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Potassium, Zinc and Distillers Dried Solubles as Supplements to a Purified Diet1
459
RESEARCH NOTES
designated as very light brown, and the rest as light brown. None of the yolks or whites of the eggs examined in this study had the "pink" discolorations attributable to some component of cottonseed other than gossypol. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The raw cottonseed and cottonseed
meal were analyzed for gossypol content at the University of Arizona, Department of Agricultural Biochemistry. REFERENCE Heywang, B. W., H. R. Bird and A. M. Altschul, 1955. Relationship between discolorations in eggs and dietary free gossypol supplied by different cottonseed products. Poultry Sci. 34: 81-90.
POTASSIUM, ZINC AND DISTILLERS DRIED SOLUBLES AS SUPPLEMENTS TO A PURIFIED DIET 1 B. L. O ' D E L L AND J. E. SAVAGE
Departments of Agricultural Chemistry and Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (Received for publication January 7, 1957)
Dannenburg et al. (1955) reported that the ash of distillers dried solubles gave a growth response in chicks when added to a purified diet containing an isolated soybean protein. Potassium, among several elements tested, was reported to be ineffective and a high level of calcium was found to depress the rate of growth. Under the usual conditions the diet should have supplied adequate zinc, but it seemed worthwhile to test the value of supplemental zinc in view of the occurrence of a zinc dificiency in swine when a high level of calcium is added to practical rations. Calculations indicate that the mineral mixture used by Dannenburg et al. supplied less than the recommended level of potassium. This has been pointed out previously by Briggs (1956). White Rock male chicks were housed in battery brooders from hatching to four weeks of age. They were the randomized progeny of hens that received either a basal corn-soybean meal ration, or supplements of fish solubles, whey or distillers 1 Approved by the Director of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 1670.
dried solubles (DDS). The basal chick ration was similar to the one described by Dannenburg et al. with the following exceptions. The soybean protein2 was unwashed in the first four trials and washed with water in the fifth trial. The vitamin mixture was the same as that used by Wietlake et al. (1954) and 1.25% CaC0 3 was substituted for cerelose. The dicalcium phosphate used was CaHP04-2H 2 0 and the magnesium sulfate was MgSO* •7H 2 0. The basal ration was supplemented with KC1, reagent grade ZnC0 3 , DDS or combinations of these materials as indicated in Table 1. The supplements were added at the expense of the cerelose and soy protein so as to maintain a constant level of nitrogen in all diets. Tap water was supplied in galvanized troughs. When birds under observation at the same time were compared, the addition of potassium produced a growth stimulation of more than 10%. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The addition of zinc to the basal diet im2 The purified soybean protein (C-l) was purchased from the Drackett Products Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
460
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Supplements of potassium, zinc and distillers dried solubles Weight at 4 weeks Trial number
Supplement
Mean -L
None 0 . 5 % KC1 0.01%ZnCO 3 0 . 5 % KC1, 0 . 0 1 % ZnC0 3 5%DDS 0 . 5 % KC1, 0 . 0 1 % ZnCOs, 5.0% DDS 1 2 3
1
2
3
4
5
gm. 345 353
gm. 342 342 358 372 361
gm. 382 414 428 437 437
gm. 363 454 354 474 4452
gm.
4542
465s
385 384
—3
385
—
412s
C I
gm. 359 + 8 (38)1 393 + 7(63) 379 + 12(30) 417 + 7(66) 416 + 9(47) 461 + 5 (47)
Total number of chicks in parenthesis. Ten chicks per trial unless noted. Twenty chicks per group. Thirty chicks per group.
proved the rate of growth but with the also contained Drackett protein and about numbers involved the difference was not 5 ppm. of added zinc and they found that statistically significant. The combination increasing the level of zinc had no benefiof potassium and zinc produced a faster cial effect on growth. In view of the rerate of gain than potassium alone in all sults presented here it seems possible trials, and the difference (24 grams) was that they did not add sufficient zinc. The highly significant (P<0.02). present data suggest that zinc will reAs supplements to the basal diet, the place part, if not all, of the unidentified combination of potassium and zinc sup- minerals supplied by distillers dried soluported a rate of growth equal to that of bles. distillers dried solubles. However, when ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DDS was added along with potassium and The distillers dried solubles were supzinc the growth rate was superior to that plied through the courtesy of Dr. R. A. obtained with the mineral supplements Rasmussen, Hiram Walker and Sons, alone. Peoria, Illinois. It may be concluded that the basal REFERENCES ration of Dannenburg et al. supplemented with 1.25% of CaC0 3 does not supply Briggs, G. M., 1956. Inadequacy of certain salt mixtures used in studies of unidentified growth sufficient potassium to support maximum factors for chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 740-742. growth. In the presence of adequate potassium, the addition of approximately 50 Dannenburg, W. N., B. L. Reid, E. E. Rozacky and J. R. Couch. 1955. An inorganic chick growth ppm. of zinc as the carbonate stimulated response. Poultry Sci. 34: 1023-1026. the growth rate. Under the experimental Morrison, A. B., M. L. Scott and L. C. Morris, 1955. conditions a higher level of zinc was reEvidence for an unidentified mineral required by the chick. Poultry Sci. 34: 738-740. quired than is supplied by the usual salts mixture. Morrison et al. (1955) have pre- Wietlake, A. W., A. G. Hogan, B. L. O'Dell and H. L. Kempster, 1954. Amino acid deficiencies of sented evidence for an unidentified mincasein as a source of protein for the chick. eral required by the chick. Their basal diet J. Nutrition, 52:311-324.
RESEARCH NOTES
designated as very light brown, and the rest as light brown. None of the yolks or whites of the eggs examined in this study had the "pink" discolorations attributable to some component of cottonseed other than gossypol. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The raw cottonseed and cottonseed
meal were analyzed for gossypol content at the University of Arizona, Department of Agricultural Biochemistry. REFERENCE Heywang, B. W., H. R. Bird and A. M. Altschul, 1955. Relationship between discolorations in eggs and dietary free gossypol supplied by different cottonseed products. Poultry Sci. 34: 81-90.
POTASSIUM, ZINC AND DISTILLERS DRIED SOLUBLES AS SUPPLEMENTS TO A PURIFIED DIET 1 B. L. O ' D E L L AND J. E. SAVAGE
Departments of Agricultural Chemistry and Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (Received for publication January 7, 1957)
Dannenburg et al. (1955) reported that the ash of distillers dried solubles gave a growth response in chicks when added to a purified diet containing an isolated soybean protein. Potassium, among several elements tested, was reported to be ineffective and a high level of calcium was found to depress the rate of growth. Under the usual conditions the diet should have supplied adequate zinc, but it seemed worthwhile to test the value of supplemental zinc in view of the occurrence of a zinc dificiency in swine when a high level of calcium is added to practical rations. Calculations indicate that the mineral mixture used by Dannenburg et al. supplied less than the recommended level of potassium. This has been pointed out previously by Briggs (1956). White Rock male chicks were housed in battery brooders from hatching to four weeks of age. They were the randomized progeny of hens that received either a basal corn-soybean meal ration, or supplements of fish solubles, whey or distillers 1 Approved by the Director of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 1670.
dried solubles (DDS). The basal chick ration was similar to the one described by Dannenburg et al. with the following exceptions. The soybean protein2 was unwashed in the first four trials and washed with water in the fifth trial. The vitamin mixture was the same as that used by Wietlake et al. (1954) and 1.25% CaC0 3 was substituted for cerelose. The dicalcium phosphate used was CaHP04-2H 2 0 and the magnesium sulfate was MgSO* •7H 2 0. The basal ration was supplemented with KC1, reagent grade ZnC0 3 , DDS or combinations of these materials as indicated in Table 1. The supplements were added at the expense of the cerelose and soy protein so as to maintain a constant level of nitrogen in all diets. Tap water was supplied in galvanized troughs. When birds under observation at the same time were compared, the addition of potassium produced a growth stimulation of more than 10%. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The addition of zinc to the basal diet im2 The purified soybean protein (C-l) was purchased from the Drackett Products Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
460
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Supplements of potassium, zinc and distillers dried solubles Weight at 4 weeks Trial number
Supplement
Mean -L
None 0 . 5 % KC1 0.01%ZnCO 3 0 . 5 % KC1, 0 . 0 1 % ZnC0 3 5%DDS 0 . 5 % KC1, 0 . 0 1 % ZnCOs, 5.0% DDS 1 2 3
1
2
3
4
5
gm. 345 353
gm. 342 342 358 372 361
gm. 382 414 428 437 437
gm. 363 454 354 474 4452
gm.
4542
465s
385 384
—3
385
—
412s
C I
gm. 359 + 8 (38)1 393 + 7(63) 379 + 12(30) 417 + 7(66) 416 + 9(47) 461 + 5 (47)
Total number of chicks in parenthesis. Ten chicks per trial unless noted. Twenty chicks per group. Thirty chicks per group.
proved the rate of growth but with the also contained Drackett protein and about numbers involved the difference was not 5 ppm. of added zinc and they found that statistically significant. The combination increasing the level of zinc had no benefiof potassium and zinc produced a faster cial effect on growth. In view of the rerate of gain than potassium alone in all sults presented here it seems possible trials, and the difference (24 grams) was that they did not add sufficient zinc. The highly significant (P<0.02). present data suggest that zinc will reAs supplements to the basal diet, the place part, if not all, of the unidentified combination of potassium and zinc sup- minerals supplied by distillers dried soluported a rate of growth equal to that of bles. distillers dried solubles. However, when ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DDS was added along with potassium and The distillers dried solubles were supzinc the growth rate was superior to that plied through the courtesy of Dr. R. A. obtained with the mineral supplements Rasmussen, Hiram Walker and Sons, alone. Peoria, Illinois. It may be concluded that the basal REFERENCES ration of Dannenburg et al. supplemented with 1.25% of CaC0 3 does not supply Briggs, G. M., 1956. Inadequacy of certain salt mixtures used in studies of unidentified growth sufficient potassium to support maximum factors for chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: 740-742. growth. In the presence of adequate potassium, the addition of approximately 50 Dannenburg, W. N., B. L. Reid, E. E. Rozacky and J. R. Couch. 1955. An inorganic chick growth ppm. of zinc as the carbonate stimulated response. Poultry Sci. 34: 1023-1026. the growth rate. Under the experimental Morrison, A. B., M. L. Scott and L. C. Morris, 1955. conditions a higher level of zinc was reEvidence for an unidentified mineral required by the chick. Poultry Sci. 34: 738-740. quired than is supplied by the usual salts mixture. Morrison et al. (1955) have pre- Wietlake, A. W., A. G. Hogan, B. L. O'Dell and H. L. Kempster, 1954. Amino acid deficiencies of sented evidence for an unidentified mincasein as a source of protein for the chick. eral required by the chick. Their basal diet J. Nutrition, 52:311-324.