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Potential of renewable energies in Poland
WREC 1996
POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN POLAND
S. M. PIETRUSZKO Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, IMiO PW, Koszykowa 75,00-662 Warsaw, Poland. G. WISNIEWSKI Institute for Buildings, Mechanisation and Electrification of Agriculture, IBMER, Rakowiecka 32,02-532 Warsaw, Poland
D. CHWIEDUK & R. WNUK Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Swietokrzyska 2 l , OO-049Warsaw, Poland
ABSTRACT In the paper renewable energy resources in Poland were analysed and estimated. The following sources were taken into consideration: solar radiation, biomass including biogas, liquid and solid biomels, geothermal, hydro and wind energy. Some technologies suitable for application in Polish conditions are proposed and prospect of their development is discussed.
KEYWORDS Renewable energy potential; solar energy; biomass; geothermal energy; hydro energy; wind energy
INTRODUCTION Coal consumption is causing tremendous pollution, especially over the industrial regions ofPoland. The outdated energy systems are causing serious environmental problems. It is evident that changes in the structure of energy supplies are urgently needed and applications of new renewable energies are considered Wisniewski et al., 1995). The importance of renewable energy sources was stressed in an official report on energy policy prepared by Ministry of Industry (Ministry of Industry and Trade 1992). However, technologies to be developed for this purpose must be adapted to these special conditions. Generally Poland has similar global insulation, biomass resources and others renewable energy potentials as e.g. Germany or Benelux countries. To establish similar renewable energy development programs like in other European countries, the potential of renewable should be assessed more precisely.
SOLAR ENERGY The mean monthly ambient air temperatures averaged over 30 years period and mean monthly sum of solar radiation incident upon horizontal stnibce with remarks on percentage of dit&se radiation (Solar Radiation, 1983), for Warsaw are given in table 1.
1124
WREC 1996
Table 1. Characteristic Month Temp. [“Cl Insol. w/m2
DiEuse, [%]
1
I -3.5 62 66.
of solar radiation and ambient temperature: Ii -2.6 102 65.
‘-IIII 1.2 53 53.
iv 7.8 357 50,
v 13.8 494 47.
vi 17.3 577 42.
VII 19.1 588 44.
averaged condition in Warsaw. VIII 18.2 475 44.
ix 13.9 308 46.
x
71
8.1 161 54.
3.0 60 67.
XII -0.6 41 71.
An average annual insolation on horizontal plane is in range 950 - 1100 kWh/m2, with the lowest value m the north part of Poland and the highest level in the south part. The maximal solar radiation occurs in June and it is in average equal to 160 kWh/m*. During the warmer half of a year, from April to the end of September there is about three times more of solar energy than in the colder half year period. The typical Polish heating season lasts from October to April, when only about 20% of annual total radiation is available. The minimum insolation occurs in December and for Warsaw is equal to about 11 kWh/m’. The structure of solar radiation is characterised by a very high share of a difise radiation. An average annual percentage of direct radiation amounts only for 50%. In summer of course there is more direct radiation about 56%. However, in winter from November to the end of February the percentage of diffise radiation varies from 65 to 71%. Solar operation during the year is in average equal to 1600 hours, that is about 18% of the total annual period of time. The annual duration of solar operation can differ for different Polish regions, the maximal difference is equal to 450 hours. In winter the average daily solar operation is equal to seven hours, but usehI solar radiation energy level (useful for heating systems applying solar energy) occurs for short time, that in December is only about 3 hours per day. In June this time is the longest and can last even 15 hours. In general, Polish climatic conditions are characterised by very high variation of solar energy level. That is characteristic for different time periods, for a short time period - a day, and a long time period - a year. In winter the insolation level is very low and duration of insolation is very short, ambient temperatures are also quite low and consequently the heat demand of buildings are quite high. It is evident that in Polish climatic conditions time periods for ,,solar energy supply“ and ,,solar energy demand“ are quite opposite. When energy is needed for space heating purposes the time and the peak values of heat demand are quite opposite to the time and peak values of available solar radiation. Due to heavy climatic conditions the possible application of solar energy for space heating is very limited. However, solar energy can be effectively used in Polish climatic conditions for domestic hot water supply and for solar drying as well as in others agricultural applications (Wisniewski, 1992).
BIOMASS
Biomass, in aspect of its utilisation for energy purposes has the biggest share in renewable energy. Wood chips resources are almost in all regions of the country. Forests are the biggest source of wood, it was estimated that 52000 m’ of chips per year can be obtained additionahy for energy purposes, next 11100 m3 can be generated Tom industrial wood wastes, 10000 m3 - from orchards and 2650 m3 f?om afforestation. Altogether ca. 75750 m3 of wood fuels can be used per year. For combustion, especially in local heating plants straw can be utilised. Annual straw production in Poland is equal 28000-29000 tons. From that only about 30% can be used for energy purposes, because significant quantities of straw are used for other purposes in agriculture and besides it.
1125
WREC 1996 Alcohol received from agricultural products can be added up to 5% to gasoline (according to actual Polish standard). Polish agriculture is able to deliver raw materials for increasing of alcohol production by approx. 250 min 1 and more for energy purposes. Alcohol is produced f?om potatoes and cereals. Before utilisation as additive to gasoline alcohol should be dehydrated. Vegetable oil can be utilised in compression-ignition engines instead of actually commonly used universal oil. In Poland rape oil is the best for that purpose, because of rape traditional cultivation’s and acreage. Esterdied rape oil can be used as a substitute of diesel oil, what gives the biggest ecological effects, or in different ratio mixtures with diesel oil. The potential of rape oil methyloester was estimated up to 7.7 PJ per year, (pietruszko et al. 1993) Husbandry animals in the village are kept on a litter or without it. Jn both cases large quantities of manure are produced, which must be managed in rational way in aspect of the environment fermentation of manure allows on reduction of unpleasant odour, improvement of f&iliser properties and production of combustible gas, which can be used for heating purposes in farms and farmers houses. Actual manure production is equal 50 mhr m3. Results of investigations showed, that from lm3 of manure about 20 m3 of biogas can be produced, what is equivalent to 46 MJ of energy For insurance of proper conditions for methane fermentation manure or liquid wastes should be heated, what consumes about 40% of energy.
GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
Poland is relatively rich in low - entalphy geothermal resources. Mainly they are located in the sedimentary basins of the Polish Lowland that is a part of the middle - European Epiplatform. Geothermal districts in Polish Lowland are given in table 2 (Bojarski, 1994).
Table 2. Specification of geothermal No
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
District name
Grudziadz Warsaw Szczecin - Lcidi
District area
ForesudetesiNorthSwietokrzyskie Coastal
39.000
Lubhn Baltic Podlasie TOTAL
12.000 15.000 7.000 222.000
12.000
districts in Poland Geological Formations
Volume of Geothermal Water
Heat Energy
2.766 334 2.580 274 155
(Mroe) 9.835 2.107 16.627 2.185 995
21
162
30 38 17 6.125
193 241 113 32.458
Another area of high interest, aithough with smaller resources, is the Carpathian Province (5.000 Mtoe) and Forecarpathian Province (1.500 Mtoe). Mentioned above theoretical potential is characterised by irregular geographic situation and relatively low temperature (30+120°C). There is the expertise that present value of 4 Mtoefyear as an advantageous technicai potential of geothermal energy. Generally Poland shows favourable conditions for the development of geothermal energy use. The resources are well known and confirmed by the existence of several wells. The long heating season, the
1126
WREC 1996 presence of many densely inhabited towns, the experience and confidence positive elements for the development of geothermal energy utilisation.
in district heating system are
HYDRO ENERGY Hydro-energy potential for Poland, compared with country total area, is low due to not considerable and disadvantageously distributed rainfalls, high ground seepage and generally low ground slopes. Hydroenergy theoretical potential, named water power cadastral, estimated with agreement of World Energy Council instructions, is equal 23 TWh/a and value of technical potential is 12.1 TWh/a. All hydro-energy systems contribution to total electricity generation was 2.5% in 1993. The role of small scale hydro power plants can be locally significant not only from electricity generation point of view (i.e. they improve water resources management) It is estimated that the dispersed hydro potential of 0.310.4 Mtoe/year can be exploited. At the end of 199 2, 175 small hydro plants with total power 7.9 MW were working (the next 125 at 7.7 MW were building or modermsing). Exploitation of small scale hydro power plants is the subject of governmental regulations including economic, technical, procedural issues and administrative procedures. Some of these regulations should be changed to enable strong development in this field of renewable energy resources.
WIND ENERGY Studies of average annual wind velocity have shown that about l/3 of the territory of Poland has favourable conditions for the operation of wind power stations. The wind potential in Poland IS relatively low (200-300 kWh/m2/year in the best areas). There is a steady growth of interest in the use of wind energy in Poland. IBMER developed three basic wind power station types (20, 37.5, 64.5 kVA) that were either already put into operation or are ready for power stations are used as supplementary thermal energy sources, mainly for farms and small processing plants. Another way of using wind energy in agriculture is the construction of mechanical equipment for water pumping and oxygenation; therefore IBMER prepared designs of a wind pumping station of 100 I/mm capacity at 4 m water head with a screen oxygenator and a wind motor for driving air compressors used for the oxygenation of lakes. Two wind power stations on the Baltic Coast (Pietruszko et al. 1993) sponsored by the Danish Ministry of Energy was constructed. Their performance confirms the high potential of the region. For example, electric energy production per lm’ of vane-encircled area at the Lisewo wind power station is 575 kWh/m’/year, which must be considered a very good result (with an average annual wind velocity of 5.8 m/s).
REFERENCES 1. Wisniewski G., M. Rogulska, M. Grzybek. P. Fugiel, S. M. Pietruszko: Economic Aspects of Renewable Energy Utilisation in Poland. Renewable Energy, Vol. 6 (1995) No. 3, p. 233. 2. “Energy Policy of Poland and the Draft Programme to the Year 2010”, Report of the Mnistry of Industry and Trade, Warsaw, November 1992 (in Polish). 3. Solar Radiation. ZMGB’, Warsaw, 1983 4. Wisniewski G.: Solar Collectors: A Manual for Solar Energy Utilisation, COIB Publ. C’o., Warszawa, 1992 (in Polish). 5. Pietruszko S.M., T. Kukla and G. Wisniewski: Renewable Energy Activities in Poland. ENERGEX’93, Proc. 5th International Energy Conference, Seoul, Korea, 18-22 Oct. 1993, p. 624. 6. Bojarski L.: Geothermal energy potential in Poland. Study Element no 7 of the Poksh Country Study to Address Climate Change, Warsaw 1995.
1127
POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN POLAND
S. M. PIETRUSZKO Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, IMiO PW, Koszykowa 75,00-662 Warsaw, Poland. G. WISNIEWSKI Institute for Buildings, Mechanisation and Electrification of Agriculture, IBMER, Rakowiecka 32,02-532 Warsaw, Poland
D. CHWIEDUK & R. WNUK Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Swietokrzyska 2 l , OO-049Warsaw, Poland
ABSTRACT In the paper renewable energy resources in Poland were analysed and estimated. The following sources were taken into consideration: solar radiation, biomass including biogas, liquid and solid biomels, geothermal, hydro and wind energy. Some technologies suitable for application in Polish conditions are proposed and prospect of their development is discussed.
KEYWORDS Renewable energy potential; solar energy; biomass; geothermal energy; hydro energy; wind energy
INTRODUCTION Coal consumption is causing tremendous pollution, especially over the industrial regions ofPoland. The outdated energy systems are causing serious environmental problems. It is evident that changes in the structure of energy supplies are urgently needed and applications of new renewable energies are considered Wisniewski et al., 1995). The importance of renewable energy sources was stressed in an official report on energy policy prepared by Ministry of Industry (Ministry of Industry and Trade 1992). However, technologies to be developed for this purpose must be adapted to these special conditions. Generally Poland has similar global insulation, biomass resources and others renewable energy potentials as e.g. Germany or Benelux countries. To establish similar renewable energy development programs like in other European countries, the potential of renewable should be assessed more precisely.
SOLAR ENERGY The mean monthly ambient air temperatures averaged over 30 years period and mean monthly sum of solar radiation incident upon horizontal stnibce with remarks on percentage of dit&se radiation (Solar Radiation, 1983), for Warsaw are given in table 1.
1124
WREC 1996
Table 1. Characteristic Month Temp. [“Cl Insol. w/m2
DiEuse, [%]
1
I -3.5 62 66.
of solar radiation and ambient temperature: Ii -2.6 102 65.
‘-IIII 1.2 53 53.
iv 7.8 357 50,
v 13.8 494 47.
vi 17.3 577 42.
VII 19.1 588 44.
averaged condition in Warsaw. VIII 18.2 475 44.
ix 13.9 308 46.
x
71
8.1 161 54.
3.0 60 67.
XII -0.6 41 71.
An average annual insolation on horizontal plane is in range 950 - 1100 kWh/m2, with the lowest value m the north part of Poland and the highest level in the south part. The maximal solar radiation occurs in June and it is in average equal to 160 kWh/m*. During the warmer half of a year, from April to the end of September there is about three times more of solar energy than in the colder half year period. The typical Polish heating season lasts from October to April, when only about 20% of annual total radiation is available. The minimum insolation occurs in December and for Warsaw is equal to about 11 kWh/m’. The structure of solar radiation is characterised by a very high share of a difise radiation. An average annual percentage of direct radiation amounts only for 50%. In summer of course there is more direct radiation about 56%. However, in winter from November to the end of February the percentage of diffise radiation varies from 65 to 71%. Solar operation during the year is in average equal to 1600 hours, that is about 18% of the total annual period of time. The annual duration of solar operation can differ for different Polish regions, the maximal difference is equal to 450 hours. In winter the average daily solar operation is equal to seven hours, but usehI solar radiation energy level (useful for heating systems applying solar energy) occurs for short time, that in December is only about 3 hours per day. In June this time is the longest and can last even 15 hours. In general, Polish climatic conditions are characterised by very high variation of solar energy level. That is characteristic for different time periods, for a short time period - a day, and a long time period - a year. In winter the insolation level is very low and duration of insolation is very short, ambient temperatures are also quite low and consequently the heat demand of buildings are quite high. It is evident that in Polish climatic conditions time periods for ,,solar energy supply“ and ,,solar energy demand“ are quite opposite. When energy is needed for space heating purposes the time and the peak values of heat demand are quite opposite to the time and peak values of available solar radiation. Due to heavy climatic conditions the possible application of solar energy for space heating is very limited. However, solar energy can be effectively used in Polish climatic conditions for domestic hot water supply and for solar drying as well as in others agricultural applications (Wisniewski, 1992).
BIOMASS
Biomass, in aspect of its utilisation for energy purposes has the biggest share in renewable energy. Wood chips resources are almost in all regions of the country. Forests are the biggest source of wood, it was estimated that 52000 m’ of chips per year can be obtained additionahy for energy purposes, next 11100 m3 can be generated Tom industrial wood wastes, 10000 m3 - from orchards and 2650 m3 f?om afforestation. Altogether ca. 75750 m3 of wood fuels can be used per year. For combustion, especially in local heating plants straw can be utilised. Annual straw production in Poland is equal 28000-29000 tons. From that only about 30% can be used for energy purposes, because significant quantities of straw are used for other purposes in agriculture and besides it.
1125
WREC 1996 Alcohol received from agricultural products can be added up to 5% to gasoline (according to actual Polish standard). Polish agriculture is able to deliver raw materials for increasing of alcohol production by approx. 250 min 1 and more for energy purposes. Alcohol is produced f?om potatoes and cereals. Before utilisation as additive to gasoline alcohol should be dehydrated. Vegetable oil can be utilised in compression-ignition engines instead of actually commonly used universal oil. In Poland rape oil is the best for that purpose, because of rape traditional cultivation’s and acreage. Esterdied rape oil can be used as a substitute of diesel oil, what gives the biggest ecological effects, or in different ratio mixtures with diesel oil. The potential of rape oil methyloester was estimated up to 7.7 PJ per year, (pietruszko et al. 1993) Husbandry animals in the village are kept on a litter or without it. Jn both cases large quantities of manure are produced, which must be managed in rational way in aspect of the environment fermentation of manure allows on reduction of unpleasant odour, improvement of f&iliser properties and production of combustible gas, which can be used for heating purposes in farms and farmers houses. Actual manure production is equal 50 mhr m3. Results of investigations showed, that from lm3 of manure about 20 m3 of biogas can be produced, what is equivalent to 46 MJ of energy For insurance of proper conditions for methane fermentation manure or liquid wastes should be heated, what consumes about 40% of energy.
GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY
Poland is relatively rich in low - entalphy geothermal resources. Mainly they are located in the sedimentary basins of the Polish Lowland that is a part of the middle - European Epiplatform. Geothermal districts in Polish Lowland are given in table 2 (Bojarski, 1994).
Table 2. Specification of geothermal No
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
District name
Grudziadz Warsaw Szczecin - Lcidi
District area
ForesudetesiNorthSwietokrzyskie Coastal
39.000
Lubhn Baltic Podlasie TOTAL
12.000 15.000 7.000 222.000
12.000
districts in Poland Geological Formations
Volume of Geothermal Water
Heat Energy
2.766 334 2.580 274 155
(Mroe) 9.835 2.107 16.627 2.185 995
21
162
30 38 17 6.125
193 241 113 32.458
Another area of high interest, aithough with smaller resources, is the Carpathian Province (5.000 Mtoe) and Forecarpathian Province (1.500 Mtoe). Mentioned above theoretical potential is characterised by irregular geographic situation and relatively low temperature (30+120°C). There is the expertise that present value of 4 Mtoefyear as an advantageous technicai potential of geothermal energy. Generally Poland shows favourable conditions for the development of geothermal energy use. The resources are well known and confirmed by the existence of several wells. The long heating season, the
1126
WREC 1996 presence of many densely inhabited towns, the experience and confidence positive elements for the development of geothermal energy utilisation.
in district heating system are
HYDRO ENERGY Hydro-energy potential for Poland, compared with country total area, is low due to not considerable and disadvantageously distributed rainfalls, high ground seepage and generally low ground slopes. Hydroenergy theoretical potential, named water power cadastral, estimated with agreement of World Energy Council instructions, is equal 23 TWh/a and value of technical potential is 12.1 TWh/a. All hydro-energy systems contribution to total electricity generation was 2.5% in 1993. The role of small scale hydro power plants can be locally significant not only from electricity generation point of view (i.e. they improve water resources management) It is estimated that the dispersed hydro potential of 0.310.4 Mtoe/year can be exploited. At the end of 199 2, 175 small hydro plants with total power 7.9 MW were working (the next 125 at 7.7 MW were building or modermsing). Exploitation of small scale hydro power plants is the subject of governmental regulations including economic, technical, procedural issues and administrative procedures. Some of these regulations should be changed to enable strong development in this field of renewable energy resources.
WIND ENERGY Studies of average annual wind velocity have shown that about l/3 of the territory of Poland has favourable conditions for the operation of wind power stations. The wind potential in Poland IS relatively low (200-300 kWh/m2/year in the best areas). There is a steady growth of interest in the use of wind energy in Poland. IBMER developed three basic wind power station types (20, 37.5, 64.5 kVA) that were either already put into operation or are ready for power stations are used as supplementary thermal energy sources, mainly for farms and small processing plants. Another way of using wind energy in agriculture is the construction of mechanical equipment for water pumping and oxygenation; therefore IBMER prepared designs of a wind pumping station of 100 I/mm capacity at 4 m water head with a screen oxygenator and a wind motor for driving air compressors used for the oxygenation of lakes. Two wind power stations on the Baltic Coast (Pietruszko et al. 1993) sponsored by the Danish Ministry of Energy was constructed. Their performance confirms the high potential of the region. For example, electric energy production per lm’ of vane-encircled area at the Lisewo wind power station is 575 kWh/m’/year, which must be considered a very good result (with an average annual wind velocity of 5.8 m/s).
REFERENCES 1. Wisniewski G., M. Rogulska, M. Grzybek. P. Fugiel, S. M. Pietruszko: Economic Aspects of Renewable Energy Utilisation in Poland. Renewable Energy, Vol. 6 (1995) No. 3, p. 233. 2. “Energy Policy of Poland and the Draft Programme to the Year 2010”, Report of the Mnistry of Industry and Trade, Warsaw, November 1992 (in Polish). 3. Solar Radiation. ZMGB’, Warsaw, 1983 4. Wisniewski G.: Solar Collectors: A Manual for Solar Energy Utilisation, COIB Publ. C’o., Warszawa, 1992 (in Polish). 5. Pietruszko S.M., T. Kukla and G. Wisniewski: Renewable Energy Activities in Poland. ENERGEX’93, Proc. 5th International Energy Conference, Seoul, Korea, 18-22 Oct. 1993, p. 624. 6. Bojarski L.: Geothermal energy potential in Poland. Study Element no 7 of the Poksh Country Study to Address Climate Change, Warsaw 1995.
1127