constant voltage circuit. A standard aerobic 30 min cycle ergometer test at a constant power output of 75 Watts and a pedaling frequency of 60 rpm was used. Results: The findings of the study indicate that statistical differences on skin conductance level (SCL) between Tr and UTr subjects does not exist but that following the exercise SCL has gone down immediately in both groups. Exactly same outcomes have been observed on the skin conductance response magnitude (SCRm), i.e., no statistical difference between groups and immediate reduction in SCRm following the exercise. It is also found that electrodermal response begins later in Tr subjects than UTr subjects before as well as after exercise and that electrodermal response reaches its peak value later then expected in both groups prior to exercise. Conclusion: In the light of these findings, it is concluded that the acute exercise with short duration are likely to affect the emotional sweating. EVALUATION OF ANXIETY IN YOUNG AND AGED RATS OBSERVED IN THE ELEVATED T-MAZE A. Küçük, A. Gölgeli University of Erciyes, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology 38039, Kayseri, Turkiye Introduction: The elevated T-maze, is derived from the elevated plus maze, a widely used animal model of anxiety. The latter has been classified as a ‘mixed’ test of anxiety, because it does not separate different types of fear. In this study we investigated the changes in behavior parameters in anxiety developed by young and aged male rats with the elevated T-maze to separate conditioned and unconditioned fear. Method: 10 young (4 months) and 10 old (20 months) male rats were used. The elevated T-maze apparatus consists of three arms of equal dimension elevated 50 cm from the floor. First, the animal was placed at the distal end of the enclosed arm. The time taken to leave this arm by the rats with the four paws recorded (baseline). The same measurement was repeated in two subsequent trials (avoidance1 and avoidance 2) at 30 s. intervals. Then the rat was placed at the end of the right open arm and the time to leave this arm was recorded (escape). While inhibitory avoidance of the open arm is supposed to represent learned fear, the escape response from the open arm would represent innate fear. Results: In aged rats, the time of baseline, avoidance 1 and avoidance 2 was higher than that of young rats, but significant results were found between avoidance 1 and avoidance 2 (p b 0.05). When the results within the groups were compared, conditioned fear of young groups shows significant results (p b 0.05), in aged groups baseline–avoidance 2 and avoidance 1–avoidance 2 were significant (p b 0.05). Conclusion: Elevated T-maze is also an animal model of anxiety for rats. It was also suggested that young rats were more sensitive than aged rats for this test.

EFFECTS OF AGE AND ANXIETY ON SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IN RATS A. Küçük, A. Gölgeli University of Erciyes, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 38039, Kayseri/Turkiye Introduction: Morris Water Maze (MWM), an animal learns the location of a hidden platform relative to distal visual cues in a process known as spatial learning. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of age and anxiety on spatial learning in rats. MWM was used to assess how spatial learning was affected on rats with anxiety. Elevated T maze and cat odor was used for anxiety developed. Method: 40 Spraque Dawley male rats, of which 20 (10 young, 10 aged) composed the experimental group and the remaining 20 (10 young, 10 aged) served as control group. The MWM consisted of a circular pool, 180 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height. The water was maintained at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C, and was made opaque by the addition of non-toxic white milk powder. Results: In the MWM test, rats showed higher performance in reaching the platform in repetitive trials; this demonstrates that they have learned by environmental cues. When comparing the control group to the experimental group, it was observed that the experimental group had no better performance in reaching the platform, and this supports that anxiety affects spatial learning. Conclusion: It could be stated that especially in aged rats, anxiety that is created by elevated T maze and cat odor, and supported with 5-HIAA and serum CORT, causes difficulty in emotional and spatial learning. EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE AND PHENAZEPAM ON CORTICAL INFRASLOW ELECTRICAL PROCESSES AS COMPARED WITH EEG Boitsova J.A., Danko S.G. Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Spontaneous infraslow electrical processes (ISEP) of the brain have been investigated by a number of scientists (Aladjalova 1962, 1979; Iljuhina 1977, 1986; Bechtereva et al., 1970, 1984, Etlinger et al., 1985, Birbaumer et al., 1990). But there are no studies of ISEP and pharmacological agents correlation. On assumption that quantitative characteristics of ISEP and EEG can show different changes after administrations of caffeine and phenazepam was made. ISEP (0.05–0.5 Hz) and EEG (1.5–40 Hz) were recorded simultaneously from 19 scalp zones with reference electrodes on earlobes in the states of quiet vigilance with eyes closed or open. The drugs were delivered orally (0.1 g-caffeine, 0.001 g-phenazepam) to 25 normal volunteers. The records were taken before and 50–65 min after caffeine or phenazepam intake, the subjects kept eyes opened, closed for 7 min each. Spectral power and coherence were calculated for ISEP and EEG. Repeated measures analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was applied, a threshold error probability − 0.05. Caffeine led to decrease of EEG spectral power, phenazepam led to decrease EEG power in one region, but to increase in another. For ISEP the effects of caffeine and phenazepam were opposite – caffeine led to decrease, phenazepam to increase of ISEP power. Administration of caffeine and phenazepam both increased EEG coherence, but decreased ISEP coherence. Thus the dynamics of ISEP and EEG after administration of caffeine and phenazepam was different. These results confirm the opinion about different brain mechanisms underlying ISEP and EEG. It follows that ISEP can be used in complex drug effects evaluations. Supporting grant: N.Sh.6359.2006.4 CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES DURING PICTURE VIEWING: METABOLIC AND ATTENTIONAL ASPECTS Patrick Gomez, Samiha Shafy, Brigitta Danuser Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland The goals of this study were to replicate previous findings concerning the relationships between breathing variables and self-rated valence and arousal during picture viewing; to assess to which extent changes in ventilation are in equilibrium with metabolic activity; to elucidate if respiratory variables reflect variation in attentional engagement and to extend our knowledge about autonomic responding by measuring blood pressure. Thirteen picture series, each one of a different content (e.g., erotic couples, nature, mutilation), were shown to 41 subjects (20 men, 21 women, aged 18–38 years), while breathing parameters, end-tidal pCO2, heart rate,

Abstracts blood pressure, skin conductance, spontaneous eye-blink rate and affective judgments were recorded. Series consisted of ten pictures of 6-s duration each. Mixed effects regression models were used to assess the relationships between affective judgments and physiological measures. The models tested included a random intercept for each subject and fixed effects for valence, arousal and the interaction term. Sex effects were also tested. More negative valence ratings were associated with larger heart rate deceleration, lower eye-blink rate, and lower endtidal pCO2. Sustained heart rate deceleration and blink rate inhibition are indicative of increased attention to aversive stimuli and lower pCO2 contributes to heightened sensory perception. We interpret these relationships in terms of an attentional bias towards negative stimuli. With increasing arousal, minute ventilation, inspiratory volume, skin conductance and blood pressure increased. These relationships suggest increased energy mobilization in response to both positive and negative arousing stimuli and confirm that breathing parameters are more consistently related to arousal than valence. Importantly, the arousal effect for blood pressure was limited to the male subjects indicating a sex difference in the reactivity to higharousal events on this specific parameter. BARORECEPTOR AND PLACEBO STIMULATION BOTH SPEED REACTION TIME (RT) J.R. Jennings1, M. Eddy1, L. Shapiro1, M.W. van der Molen2 University of Pittsburgh1, University of Amsterdam2 Carotid baroreceptor stimulation alters heart rate and central nervous system function. Support has been equivocal for the Laceys' suggestion that negative pressure on the baroreceptors enhances perceptual-motor processing. Responding to baroreceptor stimulation may, however, require central processing capacity. If so, facilitation or inhibition of perceptual-motor processing might depend on task capacity requirements. We tested this by combining baroreceptor stimulation with a dual task requiring continuous tracking performance and intermittent speeded choice RTs to tones (300 or 900 Hz). Tones either temporally overlapped or not with baroreceptor stimulation. Suction occurred for .5 s (mean of −37 mmHg) either over carotid baroreceptors or over homologous locations on the back of the neck (placebo). Baroreceptor stimulation was initiated on the r-wave of the electrocardiogram or delayed from r-wave by 50% of prior inter-beat interval. RT stimuli overlapping with baroreceptor stimulation occurred 100 ms after initiation of baroreceptor stimulation. Respiration was assessed; baroreceptor induced changes in inter-beat interval (IBI) were not expected during respiratory inspiration or in response to stimulation late in the cardiac cycle. College age volunteers were either in a baroreceptor stimulation (n= 37) or a placebo stimulation (n= 13) group. Both placebo and baroreceptor stimulation speeded RTwith minimal influence on tracking accuracy. Figures show a) baroreceptor stimulation effectively lengthening IBI and b) regardless of timing, respiratory phase, or neck placement, stimulation speeding RT (F(1,49)=27.6) and increasing accuracy (F(1,49)= 12.6, p'sb .01). Tactile stimulation immediately prior to an RT improved performance, but baroreceptor and placebo stimulation were equally effective. RTs are similarly enhanced with cross modal stimuli or concurrent stimuli (immediate arousal). We find no support for the importance of baroreceptor stimulation for information processing.

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VIGILANCE TO FEAR AND AVOIDANCE OF ANGER: INVOLVEMENT OF PRECONSCIOUS ATTENTIONAL BIASES IN REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY L. Aftanas, S. Pavlov, P. Sidorova. Psychophysiology Laboratory, State-Research Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Introduction. The aim of the present study was to clarify relationship between preconscious selective attention to social signs of negative affect and cardiovascular activity. We investigated how preconscious attentional biases for angry and fearful faces, determined using masked version of pictorial emotional Stroop task, influence cardiovascular activity. Individual is said to show vigilance when mean color-naming latencies for emotional faces are greater then mean color-naming latencies for neutral faces. The opposite is true for avoidance. Thirty six malevolunteers (aged 19–40) underwent experimental procedure in three stages: pretask baseline, experimental block #1 (48 angry and 48 neutral faces) and #2 (48 fearful and 48 neutral faces). Within each block neutral and emotional faces were presented in random order. Presentation of the blocks was counterbalanced across participants. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored on the beat-to-beat basis by means of Finometer (Finapres) system during the three experimental stages. Results. All the subjects demonstrated baseline-to-task increase of BP and HR during the both experimental blocks. However no significant correlations between the certain attentional biases and baseline-to-task cardiovascular reactivity were observed. At the same time significant Spearmanrank order correlations indicated that pronounced vigilance to fearful faces as well as more emphasized avoidance of angry faces were associated with higher baseline levels of systolic and diastolic BP. Conclusions. Summing up, the findings suggest that preconscious attentional bias for social signs of negative affect is strongly associated with the tonic level of cardiovascular activity. It is hypothesized that persisting unconscious attentional biases for certain types of negative emotional stimuli reflects unconscious motivational stances related to emotional and physiological disregulation. HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS Eller, Nanna Hurwitz Department of Occupational Medicine, Hilleroed Hospital, 3400 Hilleroed, Denmark The activity in the autonomous nervous system is expressed in heart rate variability. The sum of the changes in frequencies is nominated Total Power, TP (ms2). Lower TP is associated with higher morbidity. Aim: To analyse associations between psychosocial factors at home and at work and TP. Methods: The study included seventy-four healthy participants (50 women, 24 men, mean age 49 years). Psychosocial factors were: Social status, cohabiting (yes/no), number of children, hours house work, HHW, feeling of time pressure, The Demand Control Model, and The Effort Reward Model. The dependent variable, TPrep, consisted of 11 measurements of TP, during 45 minutes in daytime and 4 hours of sleep. The analyses were carried through by means of general linear models, repeated measurements, including one independent variable at a time. Finally, all variables adding significantly to TPrep were included together with age and HbA1c. Results: Women: children (positively), HHW (positively), and time pressure (negatively) was significantly associated with TPrep. Furthermore, support was positively and significantly associated with TPrep. When including children, HHW, time pressure, support, age and HbA1c, all at a time, children and HHW stayed significantly associated with TPrep. Men: only HHW (positively) was significantly associated with TPrep.

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When adjusting for age and HbA1c, only HbA1c stayed significantly and negatively associated with TPrep. Conclusions: Lack of associations between HRV and work factors may originate in the small size of the study. Healthy women have higher TP levels during both day and night, have a reserve of strength, get more children and do more house work. HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND HORMONAL BIOMARKERS OF STRESS Eller, Nanna Hurwitz Department of Occupational Medicine, Hilleroed Hospital, 3400 Hilleroed, Denmark The activity in the autonomous nervous system is expressed in heart rate variability. The sum of the changes in frequencies is nominated Total Power, TP (ms2). Lower TP is associated with higher morbidity. Aim: To analyse associations between stress hormones and TP. Methods: The study included seventy-four healthy participants (50 women, 24 men, mean age 49 years). In 1998 the participants had taken the following tests: salivary cortisol at awakening and after 20 minutes (S-cort-20 min), cortisol (u-cort), adrenaline (u-adren) and noradrenaline (u-noradren) in three urine samples same work day, testosterone and DHEAS in blood. Furthermore, salivary cortisol at corresponding times, testosterone and DHEAS was measured in 2002. The dependent variable, TPrep, consisted of 11 measurements of TP, during 45 minutes in daytime and 4 hours of sleep in 2002. The analyses were carried through by means of general linear models, repeated measurements, including one independent variable at a time. Finally, all variables adding significantly to TPrep were included together with age and HbA1c. Results: In women TPrep was not associated to hormonal biomarkers of stress. In men S-cort-20 min in 1998 but not in 2002, u-cort, and u-noradren was significantly and negatively associated with TPrep. When adjusting for age and HbA1c, only s-cort-20 min in 1998 stayed significantly and negatively associated with TPrep. Conclusions: Levels of hormonal biomarkers of stress in 1998 were significantly and negatively associated with total power in 2002. While s-cort-20 min in 2002 was not associated with TPrep, increased activity in the HPA-axis in 1998 is supposed to have caused the differences in heart rate variability in 2002. HYPNOTIZABILITY AND NON LINEARITY IN THE HEART RATE CONTROL DURING NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION Santarcangelo EL1, Carli G2, Varanini 3, Migliorini 2, Fontani G2, Balocchi R3 Dept of Physiology and Biochemistry-University of Pisa, 2Dept of Physiology, University of Siena, 3National Council of Research-Pisa, Italy

1

Previous studies had shown that heart rate was not sensitive to pressor pain and to any hypnotisability-relate modulation, in spite of the great sensitivity of the post-ischemic flow-mediated brachial artery dilation. The aim of the experiment was to analyse the series (tachogram) of the inter-beat intervals of the ECG (RR) and the heart rate variability (HRV) through linear and non linear methods. A nociceptive pressor stimulation was administered to not hypnotized highly (Highs) and low (Lows) hypnotizable subjects with and without suggestions of analgesia. The indexes of HRV extracted from the RR through spectral analysis (LF/HF) and through Poincarè plot (CSI) were compared by repeated measures ANOVAs and also correlated between each other and with RR to detect the best correlations present in Highs and Lows. ANOVA did not show any difference between groups for RR, RR standard deviation (SD), LF/HF and CSI, while the study of the correlations showed a linear correlation between RR and SD during resting conditions in Highs, but not in Lows that exhibited inverse correlations, and the loss of this correlation during stimulation. The linear correlation between LF/HF and CSI observed in Highs during resting conditions was lost during PAIN, and recovered during the suggestion of analgesia, but was always absent in Lows. The results suggest that, in the absence of significant differences in RR and HRV between Highs and Lows, the combined use of indexes extracted through spectral analysis and Poincarè enlightens the presence of differences between Highs and Lows in the heart control both in basal and nociceptive stimulation conditions.

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESPONSE TO MENTAL LOAD IN LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDERS Zlatislav Stoyanov, Miroslav Marinov and Radko Radev Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Varna University of Medicine, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria Some literature data and results of our previous investigations based upon spectral analysis of heart rate variability suggest the existence of differences in cardiovascular reactivity to mental load in left- and right-handers: we found out stronger sympathetic activation and sympathetic influence on heart rate and rhythm in left-handers. In this study we set the goal to compare the changes in peripheral vascular tone during mental load in 10 left-handers and 10 right-handers. Photoplethismographic (finger PPG) recordings lasting 2 minutes were made at rest and during mental challenge – combination of memory and arithmetic task. Changes in vascular tone were judged by the changes in the “module of elasticity” – α / Ò, where “α” is the duration (in ms) of ascending part of the PPG-wave and “Ò” is the duration (in ms) of the whole PPG-complex. An enhancement of α / Ò indicates increase in tonic tension of blood vessels. It was found that α / Ò (vascular tone respectively) increases during mental load in both groups, but reaches higher values in left-handers – 0.268 (an increase of 33.66 %) vs. 0.222 (an increase of 30.95%) in right-handers (t= 2.41; p = 0.0269). The data obtained, combined with our previous results, confirm the existence of handedness related to sympathetically mediated peculiarities in cardiovascular response to mental stress and generate further questions about the physiological reactivity to stress in left- and right-handers. POLYGRAPH AND ERP CORRELATES OF LIE DETECTION James E. Horton, Jennifer Ezell, Amy Goff, David Jay, DeAnne Quintana, Natalie Jones, Rustan Rainey, Brandi Bishop, C.J. Whitt The University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, USA The underlying mechanisms of polygraph examinations involve recording physiological responses to arousal which may also be attributed to environmental stressors associated with the procedure. Furthermore, some individuals have the ability to control their physiological responses thereby responding without significant physiological change. This research investigated the accuracy of polygraph and ERP recordings with truthful answers, lies and answers to novel questions. The researchers collected polygraph recordings with BioPac equipment and software and EEG with Neuroscan equipment and software from 16 male and 16 female volunteers, aged 18 to 25, from The University of Virginia's College at Wise. SPSS analyses revealed a significant difference in GSR from baseline to answers to novel questions not previously seen (t (30) = −2.675, p b .012). Preliminary analyses of ERP components yielded a significant interaction of truthful responses by sex at 400 milliseconds after the response at sites FT7 (F(6,144) = 2.303, p b .037) and FT8 (F(6,144) = 2.49, p b .025). There was no difference in baseline to condition measures for conditions of truthfulness or lying however, there was a significant difference from baseline to the condition of novel questions. This would indicate that the normal individual can control their physiological reactions to questions if they are familiar with the questions but may not be able to control their physiological responses if they are surprised by a question they were not expecting. However ERP components indicated opposite and almost equal reactions to truthful answers for males and females while there were similar reactions to lying and answering novel questions. EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE CONCEALED INFORMATION TEST: ACCURACY IN PRISONERS VERSUS COMMUNITY VOLUNTEERS Bruno Verschuere1, Geert Crombez2, Ernst H. W. Koster3, Armand De Clercq4 Psychology Department, Ghent University, Belgium 2 Psychology Department, Ghent University, Belgium 3 Psychology Department, Ghent University, Belgium 4 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Belgium 1

The Concealed Information polygraph Test has been advocated as the preferred method for the physiological detection of deception. In this study, we examined the

Abstracts external validity of the Concealed Information Test. Physiological responding to concealed information was assessed in 48 male prisoners, and compared with responding in 31 male community volunteers. Based upon the association between criminality and autonomic hyporesponsivity, lower detection rates could be expected in the prisoners. Participants were questioned on 5 personally significant items (e.g., day of birth), and instructed to deny recognition of this information. All participants were promised a financial reward when able to hide recognition. Using electrodermal, cardiac, and respiratory measures, significant detection of concealed information was obtained in both samples, with no differences between groups. Individual differences in a measure of behavioral disinhibition did not moderate this effect. The present data thereby support the external validity of the Concealed Information Test.

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increase of delta and theta2 activity. Maximum of delta changes localized over anterior frontal areas bilaterally suggesting activation of limbic structures in emotional states. Frontal maximum of theta2 increase specifically characterized the negative emotion. Additionally, whereas negative emotional state was related to right-hemispheric asymmetry in gamma reactivity over the anterior frontal electrodes, positive emotion was accompanied by left-hemispheric asymmetry over the mid-temporal sites. Conclusion. The obtained results corroborate and extend the existing findings of the role of EEG rhythms in image generation and emotional production. The work is supported by BIAL grant 58/04. CHRONIC FATIGUE AND GULF WAR SYNDROME: PSYCHONEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROJECTIONS

HYPNOTIZABILITY-RELATED ATTENTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS S. Volovik1, K. Loganovsky2, D. Bazyka2, V. Bebeshko2, H. Cohen1 Duke University/Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; 2Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine

Castellani E., D'Alessandro L., Santarcangelo E.L., Sebastiani L. Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Pisa University, Pisa (Italy)

1

In this study we investigated the relationship between hypnotizability and attention in individuals with high (Highs) and low susceptibility (Lows) to hypnosis. Hypnotizability was measured by means of the Italian version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. In a first experiment we studied whether Highs and Lows displayed a different sensibility to manipulation of attention during perceptual implicit memory tasks (word stem completion task). Specifically, we compared the priming effect of High and Lows during three different attentional conditions: full attention, divided attention, and attention with interference. No significant differences were found between Highs and Lows in none of the 3 conditions. However, analysis of reaction times showed that at encoding Highs tended to be faster than Lows, indicating quicker memorization times in Highs than in Lows. In a second experiment we investigated the temporal dynamics of visual attention in Highs and Lows by means of the Attentional Blink (AB) task. The AB refers to the transient dropping in detection accuracy of a probe that is embedded in a stream of rapid serial visual stimuli, when it follows the identification of a previous target (conditional detection). Both groups exhibited AB effects similar in amplitude and shape and made the same number of false positive errors. However, during simple detection of the probe, Highs accuracy was better than that of Lows. This finding indicates that visual detection in Highs is likely less affected than in Lows by time constraints that limit the access to the attentional resources. In conclusion, despite attentional manipulations affect similarly the performance of Highs and Lows, hypnotizability-related differences in the dynamics of attentional processes can be hypothesized.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) spectrum disorders is one of the most prognosticated important consequences of nuclear technogenic accidents and radioecological disasters resulting in complex interaction of different hazardous environmental factors. CFS, the complex cluster fluctuant clinical symptomatology of chronic illnesses overlapping in multiple ways and accompanying symptoms with another famous similar phenomenon, Gulf War Syndrome (GWS), and affecting a quarter of relevant populations, remains a poorly understood disease with various theories of its elusive etiology and fuzzy pathophysiology. A few probable triggering factors for CFS spectrum disorders have been analyzed with a particular emphasis on radioactive substances, various chemical agents, viruses, vaccines, neurotoxins, extreme psychological stresses, and others, contributing to the broad scope of clinical manifestations in psychoneuroimmunological, psychoneuroendocrinological, psychoneurocardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, and cognition/memory impairment spheres interwoven with characteristics of generalized aging/senescence and neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration processes, and connected with perturbations of free-radical (redox) control and signaling network with concomitant altered stress-genes expression and apoptosis triggering mitochondrial, synaptic plasticity, etc dysfunction, and redox homeodynamics disorder at different hierarchy complexity – molecular, cellular, subsystem (axis), system (brain/CNS, immune, genetic, etc, whole organism) level. In given generalized conceptual framework unique Chernobyl accident data, including epidemiologic, clinical, molecular genetic, oxidative (free-radical) biomarkers, etc, reflecting different exposures to interacting multiple environmental stresses (acute and chronic, exogenous and endogenous (radionuclides) irradiation, various chemical agents, viruses, severe psychological stress, etc., allow to investigate, conceptualize, and illustrate the nature, fundamental mechanisms and psychoneuropathophysiological projections of CFS/GWS spectrum disorders phenomenon, its health impairment perspectives and possible ways for intervention. This is important for prognosis of health consequences of nuclear, radiological, and chemical technogenic accident and terrorist attack, natural disasters, and for homeland security.

EEG STUDY OF MENTAL IMAGERY AND EMOTION PRODUCTION DURING HYPNOSIS T.Stroganova1, A.Kirenskaya2, V.Novototsky-Vlasov2, A.Chistyakov2, M. Tsetlin1, V.Zvonikov3 1 Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education; 2Serbsky National Research Centre for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia 3 Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Central Hospital of Ministry of Transportation of Russia Introduction. The study was designed to investigate the EEG and autonomic concomitants of the hypnosis, internal imaging and emotional experience. Fourteen high hypnotizable subjects participated in live hypnotic induction that included deep hypnotic relaxation, recollection of emotionally neutral, positive and negative past events. Eyes-closed waking state was considered as a baseline condition. Traditional spectral analysis of EEG was applied. Results. Heart rate changes under hypnotic session paralleled the anticipated increase of arousal level from relaxation to inner imagery and further to positive and negative emotion recollection, thus verifying the emotional experience. The observed decrease of ongoing EEG oscillations within all frequency bands under hypnosis session may reflect the specificity of hypnotic state as an altered state of consciousness. Mental imagery led to pronounced blockage of alpha oscillations over the posterior scalp area and increase of the right hemispheric gamma activity. The enhanced emotional arousal during positive and negative emotions was associated with generalized

PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN UKRAINIAN RADIATION WORKERS AT THE OBJECT “SHELTER” UNDER LOW-DOSE RADIATION EXPOSURE V.G. Bebeshko, K.N. Loganovsky, V.A. Sushko, N.V. Belyayeva, L.A. Lyashenko, D.A. Bazyka Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Kiev, Ukraine Introduction. The object “Shelter” as a heritage of Chernobyl radiation accident has a radiation potential capable for an uncontrolled release. Radiation workers recruited for decontamination works are required to have higher health standards including psychophysiological health, hematological parameters and immune function. Risk factors include a potential exposure to internal irradiation, predominantly transuranium elements (Pu, Am), external irradiation together with a mixture of non-radiation industrial hazards. Results. Clinical, neurophysiological and immunological investigation was performed in 289

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radiation workers before and 4–6 months after start of work at the low radiation zone. Total doses of radiation exposure were under the professional 20 mSv per year limit (I. Likhtarev, S. Nechaev, 2005). Changes of bioelectrical brain activity were revealed. Changes of the early progenitor cell function, an increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and low apoptotic fraction were demonstrated as well as the over-expression of protein-tyrosine-kinases (CD117, ZAP 70) revealed at the early and late stages of cell differentiation. Conclusion. Such results testify to the presence of immune and genomic effects (Bazyka et al, 2005) and may be considered as the early psychoneuroimmunological pattern of the adaptation following exposure to a low level of radiation and non-radiation industrial hazards. Analysis is performed of the association of the clinical findings such as neurasthenic changes and a chronic fatigue syndrome development with immune function and plutonium incorporation. Moreover, a potential neuro- and immunotoxicity of transuraniums should be taken into account.

This study included 50 male and female subjects with syndrome-X exposed to ionizing radiation due to the Chernobyl accident and has revealed that at obesity all three components of eating disorders were increased. Changes of external food behavior were 3.5–3.8, of emotiongenic — 2.4– 3.3, of inefficient restrictive — 2.6–3.4. Emotiongenic type has been represented by the compulsive form in 50%, the night eating syndrome – in 30% and 20% have been comprised with subsyndromal affective disorder. For an estimation of quantitative and qualitative changes of food behavior within management application the dynamic interrogation series were carried out. In body weight significant reduction the emotiongenic and external behavior decrease and restrictive one increase were observed testifying to the development of a correct eating stereotype. Management of obesity is obligatory along with pharmacological therapy and correction of food behavior.

IMMUMODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND PERSONALITY PROFILE IN MAN

THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS ON COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN RIGHT- AND LEFT-HANDED 6–7 YEAR-OLD CHILDREN

Vahabzadeh, A., Vatankhah, F. Asgar-Nejad, A. The Neuroscience Division, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 19395-3598, Tehran – Iran

M.M. Bezroukikh, A.C. Verba Institute of Developmental Physiology of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia

Although there are tremendous literature on immunodeficiency syndrome (IDS), psychophysiology of this syndrome is poorly understood. On the other hand personality profile is not physiologically defined, although it makes a considerable component of the psychology. Neuroscientifically, it seems that in addition to the genetical factor, memory storage has a main role in this psychological term. To study the relation between these physiological and psychological phenomena, the present research has been carried out. Randomly, 300 male volunteers age over 20 years were divided to two groups of control and test in one city with the same race and cultural background. All demographical factors were made parallel between two groups. Both HIV test and the second version of Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II) were used. HIV test have been carried out elsewhere according to the local role and regulation. This means that the present study did not interfere with the ethical issue on this act. Randomly, 150 volunteers were selected among the HIV negative as control group; and another 150 volunteers were HIV positive, which was considered as test group. Both groups were subjected to the psychological test of MCMI-II. MCMI-II monitors vast range of psychological states including personality profiles, severe clinical personality disorders, and severe mental symptoms. The validity of this psychological test has been already examined; and data from personality profile were gathered. The data were then quantified; and two groups were compared. Variation calculated in the percentage base. All statistical analysis was carried out using absolute data and either student pair ttest (within the group) or ANOVA (within the different groups). The result indicates that over 88% of HIV positive group shows high score for borderline, antisocial, passive aggressive, and narcissistic personality profiles significantly. Data from the present studies suggest the role of personality profile in the risk of IDS in the society; and may be used for mental health program. Focusing the psycho education on borderline, antisocial, passive aggressive, and narcissistic personality profiles, may reduce the risk.

Development of cognitive functions (activity regulation, speech development, motor skills, visuo-spatial perception, visuo-motor and hearing-motor coordination as well as accumulation of information and knowledge) was studied in 6– 7 year-old children (160 girls and 160 boys) with and without risk factors in early development. The following risk factors were analyzed: toxicity during the first and the second half of pregnancy, prenatal developmental disorders, pathologic childbirth. Children with psychoneurological disorders were not included in the study. Cognitive functions were analyzed by groups with and without risk factors. Both right- and left-handed children with developmental disorders showed lower level of formation of cognitive functions. In groups of children without disorders significant gender differences of voluntary activity regulation and speech development formation were found. Boys show lower level of formation of the above function as compared to girls irrespective of manual preference. Parameters of hearing-motor and visuo-motor coordination are much lower in girls as compared to boys irrespective of manual preference and presence of risk factors in early development. Risk factors have negative effect on activity regulation, speech development and motor skills in all the girls studied. The effect of risk factors is more significant in the group of right-handed boys as compared to left-handed boys. Activity regulation and speech development are the most vulnerable and insufficiently formed cognitive functions in children with developmental disorders. Peculiarities of brain organization of cognitive processes in children with different manual preference are discussed.

ANALYSIS OF EATING DISODERS TYPES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH X-SYNDROME EXPOSED TO IONIZING RADIATION Muraviova Irina Research Center for Radiation Medicine Academy of Medical Sciences of the Ukraine, Kiev In studying obesity, much attention must be paid to eating disorders issues. The forthcoming management complex will largely depend upon it. We have investigated the association of obesity and eating disorders, both with respect to possible gender differences. Survey of food behaviors was carried out with special questionnaires application: by T. Van Strien and co-authors, a questionnaire for to assess the degree of emotiongenic and restrictive food behavior, diagnostic criteria of compulsive food behaviors by A.J. Stunkard, the analysis of a feed per day.

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS Sergei Lytaev1, Sergei Maltsev2, Anastasia Belko1, Mikhail Savenkov1 Saint Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia 1

The present research is aimed at an estimation of dynamics of psychological and sensory parameters at combatants with battle injuries of extremities during specialized medical care. Method of brain mechanisms of mental activity modeling at gunshot wounds of extremities apply mapping of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and classification system of wound’s consequences on basis of data received during diagnostics, surgical treatment, psychodiagnostics and rehabilitation of wounded. SEPs in 19 monopolar sites on standard technique were registered. By stimuli were served by electroskin signals submitted on projection of researched nerves — median, ulnar, radial, sciatic and peroneal. Psychological testing was spent with using the next techniques: Mississippi scale, scale of an estimation of influence of traumatic event, questionnaire SCL-90-R, Hamilton's scale of an estimation of a degree of depression, hand-test and test of state of health, activity and mood. Results of

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research have allowed to establish influence of degree of weight of stressful situation on development of mental frustration of boundary spectrum. Heaviest stress situations cause various boundary mental frustration, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However heavy stress situations not always evoke PTSD. Ordering and classification of stress situations on etiological criterion will be presented. Brain mapping of the somatosensory evoked potentials has significant prognostic value as for the casualties with sensory and motor disorders owing to battle wounds (∼40%), and for others, as the objective indicator of rehabilitation of the mental status. The relationship between active and “silent” fields of brain maps can be regarded as objective criterion of formation PTSD. Supported: RHF, ONRGlobal.

level of the fasting group didn't differ from non-fasting group (arousal measurement). In non-fasting group, skin conductance response amplitude to the auditory stimulus was higher and skin conductance response onset latency was lower than fasting group. Cancellation test results: There were significant differences for the total number of the targets marked (TNTM), the total number of the missed targets (TNMT) and the length of time for the subject to complete the test (LTCT) between fasting and non-fasting group. Fasting group has lower TNTM, while they have higher TNMT and LTCT than nonfasting group. Conclusion: Ramadan fasting didn't change arousal. But reaction time to the auditory stimulus was increased during the Ramadan intermittent fasting. Also, reaction amplitude and continuous attention were decreased in fasting condition.

HYPOGLYCEMIA AND SUICIDE IN MAN

BINAURAL INTERACTION AND AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSES DURING AN ATTENTION TASK

Vahabzadeh, A., Magami, F. Alipor, The Neuroscience Division, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 19395-3598, Tehran – Iran The physiology of glucose and pathology of hypoglycemia in periphery are well defined. However, their physiolopathology in central nervous system is poorly understood. Suicide is a conscious act that may terminate mankind life. There are variety of hypothesizes about the causation of this phenomena. Controversial literature exists in benefit of both pathologic and/or physiologic origin of causation of these phenomena. However, little is known about the role of brain glucose and/or insulin in this causation. The role of hypoglycemia in causation of axis I and II disorders have been already studied (Vahabzadeh, A., et al., 2002). The present investigation aimed to utilize psychophysiological techniques to determine the relationship between hypoglycemia and suicide in man. 60 volunteers have been chosen randomly from the Iranian city of Arak, which had at least one attempt for suicide in different ways. Another 60 volunteers have been chosen as a control group. All demographical factors were made parallel statistically. Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) was done for both groups to determine the hypoglycemia. All data were recorded according the local ethic; and used for statistical analysis. All statistical analysis were carried out on the base of the absolute data, using either student t-test or ANOVA where required; and the results were shown in the percentage base. Results form the present studies show that 53 +/− 11% (P b 0.005, n = 6) of suicidal group have shown hypoglycemia, when compared to the normal control group. In addition severe hypoglycemic individuals have been used valiant techniques for their act. The present data produced more knowledge for our studies on the physiology of glucose and/or insulin (Vahabzadeh, A., 1999); and suggest that reduced level of glucose and/or enhanced level of insulin may cause psychological abnormalities including aggression (Vahabzadeh, A., et al., 2002) and suicide in man. References Vahabzadeh, A. (1999) Studies on the role of insulin on behavioral and neuroendocrinal indices of stress, using brain microdialysis in rat. J. IUMS 6: 66. Vahabzadeh, A., Ghodarzi, G., and Mohseni, M. (2002) Hypoglycemia and personality profile in man. Int. J. Psychophysiology 42: 74. AROUSAL AND CONTINUOUS ATTENTION DURING RAMADAN INTERMITTENT FASTING Nazan Dolu1, Cem Süer, Ahmet Yüksek2, Alparslan Sizer2, Mehmet Alay2 Erciyes University, Medical Faculty, Physiology Department Kayseri/Turkey 2 Erciyes University, Medical Faculty Students, Kayseri/Turkey 1

Introduction: During the month of Ramadan Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, smoking between sunrise and sunset. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on arousal and continuous attention. Method: The electrodermal activity (EDA) and cancellation test of 17 undergraduate male students, whose mean age were 20 yr, were measured in fasting conditions during the Ramadan and non-fasting conditions 4 weeks after the Ramadan. EDA results: The skin conductance

K. Ikeda, A. Hayashi Center for the Research and Support of Educational Practice, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan Previous studies in humans showed the difficulty for detecting attention effects in the auditory brainstem response (ABR). However, these studies have not examined the influence of binaural interaction on the ABR. This study attempted to identify the attention effect from the ABR by removing the influence of binaural interaction. Using an oddball procedure with tone pips, standards (0.5 kHz; probability 0.7) and targets (1 kHz; probability 0.3) at 80 dB SPL were presented. Stimulation conditions were two. In one, tone pips were simultaneously delivered to both ears (binaural condition) while in the other, the left ear received the tones and the right ear was continuously given a white noise at 60 dB SPL (monaural condition). Twelve participants each performed two tasks either ignoring stimuli or attending to targets during the conditions. Scalp potentials were recorded from an electrode at Cz with reference to the left (A1) or right (A2) earlobes. The potentials were averaged over 2000 epochs for standards and 1000 for targets in each task. Significant differences in the ABR between the tasks were found only for targets in the monaural condition and only from Cz-A1 derivation. Relative to the ignoring task, the attention task generated negative shifts in a time interval corresponding to waves IV–VII of the ABR. The present outcomes demonstrate that if a factor of binaural interaction is removed from stimulation, an attention-related modulation can be detected in human scalp potentials corresponding to the ABR. EXPLORATION OF EXTRAVERSION OF MIGRENEURS Popovic Budimir1, Vukadinovic Maja2, Danka Filipovic1, Sladjana Sakac1 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad 1

The aim of this study was to explore personality characteristic of migraineurs connected with dimension extraversion-intraversion. The study included 23 migraineurs (7 had migraine with aura-MA and 16 without aura-MOA), age 10– 18. We explored personality characteristics connected with extraversion using the Hamburg Scale of Neuroticism and Extraversion for Children and Adolescent (HANES) for age under 16 and Minesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) for age 16 and over. According to the results there was no significant difference in extraversion (activity and sociability) between MA and MOA. There were global tendencies to higher scores on scale of extroversion. We concluded that all patients were characterized by sociability which is the result of their need to company and connect with other people. This kind of sociability is based on calling others attention on themselves caused by their own sensitivity, in one side but in the other it could be way to escape of dealing with repressed anger and fear. Tendency to represent themselves as lively, active and carefree persons, points on their need to be accepted by surround which provide them attention of parents and other people. SOCIOPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ADAPTATION Pogorila I.O., Kuzmina K.I., Melnik A.O., Romanenko O.V., Bogomolets O.O. National Medical University, Pobedy avenue 34, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine

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An important task of science on personality is to teach university student who under stress influences to adapt to social environment and to overcome stress conditions. To solve the problem of human adaptation to different factors of the external environment (professional, ecological, communicative) the interdisciplinary cooperation approach can be used. The purpose of the work was to find out the individual typological peculiarities of the first-year medical university students to understand their biosocial structure in order to help personality to count oneself in different life's areas (educational, scientific, cultural, social) and in the future profession activity. 150 first-year medical university students (120 from the medial faculty, 15 from the stomatological faculty, 15 from the pharmaceutical faculty) participated accordingly to their wish in the investigation. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Lûscher Farbwahl Test, Eysenk Personality Inventory were applied. In order to analyze the data received earlier developed computer-assisted system (Kuzmina et al., 1998) was used. The results of the investigation are discussed in the context of the first-year students adaptation to the university life. They allow to estimate the student group's biosocial health together with estimation of the biosocial health of each personality. There are also a possibilities to approach the adequate strategy and ways of the students problems' decision; to improve psychological climate, to develop preventive methods. PSYCHOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF NIHON BUYO — JAPANESE TRADITIONAL DANCE Yuki Mito†,Hiroshi Kawakami†, Akiko Zukawa‡, Yukitaka Shinoda†,Yuka Marumo† † Nihon University,‡University of Tsukuba, Nishiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 1160011, Japan Nihon Buyo is one of Japanese traditional dance since ancient age, and the existence is known worldwide now. As there are more than 116 (the number of corporate Nihon Buyo association) schools of the Nihon Buyo today, we selected historic major 5 schools in this study (Fujima, Nishikawa, Hanayagi, Wakayagi and Bando School). Nihon Buyo of each school accepts a different edition, and the difference of the edition should make audiences to have different impressions. In this study, we examine how editions of Nihon Buyo move emotions of audiences. Each difference of the motion was analyzed by the motion capture, and considering the relation between emotional data and motion data, we will try to be clear the effects by performers motion. In our experiment, the part of “Musume-Dojoji” was performed by performers (professional female performer of 30–40 years old level) from the 5 schools on their own way of dancing. “Musume-Dojoji” is a masterpiece of Japan. Experimental process is following; (i) The impression evaluation of the video image was measured. (ii) The performer's motion was recorded by the motion capture, and this data was mainly analyzed from the point of the frequency, the acceleration, at the number of frame, the time composition, and the standing position change. Then, relations between the impression evaluation of the video image and the motion capture data were examined, from which meaning and significance of editions were investigated. We thought that the psychophysical analysis became important for an artistic part of diversity of expression of Nihon Buyo. MUSIC AND NOISE ALTER EEG POWER SPECTRUM IN THE RATS Osman Genç, Haydar Ali Erken, Gülten Erken, Raziye Kurþunluoðlu Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, 20020, Denizli, Turkey Music and its calming effects have emotional component. Conversely, emotional stresses such as noise can induce brain function alterations. Music and noise modify brain activities and functions. Many clinical findings indicate that classical music attenuates symptoms in various types of diseases, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and senile dementia on the other hand noise doesn't. In our study it was aimed to investigate the effects of music and noise on the EEG power spectrum in the rats. Thirty five Wistar Albino female rats (the average weight of 213+13 g) were used. Rats were divided into five groups: the control group, the noise-applied group, classical music-applied group, classical Turkish music-applied group and rock music-applied group (n=7 for each group). Rats which were anaesthetized with ketamine/xylasin were placed in stereotaxic apparatus. Normal EEG recording was

made with data acquisition system (PowerLab/8SP, Australia). Elected EEG traces were transferred into the spectral analyse programme of polygraph. Using SPSS packed programme, differences between groups were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests. Both similarities and differences emerge when comparing the results for noises and music. There were significant differences between groups on total EEG power spectrum. The rock music group exhibited a significantly increase in EEG power spectrum compared to the control group, the noise-applied group, classical music-applied group and classical Turkish musicapplied group. These changes of EEG power spectrum characteristics reflect the further enhancement of brain activities in the areas related to emotion and auditory. THE RELATION BETWEEN VERBAL ESTIMATION OF QUALITY AND INTENSITY OF ACTIVATION STATES AND BRAIN ACTIVITY: HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY Jan Kaiser, Mirosław Wyczesany, Przemysław Plata Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland The primary source of data to assess activation states is EEG power spectral analysis. The additional source of data to assess different activation states is verbal report. The relationship between EEG data and verbal report was investigated. 36 men, aged 16–24 participated in the study. The experimental procedure consisted of 8 min adaptation, 1 min tonic pre-task EEG recording, estimation of activation using Thayer's adjective list (AD-ACL), 8 min Turbo Sternberg Task and 1 min post-task EEG recording followed by another activation rating (second AD-ACL measurement). Cluster analysis was used to quantify the activation ratings. These results were integrated with power spectrum data, calculated from EEG records, using multiple regression technique. These analysis revealed that EEG data and verbal ratings of activation showed a relationship between focused spectral power of cortex activity and two dimensions of activation: energetic arousal and tense arousal. Moreover EEG bands were analyzed using Generalized Synchronization method, which had to reveal synchronizations between electrodes, dependent of subjective factors. Increased energetic arousal was related to higher synchronization between left frontal electrodes: Fp1, FC5 and F7 in alpha range. In beta range, Fp1 electrode was synchronized with numerous electrodes, especially over the left hemisphere. These relations remained consistent regardless of the task performance. We interpret these results in terms of a subjective mediating factors, which lay at the basis of these covariance. MOTOR CONTROL IN LEFT-HANDED SUBJECTS: A FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING STUDY Anna Grabowska1, Malgorzata Gut1, Andrzej Urbanik2, Lars Forsberg3, Marek Binder4, Barbara Sobiecka2, Justyna Kozub2 1 Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland 2 Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 3 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 4 Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland We used fMRI to study differences in brain control of motor function in left- and right-handers. Twelve right-handed and 17 left-handed subjects participated in the experiment. Subjects performed two motor tasks during fMRI scanning: flexion-extension movements of an index finger (simple movements) and sequential thumb-to-finger opposition tapping (complex movements). Those tasks were performed with either hand in sequence. Activations during dominant and non-dominant hand movements were registered. Simple movements were associated with activations focused in sensori-motor areas (M1, C1 and premotor) in the contralateral hemisphere. No handedness-related differences were observed. Complex movements elicited less focused, bilateral activations in both groups. The activation volumes were much greater than those for the simple movements. The two groups differed substantially as to the sites of activations. In right-handers activations were observed in motor-related areas: M1, C1, premotor and parietal corticies both contralaterally and ipsilaterally and in the cerebellum ipsilaterally. Left-handers differed from that regular pattern of activations in that they exhibited also activations in various areas that are not typically associated with the motor control: V1, V2, auditory and prefrontal (B 44). We conclude that in left-handers brain is less regularly wired which is

Abstracts consistent with the Witelson hypothesis that left-handedness is a consequence of disturbances in the naturally occurring loss of axons during prenatal brain shaping period. We suggest that atypically wired brains might provide a biological base for atypical problem solving abilities and artistic skills. EEG-ABNORMALITIES LATERALIZATION TO THE LEFT HEMISPHERE FOLLOWING OBJECT “SHELTER” TRANSFORMATION TO ECOLOGICALLY SAFE SYSTEM K. Loganovsky, I. Perchuk Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) is a new perspective toll for biodetection and biodosimetry of ionizing radiation (Loganovsky and Yuryev, 2004). The unique radiological risks of the works on the object “Shelter” transformation to ecologically safe system include potential internal exposure to transuranium elements (238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, 241Am) as well as 90Sr and 137 Cs together with external exposure that are modified by non-radiation industrial hazards. Recently, it becomes clear that the brain is a target organ, as are the kidneys, after exposure to uranium (Lestaevel P. et al., 2005). At the baseline (before an entrance in the object “Shelter”) and after plutonium incorporation the personnel (n= 166) mobilized to carry out the works for the object “Shelter” transformation to ecologically safe system were examined by qEEG. Their total doses of exposure were under the dose limit of 20 mSv per year (I. Likhtarev, S. Nechaev, 2005). Following the work at the Shelter the EEG-abnormalities in comparison with the baseline level were revealed as follows: increasing of integral EEG-abnormalities (t= 7.3; p b 0.001); slow brain electrical activity increasing (t= 6.4; p b 0.001); absolute and relative β-power of qEEG increasing at the left temporal area (t= 4.4; p b 0.002). These neurophysiological findings testify to overactivation of cortical-limbic system predominantly in the dominant, left hemisphere. This EEG-pattern is the cerebral basis of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome following exposure to low and very low doses of ionizing radiation, neurotoxicity of transuranium element, stress and other non-radiation industrial hazards.

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IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL ADAPTATION OF PATIENT WITH LOW BACK PAIN TREATED WITH MELOXICAM (MOVALIS®) Nataša Milenović, Budimir Popović Insitute for Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Futoška 68, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro Low back pain (LBP), one of the most common disease modern human, with huge cure and rehabilitation expenses, long-term continual medical treatment, caused that it began huge medical, psycho-social and economical problem. Aim of the study was to evaluate influences of emotional adaptability on patient self-evaluation state of health (SH) after meloxicam (Movalis®) injection and tablet in therapy of LBP. We examined 48 patients (20 male and 28 female), age 45–75, dissatisfied with other NSAID. Patients were given at the beginning three 15 mg injection of Movalis® oncedaily and continued with two weeks 7,5 mg tablet once-daily. We used patient scale of self-evaluation SH, adverse event (AE) and therapeutic effect (TE). Local bearability at the site of injection one hour after injection was described by patient in 63.2% as very well after first injection and after last in 68.4%, but differences was not statistically significant (p=0.067) with trend to stay stable during hole period of application. Patients did not emphasize importance AE with conducted to better SH and in 47.4% of patient described their SH as satisfied after injection, although at the beginning in 94.7% described as unsatisfied. At the end 47.2% patients described SH as good. Significant improvement (p=0.002) was after transfer from injection to seven-day tablet treatment. Patient self-evaluation of disease and SH did not shown statistically significant gender difference. When patient had to compare Movalis ® with other NSAID better efficiency was shown in 36.8% and better bearability in 94.7% patients. Good emotional adaptation and reduction AE led to good selfevaluation SH which application Movalis® injections and tablet shown as safety and good choice in therapy of LBP. LATENT VS. MANIFEST SOCIAL NETWORKS: A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOCIOMETRIC EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION David I. Opris1, Alina S. Rusu1, Marius I. Benta2 Psychology Department, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj, Romania 2 Sociology Department, University College Cork, Ireland 1

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PERSONNEL WORKING ON OBJECT “SHELTER” TRANSFORMATION TO ECOLOGICALLY SAFE SYSTEM K.N. Loganovsky, M.A. Bomko, N.Yu. Chuprovskaja, Ye.Yu. Antipchuk, I.V. Perchuk, T.K. Loganovskaja, N.V. Deniysuk, L.L. Zdorenko, V.I. Kravchenko, N.V. Drozdova, Z.L. Vasilenko, Ye. N. Yukhimenko, S.A. Chumak, E.A. Kolosinskaja, G.Yu. Kreinis Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine The personnel (n = 192) mobilized to carry out the works for the object “Shelter” transformation to ecologically safe system have passed the neuropsychiatric assessment at the baseline (before the entrance in the object “Shelter”) and after plutonium incorporation. Their total doses of exposure were under the dose limit of 20 mSv per year (I. Likhtarev, S. Nechaev, 2005). At baseline 62 persons (32.3%) from the personnel with mild mental and behavioral disorders were allowed to work at the “Shelter”. However, following the works, such disorders were present in 81 persons (42.2%) from the personnel (χ2 = 4.02; p b 0.05). The psychopathologies mainly included: organic asthenic disorder, mild cognitive impairment, neurasthenia, somatoform dysfunction, and deviations on EEG. Mild neurological disorders were diagnosed in 102 of persons (53.1%) during the input medical control and in 119 (62%) following the works (χ2 = 3.08; p N 0.05). Chronic cerebrovascular and autonomic nervous system pathology were predominant. Neurasthenia, somatoform dysfunction, autonomic nervous system abnormalities and EEG-changes may be considered at the frame of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Among the main risk factors for CFS development should be assessed psychological stress, exposure to low and very low doses of ionizing radiation, as well as neurotoxicity of transuranium elements. Neuroprotection for CFS and related states should be developed including psychotherapy, psychoprophylaxis, psychorehabilitation and cognitive enhancers.

Little research has been done so far on latent social networks and their development into manifest networks. Latent social networks are generally defined as structures that cannot normally be observed directly. Yet, modern psychophysiological investigation techniques can provide indirect indicators of such latent networks. In this study, we have combined psychophysiological measurements with a sociometric test to study a set of 40 young individuals (20–30 year old students, of which 20 males and 20 females unknown to each other) who were involved in both a latent and a manifest network. Prior to the experiment, the subjects filled in a questionnaire comprising self-assessment items and a description of their ideal mates. Each subject was exposed to the series of 40 photographs of all the others, including themselves. Psychophysiological (electrodermal, cardiovascular and electromyographic measurements performed with a BioPAC MP 150) as well as sociometric data were collected during exposure time. This phase was replicated on the same set of persons after they were exposed to all the information gathered in the first-phase questionnaire. Data were analysed using statistics and social network analysis software (SPSS, Agna, and UCINET). Our results indicate an overlapping of the two types of preference clustering of the individuals: sociometrical and psychophysiological. Moreover, it appears that the informational framing of the members of a latent network can alter the configuration of that network's manifest crystallisation. REM-REBOUND PHENOMENON FOLLOWING NCPAP APPLICATION IN PATIENTS WITH OSA Bozhidar Dimitrov1, Slavcho Slavchev2 Institute of Psychology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and 2MANA Medical Centre, Sofia, Bulgaria

1

The Syndrome of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), among many deteriorative symptoms it comprises, is notoriously linked with total disruption of the normal

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sleep architecture. The cyclic alternating vital urge for awakenings in order to restore the disrupted breathing during sleep leads to practical loss of slow wave, deep sleep. Patients spend the best part of sleeping time in shallow stages 1–2 and these are also incessantly interrupted by periods of autonomic or behavioral arousal. The restorative REM stage is lacking and thus the Syndrome of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) prevails the daytime behavior. We have conducted split-night polysomnographic (PSG) studies on OSA patients that were presenting with moderate to severe involvement, lasting at least 5 years. During the first half of the night when patients were sleeping their usual way the hypnogram, analysed off-line, has revealed predominantly light sleep, multiple arousal periods (mean AI = 66), Respiratory Disturbance Index was exceeding 40 (mean RDI = 64). In the second part of the night nasal Continuous Positive Air Pressure (nCPAP) via mask was applied. Almost immediately – with an average latency of 10 min – some of the patients plunged straight into the REM stage, skipping altogether earlier stages. The first REM period lasted more than the usual 10–15 min, ranging 20–35 min (average 28). Several more REM stages followed that same night. It is of interest that not all OSA patients have shown similar behavior; the rest of the group had just dramatically improved their AI and have cut the awakenings. That led us to retroactively investigate the degree and the type of OSA affliction. It turned out that only patients who have pronounced EDS syndrome and are spending daytime in drowsiness and multiple naps, succumb to REM-rebound periods during the night. They further reported brisk improvement in their daytime vigilance and performance, extinction of clinical signs, together with very good mask tolerance. The REMrebound phenomenon and the type of sleep structure restoration is a veritable tool in assessing the beneficiary effect of nCPAP application during sleep disordered breathing. STUDY ON THE COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST SLEEP INERTIA AFTER A SHORT DAYTIME NAP Ayako Hirose, Akihiko Nagasaka Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) Introduction: Although a short daytime nap is an effective method to prevent a decline in performance for long-haul drivers or plant operators, napping is often avoided due to subsequent sleep inertia. The purposes of this study are to identify the adequate method to enhance alertness immediately and maintain the subsequent task performance after napping. Methods: Eleven healthy men participated in this study. A monotonous addition task on VDU was assigned for 100 min. A 15 min sleep break was given in the middle of the task. After the rest break, the following 7 countermeasures against sleep inertia were introduced for 15 min: (1) wiping their faces with cold wet towels, (2) doing (1) (but only for 1 or 2 min), (3) doing (1) with fragrant towels, (4) stretching, (5) playing PC games, (6) taking 100 mg of caffeine, and (7) taking 5 g of soy peptide. To assess alertness, electroencephalogram was measured. Performances and psychological indices were also measured. Results: In (1), (4) and (5), there were no significant differences in task performance in the 15 min following the rest break. As for performance stability, significant performance declines were only seen in (3) and (4). Alpha activity was significantly increased in (2) shortly after the beginning of task; also the performance was significantly worse compared to other countermeasures. Conclusions: PC games, stretching, and cold wet towels (only (1)) enhanced alertness immediately. Meanwhile caffeine, games, cold wet towels (only (1)) and peptide are useful to keep good task performance. It was important to have a warm-up period for at least 10 min to relieve sleep inertia after a short daytime nap. SEMANTIC ENCODING PRIORITY IN MEMORY Yılmaz Özakpınar Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey In free recall experiments intrusion errors were not random but semantically related substitutes for words omitted in recall. Theory of semantic encoding priority describes a memory system that makes semantic encoding in the first place, and secondarily encodes physical features, only to the extent that the capacity of attention allows. At retrieval, semantic code is reached first, and within it the to-be-remembered word is selected on a probabilistic basis.

Reliance on semantic code, by restricting memory search, facilitates recall, but may also lead to error when the physical code is defective. The implication is that some true recalls result from the same kind of retrieval operation which produces falsely remembered words, only they turn out to be true. College students took a recognition test after listening to a list of 70 unrelated words. In version A of the test each target was paired with its synonym, and in version B with an unrelated word. In each pair, the participants had to mark the word they had heard. Proportion of hits was significantly greater in version B than in version A. This result is due to the relative ease of eliminating an unrelated alternative in version B on the basis of the different semantic code of the target. In another experiment, each of the 33 homonyms was presented after a cue word evoking one of its two meanings, but instructions demanded only the recognition of the homonym among five alternatives in three different contexts, “none” response being allowed although the target was present every time. The context congruent with the meaning evoked by the cue word led to greater proportions of both hits and false alarms than in incongruous and neutral contexts, whereas incongruous and neutral contexts gave rise to a higher proportion of “none” responses than in congruent context. Physical presence of a word does not automatically result in recognition when original semantic code cannot be reached. On the other hand, reliance on semantic encoding does not normally lead to false memory to such an extent in remembering connected discourse, where a semantic equivalence is achieved by applying a semantic fitness test before a probabilistic selection is made within a semantic field. It is not possible to remember a list of words, where there is no contextual constraint to help eliminate a semantically unfitting candidate, but only a common semantic field. INFLUENCE OF LONG-TERM ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF ASCORBIC ACID ON SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY IN RATS Shahidi S.1, Komaki A.1, Atrvash N.1, Ghodrati M.1, Mahmoodi M.2 Department of Physiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran 2 Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan branch, Hamedan, Iran 1

Introduction: It has been reported that antioxidant-rich suplemented diet may retard brain aging in the rat. Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant. It highly concentrated in the central nervous system. The aim of present study was to determine whether chronic supplementation with ascorbic acid could potentiate spatial learning and memory in rats. Materials and Methods: An 8-arm radial maze (4 arms baited) was used to assess spatial learning and memory. Male Wistar rats were divided into three separate groups: a control group and two ascorbic acid groups. They received saline or ascorbic acid (60 or 120 mg/kg) orally for 30 days, respectively. Then training procedure started for 12 days. Results: The results indicate that there was no significant difference between the reference memory errors of three groups. On the other hand, the working memory errors of rats chronically treated with ascorbic acid were less than saline treated group. Conclusion: It seems that, chronic oral administration of ascorbic acid had no significant effect on spatial reference memory, but it may have beneficial effect on spatial working memory. This result is agreed with previous study that was shown facilitatory effect of ascorbic acid on passive avoidance leaning in the rats. Thus it can conclude ascorbic acid act as memory enhancer in addition of its memory protective action in the aging. EVALUATION OF ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM ON PASSIVE AVOIDANCE LEARNING IN RATS Mahmoodi M.1, Shahidi S.2 Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan branch, Hamedan, Iran 2 Department of Physiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran 1

Introduction: Ocimum basilicum is one of the plants uses in traditional medicine as it grows in most part of the word. The clinical usage of Ocimum basilicum is in many aspects like relieving the headache and fever. In this study, we attempt

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365

to clarify the effects of acute administration of Ocimum basilicum on inhibitory learning and memory in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats received intraperitoneal injection of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum (400 mg/kg) or saline 30 min before beginning of acquisition trials. Rats were trained on a stepthrough passive avoidance task and retention test was done 24 h later. The number of trials to acquisition, step-through latency in the acquisition trials and the time spent in the dark compartment in retention test was considered. Results: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the number of trials to acquisition between two groups. Treated animals had longer step-through latency than control group, but it was not statistically significant. The time spent in the dark compartment in retention test of treated rats was significantly less than control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum had no significant effect on acquisition stage of passive avoidance learning, but it improve retrieval of avoidance memory by exerting its effect on the consolidation stage of passive avoidance learning.

musculature for the volitional production of speech sounds. Temporal processing of speech production is examined to three groups of children: 15 children with dysarthria, 15 children with developmental dysphasia and 15 children with developmental apraxia of speech. Period of temporal processing of speech production in children with dysarthria was between 6″–18″ (total 158″), to children with developmental dysphasia between 7″–17″ (total 176″), to children with verbal apraxia between 11″–27″ (total 273″). The longest temporal of speech production is in developmental apraxia of speech, developmental dysphasia and dysarthria.

DIFFERENCES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF DRIVER STATE BETWEEN DRIVING IN SIMULATOR AND REAL TRAFFIC

In an analysis of the causes of premature parturition, in a longitudinal study of 50 prematurely born children, it has been found that 27 (54%) mothers had a pathological pregnancy, while 5 (10%) mothers had twin pregnancy. By the term pathological pregnancy we mean the use of a hormonal therapy, serklage, an infection with toxoplasmosis, diabetes and hypertension. Out of 27 pregnant women with the pathological pregnancy, 15 were of the age up to 29, and 12 of them were from 30 to 38 years old. For 11 of them it was the first parturition, while 16 of them had their second or third pregnancy. A correlation analysis of the demographic data with the weight at birth and the length of the gestation have shown in the present study that the mothers' age, education and sequence of the pregnancy did not statistically significantly correlate with the weight and the gestation. However, the course of pathological pregnancy and the lower social and economical status of the mothers have shown a statistically significant negative correlation with the weight at birth. This means that there were considerably more babies with a very small weight at birth (b1500 g r = 12%) and the weight from 1500 to 2000 g r. (22%) born from a pathological pregnancy (totally 17/34%), as opposed to 14% of the babies with a small weight from the regular pregnancies. Besides, the pathological pregnancies had a shorter gestation in 20% cases, whereas in normal pregnancies there were only 12%. A longitudinal observation of these children has demonstrated that the children of shorter gestation and lower weight at birth had considerably more perinatal risk factors and a longer hospitalization, and at a later age a delayed psychomotor and speech and language development, with a slower acquisition of the learning skills, disturbance of attention and lower IQ abilities.

Arn Rose Thomas Jungersohn SMI SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH,Warthestr. 21, Teltow, Germany While just one eighth of the daily traffic on German roads takes place at night, 50% of heavy accidents happens in this time. An enquiry of persons who where involved in accidents in city traffic has shown that in 18.5% of cases fatigue was a major contributor. Bus and long haul drivers are especially in danger because they are more involved in night traffic than normal drivers. So it is not astonishing that in the last years many researches have tried to develop a fatigue warning system to assist the driver. However, the researcher is between the devil and the deep blue sea: while it is desirable to generate measurement data from fatigued subjects driving in real traffic, this risks causing incalculable injuries and is ethically difficult to justify. Therefore, most investigation in this field is done in the driving simulator. The external validity of these tests has not yet been demonstrated. The lecture will present a comparative study in which the physiological reactions while driving fatigued in a driving simulator and in real traffic will be compared. In cooperation with a long haul trucking company, a test series with truck drivers driving 8 to 10 h at night time was accomplished. Thereby several fatigue relevant parameters where detected and recorded, for instance: heart rate, breathing rate, PERCLOS 70, EYEMAS 70, heart rate variability, objective tiredness scale (HFC), head and gaze movement, several parameters of eyelid closure and fatigue self rating. In a second step the same drivers drove under equivalent conditions in a driving simulator (complete and unmoved body, 180° vision, randomized volume of traffic). The results of both test conditions will be compared in this lecture to answer the questions whether the physiological reactions of fatigue are dependent on the condition and if it is appropriate to do fatigue studies in a virtual environment if the results are supposed to carry over into real life. TEMPORAL PROCESSING OF SPEECH PRODUCTION IN CHILDREN WITH DYSARTHRIA, DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPHASIA AND APRAXIA OF SPEECH Vivijen Djordjevic, Slavica Golubovic Institute for Experimental Phonetic and Speech Pathology, Belgrade, Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation University of Belgrade, Serbia and Monenegro Developmental dysphasia is a deficit in language acquisition that is not the result of a neurological, social, psychological, or other apparent deficit. Its manifestations include disturbances at the level of syntactic structures, morphology, inflectional and derivational morphology, and compounding. The speech of dysarthric children has been characterized as delayed and impaired in a manner not found in children without CNS system lesion. Lack of speech may be associated with cognitive as well as oral motor deficits. Dysarthria in children is a sensorimotor problem. Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder quite different from dysarthria. Apraxia of speech a neurogenic phonologic disorder resulting from sensorimotor impairment of the capacity to select, program, and/or execute in coordinated and normally timed sequences, the positioning of the speech

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCY AND THE PREMATURE PARTURITION Milivojka Markovic, Slavica Golubovic Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro

P300 AND N400 OR THE ROLE OF THE ERP CORRELATES IN REALIZED AND NOT REALIZED PERCEPTION OF DEVIANT STIMULI Levichkina E.V., Kaplan A.Ya. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation Information processing in the brain during perception was studied by analyzing the Event-Related Brain Potentials (ERP) to patterned visual stimulation presented in the odd-ball paradigm. Different ERP components are generally thought to represent superimposed activities of several anatomically distinct brain areas, which engaged in different informational processes. The objective of the present study was to determine what ERP components can be modulated by attraction or distraction attention to deviant target stimuli in odd-ball paradigm. More specifically, we tested the hypothesis that two situations with attention to deviant stimuli could have different effects on P300 and N400 ERP components. The ERPs were recorded from 14 scalp electrodes in 12 subjects performing a visual oddball task while the participants counted deviant stimulus (Experiment 1) or when they counted stimulus not concerning to target ones (Experiment 2). Target deviant stimulus in both experiments elicited more positive wave compare with non target stimuli at about 260–300 ms poststimulus that was more concentrated in the temporal-parietal-occipital area of the scalp. Whereas more negative wave at about 400 ms poststimulus appeared on target stimuli that were embedded only in attention context. This phenomenon was widely distributed on the scalp with pick in the vertex. The available evidence indicated that the ERP response to realized stimuli was at least partially distinct from the ERP response to the same physically but not realized stimuli. It testifies that information mechanisms of realized and not

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realized perception of simple visual stimulus not only differ on time of the actualization but also on location in brain cortex. CORTICAL POTENTIALS PRECEEDING ANTISACCADES IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS, SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS AND AFTER SIMULATED WEIGHTLESSNESS A. Kirenskaya1, V. Myamlin1, V. Novototsky-Vlasov1, E. Tomilovskaya2, I. Ushakova1,I. Kozlovskaya2 1 Serbsky National Research Centre for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia; 2 State Research Centre RF Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia Introduction. The complex studies aimed at more precise understanding of central mechanisms of oculomotor disturbances were performed. The data of 14 control subjects (C), 23 schizophrenic patients (Sch) and 6 volunteers, exposed to 6-day dry immersion (DI) were analyzed. EEG was recorded from 19 sites.

Mean amplitude of averaged slow potentials preceeding antisaccades was assessed over 600 ms before the peripheral stimulus (PT). Results. The saccade characteristics did not differ in groups C and DI. Patients exhibited delays in the performance of correct saccades (p b 0.05) and larger number of errors (p b 0.01). In control subjects two distinct stages of presaccadic negativity were revealed. CNV-like early negative wave (600–400 ms before PT) localized over frontal– central–parietal area with the maximum at Fz. Late negative wave (200 ms before PT) included frontal and parietal foci with the maximums at the midline and left sites. Patients demonstrated pronounced decline of PSN amplitude at Fz and Cz sites compared to healthy subjects. In immersed subjects the PSN amplitude was decreased, and maximum of the early stage localized at Cz. Further, the foci of negativity shifted to the right hemisphere, and the PSN focus was observed at the right parietal–occipital area. Conclusions. The findings obtained in healthy subjects support the existing conception of the cortical activity during antisaccades performance. The changes revealed in Sch and DI groups have both theoretical and practical implications and can be used for determining countermeasures in weightlessness and therapy of schizophrenia.